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BACKGROUND Fish farming is one of the most productive economies in the world. One of the essential goals in fish production is to minimize processing costs while maintaining and increasing the vital functions, weight and immunity of fish. OBJECTIVE We conducted this study to explore nanoselenium (Nano-Se) particles in various feeding schemes. MATERIAL AND METHOD Nano-Se particles incorporated in the basal diet at (0.5 mg/kg diet), and the fish was divided into six groups after adaptation as the follows: The first group was feed daily with a diet containing Nano-Se (0.5 mg/kg diet); the second group was exposed to a feeding programme in which it has day feeding followed by day of starvation with a diet containing Nano-Se (0.5 mg/kg diet); the third group was day feeding followed by 2 days of starvation; the fourth group served as a negative control group in which this group was continuous feeding with a basal diet without Nano-Se; the fifth group was day feeding with the basal diet followed by a day of starvation; and the sixth group was day feeding with basal diet followed by 2 days of starvation. RESULT Our result revealed that Group 2 showed significant improvement in haematological parameters, red blood cells and haemoglobin with a substantial increase in total protein (p

Study conducted to evaluate the impact of dietary incorporation of chitosan nanoparticles (CsNPs) bio-synthesis and Spirulina platensis on the growth performance and body composition of intensive cultured fingerling of black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) in addition to the effect of the diets on heavy metals concentrations in water of culture cages. Six diets were prepared to contain approximately 44% crude protein and 499 k cal./100 g diet and supplemented by S. platensis and chitosan as follow: T1: control, T2: 0.05% S. platensis, T3: 0.1% S. platensis, T4: 1 ml chitosan, T5: 1 ml chitosan and 0.05% S. platensis and T6: 1 ml chitosan and 0.1% S. platensis. Shrimp fingerlings (1.24 ± 0.01 g) were randomly distributed in 12 hapas at stocking density of 20 fingerlings for each. The hapas were divided into 6 replicate groups and placed in cages. Each group received a kind of the experimental diet twice daily at feeding rate of 5% shrimp biomass for 12 weeks. The results indicated that, the growth parameters; final body weight (FBW g), weight gain (WG g), specific growth rate (SGR%) and survival rate (SR%) were improved significantly all trials compared to the control group. The best values for these parameters were recorded in the group of T5 and T6 without significant differences between them. Shrimp body composition showed the highest protein and fat contents for the group of T5 and T6 with significant differences (P

The current study investigated the role of selenium (Se) nanoparticles on the growth performance, hemato-biochemical indices, antioxidative, and immune-related genes of European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Therefore, fish with initial weight of 20.53 ± 0.10 g/fish were fed diets with 0, 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg Se nanoparticles/kg diet for 90 days. The final body weight, weight gain, and specific growth rate of fish fed dietary nano-Se varying levels were significantly higher than the control with the highest performances and lowest FCR in the group of fish fed nano-Se at 0.5 mg/kg. The values of Hb, PCV, RBCs, and WBCs were significantly higher in fish fed varying levels of Se nanoparticles than fish fed the basal diets. The values of total serum protein and globulin were significantly higher in fish fed varying levels of Se nanoparticles than fish fed the basal diets. Additionally, globulin had higher value in the group of fish fed 0.25 and 0.5 mg nano-Se/kg than fish fed 1 mg nano-Se/kg (P 0.05). Phagocytic index, phagocytic, lysozyme activities were significantly higher in fish fed varying levels of Se nanoparticles than fish fed the basal diets in a dose dependent manner (P

The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of chitocanitosan nanoparticles (CsNPs) biosynthesis using Spirulina platensis as supplemented food in black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) diets. Therefore 6 diets were formulated to provide 45% crude protein and 499k cal./100 g diet and supplemented using S. platensis and chitosan as follow: T1: control, T2: 0.05% S. platensis, T3: 0.1% S. platensis, T4: 1 ml chitosan nanoparticles, T5: 1 ml chitosan nanoparticles with 0.05% S. platensis and T6: 1 ml chitosan with 0.1% S. platensis. Each diet was offered at 5% feeding rate twice, 6 days/ week in duplicate shrimp groups (1.24 g/fingerling) stocked at 15 fingerlings per m3 for each of 12 (1×2.5×1m³) hapas for 12 weeks. Growth performance, some hematological parameters and blood components of P. monodon were determined after 84 days. Supplementation of the basal diet using each of spirulina and chitosan nanoparticles (T5 and T6) significantly improved the final body weight (BW), body length (BL) and Daily weight gain (DWG) and P. monodon fed the diet T5 (supplemented using 1ml chitosan and 0.05% S. platensis) and T6 (supplemented using 1ml chitosan and 0.01% S. platensis) showed the highest serum protein, cholesterol and lactate of black tiger shrimp (P. monodon). Accordingly, it could be concluded that feeding P. monodon with diets containing spirulina and chitosan nanoparticles diets improves the growth performance, blood biochemical parameters of the P. monodon and therefore improves their production.R).

The study aimed at evaluating the possible feeding strategies of selenium (Se) nanoparticles on the performances of European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax). The first group fed the basal diet continuously (control) while the second group offered Se (1 mg/kg diet) every day (R1). The third group fed the basal diet one day then Se diet every other day (R2), and the fourth group basal diet for two days then fed Se diet every two days (R3). The FBW, WG, and SGR were significantly improved in the R1 group than fish in the other groups (P

The current study investigated the role of selenium (Se) nanoparticles on the growth performance, hemato-biochemical indices, antioxidative, and immune-related genes of European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax). Therefore, fish with initial weight of 20.53 ± 0.10 g/fish were fed diets with 0, 0.25, 0.5, and 1 mg Se nanoparticles/kg diet for 90 days. The final body weight, weight gain, and specific growth rate of fish fed dietary nano-Se varying levels were significantly higher than the control with the highest performances and lowest FCR in the group of fish fed nano-Se at 0.5 mg/kg. The values of Hb, PCV, RBCs, and WBCs were significantly higher in fish fed varying levels of Se nanoparticles than fish fed the basal diets. The values of total serum protein and globulin were significantly higher in fish fed varying levels of Se nanoparticles than fish fed the basal diets. Additionally, globulin had higher value in the group of fish fed 0.25 and 0.5 mg nano-Se/kg than fish fed 1 mg nano-Se/kg (P 0.05). No significant alterations were observed on albumin, ALT, and AST variables (P 0.05). Phagocytic index, phagocytic, lysozyme activities were significantly higher in fish fed varying levels of Se nanoparticles than fish fed the basal diets in a dose dependent manner (P 0.05). Further, SOD activity had higher value in the group of fish fed 0.25 and 0.5 mg nano-Se/kg than fish fed 1 mg nano-Se/kg, whereas CAT was increased in the group of fish fed dietary 0.5 mg nano-Se/kg diet (P 0.05). The level of MDA was significantly lowered by dietary nano-Se where the group of fish fed 0.25 mg/kg had the lowest level followed by those fed 0.5 and 1 mg/kg. The expression of GH, IGF-1, IL-8, and IL-1β genes had the highest mRNA levels in the group of fish fed 0.25 and 0.5 mg/kg followed by those fed 1 mg/kg, whereas HSP70 was downregulated. Based on the overall results, Se nanoparticles are recommended at the rate of 0.5-1 mg/kg diet to maintain the optimal growth performance, hemato-biochemical indices, antioxidative status, and immune-related genes in European seabass.

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of oregano (Origanum vulgare) by different levels (control,0.05, 0.10, 0.15 and 0.20% Origanum vulgare) in Oreochromis niloticus diets on Growth performanceparameters, histology and chemical analysis of sex reversed males of Nile tilapia O. niloticus. Ten concreteponds 3x7 x lm (2l m3 for each – semi intensive culture) were used in this study. The ten ponds represented 5treatments (with 2 replicates for each treatment), and each pond was stocked with lo fish / m3 (2l0 fish for each pond)with an initial weights average ranged between 4.90 and 5.02 ± 0.67gm for five treatments, respectively.Fingerlings were fed at a rate of 5% of the total fish mass until the end of experimental period (l6 weeks). All dietscontained 30% crude protein and about 360 Kcal/100 g digestible energy. fish fed these diets twice daily for sixdays a week. The duration of the experiment was l6 weeks. The results obtained from this experiments showedthat: -The highest rate of final body weight (FBW), daily weight gain (DWG), final body length (FBL), specific growth rate (SGR) and protein efficiency ratio (PER), were recorded for the third treatment (0.10% Origanum vulgare). while, the first treatment (control) was recorded the lowest growth parameters (FBW, DWG, FBL, SGR and PER).The chemical composition for the whole fish, the second treatment was recorded the highest rate of protein% and the third treatment recorded the highest rate of fat% and the first treatment recorded the highest rate of ash%. As for the edible part of the fish, the second treatment was recorded the highest rate of protein and ash % and the third treatment recorded the highest rate of fat%. With regard for the Blood components, the fifth treatment had the highest rate of hemoglobin and creatinine and the third treatment was recorded the highest rate of red blood cells and the first treatment recorded the highest rate of liver functions and cholesterol. The second treatment recorded the highest rate of total protein and albumin.Based on the results obtained in this study, it can be concluded that the use of 0.10% oregano extract was best for growth, liver function and chemical composition under semi-intensive culture.

he present study aimed to investigate the effect of temperature and female weight on reproductive performance of Nile tilapia. Reproductive performances of Oreochromis niloticus broodstock from two populations (Kafr Elshiek and Abbassa) were examined in hapas held in concreat tankes through three months (May, June and July 2010) in one spawning season at Abbassa (CLAR). A total of150 females (291.94, 385.68 & 455.68 g) and 75 males (300.148, 300.25 – 300.3 g) from Kafr Elshiek and 150 females (292.5, 387.280 & 456.22 g) and 75 males (300.254–300.44 g) from Abbassa farm were assigned to 6 haps in 2 concrete ponds (75 m 2 ) at a density of 50 females and 25 males per hapa (3x8x1m ie 24 m 3 water volume). Fish were exposed to different levels of water temperature ranging from 26.2 o C to 29.6 o C during the three months.

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of partial or complete replacement of the fish meal (FM) by cotton seed meal (CSM) in diets of Nile tilapia, Orcochromis niloticus, to reduce feed costs. Therefore, fiveexperimental diets contained 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% CSM as replacements of FM. The final body weight decreased with increasing the level of replacing FM by CSM. However, the replacement of 25% of FM by CSM had no significanteffect on the final BW, while the higher replacing levels (50, 75 or 100%) significantly (P

The present experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of α-tocopherol as an antioxidant for avoiding the side effects of incorporation of cottonseed meal (CSM) in the diet of the Nile tilapia as a replacer of fish meal (FM). Twodiets were prepared; the first one contained fish meal and was considered as a control, in the second diet, FM was completely replaced by CSM. The second diet was divided into ten parts, the first one is a control and the other 9 diets were enriched with increased levels of vitamin E (1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40 times of gossypol in CSM). Each diet was offered in three aquaria (3 replicates for each diet) and each aquarium was stocked with 25 fish (2.0-2.1g). Results are summarized in the following:- The highest average body weight (9.91 g) was recorded for the control group fed on thebasal diet (contained FM) and the lowest BW (5.66 g) was obtained for fish fed the dietD2 in which FM was completely replaced by CSM without vitamin E. Incorporation ofvitamin E in the experimental diet significantly improved the BW. Similar trend wasobserved for the other growth performance parameters body length (BL), weight gain(WG) and specific growth rate (SGR).- The best feed conversion ratio (FCR) was recorded for fish group fed on the diets D1and D3 which significantly differed from values recorded for the other treatments. Theworst FCR was recorded in fish group fed on the diet D2 in which FM was completelyreplaced by CSM without addition of vitamin E. Incorporation of vitamin E in theexperimental diets improved FCR specially fish group fed on the diet D3.- Protein content of the whole fish body ranged between 41.33 to 50.97% and thedifferences were significant. Fat content of fish fed the diet D2 significantly higherthan those obtained for fish fed the other groups. Compared to the two control dietsD1 and D2 all vitamin levels in the experimental diets increased ash content of thefish whole body and the graded levels of vitamin E in the diets significantly alteredthe ash content of tilapia fish.- The highest values for hematocrite (Ht) and haemoglobin (Hb) were obtained forfish fed on the control diet (D1). Incorporation of vitamin E in the experimentaldiets at increasing levels significantly affected Hb and Ht. Compared to thecontrol group (Diet1) aspartate transaminase (AST) and alanine transaminase(ALT) levels significantly increased fish groups fed on the other experimentaldiets.

his study was designed to determine the maximum replacing levels of fish meal (FM) by a plant protein mixture (PPM) in eight diets for Nile tilapia. The PPM consisted of cottonseed, sunflower, canola, seasme and linseed meals. FM in the basal diet was replaced by PPM in the diets at a replacing levels of 15, 30, 45, 60, 75, 90 and 100%. A total number of 480 Nile tilapia were randomly distributed into eight treatments, each in three replicates. After 12 weeks of feeding, results revealed that replacement of 15, 30 or 45% of FM by PPM did not significantly affect feed intake (FI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), protein efficiency ratio (PER), and the apparent digestibilities coefficient (ADC) of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP) and ether extract (EE), while the higher replacing levels (60, 75, 90 or 100%) significantly (P