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Artificial Intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing biodiversity research by enabling advanced data analysis, species identification, and habitats monitoring, thereby enhancing conservation efforts. Ensuring reproducibility in AI-driven biodiversity research is crucial for fostering transparency, verifying results, and promoting the credibility of ecological findings.This study investigates the reproducibility of deep learning (DL) methods within the biodiversity domain. We design a methodology for evaluating the reproducibility of biodiversity-related publications that employ DL techniques across three stages. We define ten variables essential for method reproducibility, divided into four categories: resource requirements, methodological information, uncontrolled randomness, and statistical considerations. These categories subsequently serve as the basis for defining different levels of reproducibility. We manually extract the availability of these variables from a curated dataset comprising 61 publications identified using the keywords provided by biodiversity experts. Our study shows that the dataset is shared in 47% of the publications; however, a significant number of the publications lack comprehensive information on deep learning methods, including details regarding randomness.

We present the TESS and BVRcIc light curves solution of four low mass-ratio contact binary systems TIC 159102550), V1068 Her, MW Pav and TIC 321576458. Except MW Pav, all three systems have been studied for the first time. The period analysis of TIC 159102550 show anti-correlation between primary and secondary minima and no long term variation is reported. The systems V1068 Her and MW Pav show increasing orbital period trends. Data for TIC 321576458 is too few to determine any periodic variations. The light curve analysis using Wilson-Divinney model shows that systems are low mass-ratio contact binaries. Out of four targets, two systems TIC 159102550 and V1068 Her, are shallow contact binary systems with fill-out factor of 20% and 14%, respectively. The two contact binaries MW Pav and TIC 321576458 are in deep contact state with fill-out factor 63% and 61%, respectively. V1068 Her shows EB-type light curve, however the temperature difference between the primary secondary component is only 17K, which indicates that system is in thermal contact. To understand the evolutionary status of these systems, the components are plotted on the mass-luminosity diagram. The primary companions are in the ZAMS zone while the secondary components of all the systems are away from TAMS which indicates that secondary is more evolved than the primary components. V1068 Her and MW Pav are expected to evolve into a single rapidly rotating star provided that they meet the well-know Hut's criterion. Through statistical investigation of more than hundred low mass-ratio contact binary systems including our targets, we have found that all of the low mass-ratio contact binaries have undergone the mass-ratio inversion process. Based on our sample, the relationship between mass ratio and spin and orbital angular momentum ratio has been updated and proposed a new value of qmin = 0.0388 for Darwin's stability.

We present a realistic supersymmetric $\mu$-hybrid inflation model within the framework of $SU(4)_C \times SU(2)_L \times U(1)_R$ gauge symmetry, wherein the symmetry breaking $SU(4)_C \times SU(2)_L \times U(1)_R\rightarrow SU(3)_C\times SU(2)_L \times U(1)_{B-L}\times U(1)_R$ occurs before observable inflation, effectively eliminating topologically stable primordial monopoles. Subsequent breaking of $U(1)_{B-L} \times U(1)_R \rightarrow U(1)_Y$ after inflation leads to the formation of superheavy metastable cosmic strings (CSs), capable of producing a stochastic gravitational wave background (SGWB) consistent with the recent PTA data. Moreover, the scalar spectral index $n_s$ and the tensor-to-scalar ratio $r$ align with Planck 2018 observations. A consistent scenario for reheating and non-thermal leptogenesis is employed to explain the observed matter content of the universe. Finally, the embedding of $G_{421}$ into the Pati-Salam gauge symmetry $G_{422}$ is briefly discussed, predicting potentially observable proton decay rates detectable at facilities such as Hyper Kamiokande and DUNE., Comment: 10 pages, 7 figures

Inverse scattering problems are inherently challenging, given the fact they are ill-posed and nonlinear. This paper presents a powerful deep learning-based approach that relies on generative adversarial networks to accurately and efficiently reconstruct randomly-shaped two-dimensional dielectric objects from amplitudes of multi-frequency scattered electric fields. An adversarial autoencoder (AAE) is trained to learn to generate the scatterer's geometry from a lower-dimensional latent representation constrained to adhere to the Gaussian distribution. A cohesive inverse neural network (INN) framework is set up comprising a sequence of appropriately designed dense layers, the already-trained generator as well as a separately trained forward neural network. The images reconstructed at the output of the inverse network are validated through comparison with outputs from the forward neural network, addressing the non-uniqueness challenge inherent to electromagnetic (EM) imaging problems. The trained INN demonstrates an enhanced robustness, evidenced by a mean binary cross-entropy (BCE) loss of $0.13$ and a structure similarity index (SSI) of $0.90$. The study not only demonstrates a significant reduction in computational load, but also marks a substantial improvement over traditional objective-function-based methods. It contributes both to the fields of machine learning and EM imaging by offering a real-time quantitative imaging approach. The results obtained with the simulated data, for both training and testing, yield promising results and may open new avenues for radio-frequency inverse imaging.

This study revisits supersymmetric (SUSY) hybrid inflation in light of CMB experiments and swampland conjectures. We first show that if one adds radiative, soft mass, and SUGRA corrections to the scalar potential, supersymmetric hybrid inflation is still consistent with Planck 2018 despite an impression that it does not. Usually, in SUSY hybrid inflation with minimal K\"ahler potential, the gauge symmetry breaking scale $M$ turns out to be ${\cal O}(10^{15})$ GeV, which causes proton decay rate problem. In this study, we present a new parameter space where the proton decay rate problem can be avoided by achieving $M$ of the order of $10^{16}$ GeV with $M_{S}^{2}<$0 and $am_{3/2}>$0. In this scenario, one requires a soft SUSY breaking scale $|M_{S}| \gtrsim 10^{6}$ GeV. Moreover, the tensor to scalar ratio $r$ is in the range $10^{-16}$ to $10^{-6}$, which is quite small. In this case, modified swampland hold, but it is difficult to satisfy trans-Planckian censorship conjecture. For this reason, we also consider non-minimal K\"ahler potential. We fixed spectral index $n_{S}=$0.9665 (central value) of Planck 2018 data and $M=2\times 10^{16}$ GeV and present our calculations. We show the canonical measure of primordial gravity waves $r$ for $M_{S}=$ 1 TeV, $m_{3/2}=$ 1 TeV, $\kappa_{S}<0$ for $\cal{N}=$1 and $\cal{N}=$2, ranges from $10^{-5}$ to $0.01$ which can be observed in Planck and next-generation experiments such as LiteBIRD, Simons Observatory, PRISM, PIXIE,CORE, CMB-S4 and CMB-HD experiments that are gearing up to measure it. In addition to it, we present the parametric space and benchmark points for a non-minimal case which is consistent with modified swampland and trans-Planckian censorship conjectures., Comment: 31 pages, 9 figures

We study the light right-handed slepton bulk regions for dark matter from the Generalized Minimal Supergravity (GmSUGRA) in the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM). In our comprehensive numerical studies, we show that $\mathcal{R_{\tilde{\phi}}}\gtrsim10\%$ is a conservative criteria to formulate bulk region, where $\mathcal{R_{\tilde{\phi}}}\equiv({m_{\tilde{\phi}}-m_{\tilde{\chi}_1^0}})/{m_{\tilde{\chi}_1^0}}$. For right-handed stau as the Next to the Lightest Supersymmetric Partcile (NLSP), we find a large viable parameter space, consistent with the current LHC constraints, Planck2018 dark matter relic density bounds, and direct bounds on neutralino-nucleons scattering cross-section that naturally supports the right-handed stau bulk regions for dark matter. In particular, the upper bounds on the masses of the Lightest Supersymmetric Particle (LSP) neutralino and right-handed stau are about 120.4 GeV and 138 GeV, respectively. This bulk region may be beyond the current LHC reach and could be probed at LUX-ZEPLIN, a next-generation dark matter direct detection experiment, the Future Circular Collider (FCC-ee) at CERN, and the Circular Electron Positron Collider (CEPC). However, the scenario with the right-handed selectron as the NLSP is excluded by the LHC supersymmetry searches., Comment: 7 pages, 5 figures

Because there are a few typos in the supersymmetry breaking sfermion masses and trilinear soft term, regarding the current Large Hadron Collider (LHC) and dark matter searches, we revisit a three-family Pati-Salam model based on intersecting D6-branes in Type IIA string theory on a $\mathbf{T^6/(\Z_2\times \Z_2)}$ orientifold with a realistic phenomenology. We study the viable parameter space and discuss the spectrum consistent with the current LHC Supersymmetry searches along with the dark matter relic density bounds from the Planck 2018 data. For the gluinos and first two generations of sfermions, we observe that the gluino mass is in the range [2, 14] TeV, the squarks mass range is [2, 13] TeV and the sleptons mass is in the range [1, 5] TeV. We achieve the cold dark matter relic density consistent with 5$\sigma$ Planck 2018 bounds via A-funnel and coannihilation channels such as stop-neutralino, stau-neutralino, and chargino-neutralino. Except for a few chargino-neutralino coannihilation solutions, these solutions also satisfy current nucleon-neutralino spin-independent and spin-dependent scattering cross-sections and may be probed by future dark matter searches., Comment: 18 pages, 6 figures

A series of pulsar timing arrays (PTAs) recently observed gravitational waves at the nanohertz frequencies. Motivated by this remarkable result, we present a novel class of Pati-Salam models that give rise to a network of metastable cosmic strings, offering a plausible explanation for the observed PTA data. Besides, we introduce a hybrid inflationary scenario to eliminate magnetic monopoles that arise during the spontaneous symmetry breaking of the Pati-Salam gauge group to the Standard Model. The resulting scalar spectral index is compatible with Planck data, and the tensor-to-scalar ratio is anticipated to be extremely small. Moreover, we incorporate a non-thermal leptogenesis to generate the required baryon asymmetry in our framework. Finally, the gravitational wave spectra generated by the metastable cosmic strings not only correspond to signals observed in recent PTAs, including NANOGrav, but are also within the exploration capacity of both present and future ground-based and space-based experiments., Comment: 10 pages and 5 figures

A realistic model of $SU(5) \times U(1)_{\chi}$, embedded in $SO(10)$ supersymmetric grand unified theory, is investigated for the emergence of a metastable cosmic string network. This network eventually decays via the Schwinger production of monopole-antimonopole pairs, subsequently generating a stochastic gravitational wave background that is compatible with the NANOGrav 15-year data. In order to avoid the monopole problem in the breaking of both $SO(10)$ and $SU(5)$, a non-minimal Higgs inflation scenario is incorporated. The radiative breaking of the $U(1)_{\chi}$ symmetry at a slightly lower scale plays a pivotal role in aligning the string tension parameter with the observable range. The resultant gravitational wave spectrum not only accounts for the signal observed in the most recent pulsar timing array (PTA) experiments but is also accessible to both current and future ground-based and space-based experiments., Comment: 22 pages and5 figures

The axino, the supersymmetric partner of axion, is a well-motivated warm/hot dark matter candidate, and provides a natural solution to the relic density problem for the bino-like neutralino if it is the lightest supersymmetric particle (LSP). With the Generalized Minimal Supergravity, we study such kind of the viable parameter space where the bino-like neutralino is the next-to-LSP (NLSP) and the axino is the LSP. In addition, we consider a scenario where the bino is a long-lived NLSP with the lifetime varying from $10^{-6}$s to $10^{-4}$s, and then propose a new signal searching scheme involving one displaced photon together with the large missing transverse momentum at the HL-LHC. The bino-like lightest neutralino lies under or around 100 GeV and is produced as a decay product of the right-handed sleptons.The relevant axion coupling $f_a$ can be probed up to $\mathcal{O}(10^9)$ GeV at 2$\sigma$ level for the right-handed slepton mass under 300 GeV and the lightest neutralino mass under 100 GeV., Comment: 9 pages, 5 figures

We revisit the bottom and $\tau$ Yukawa coupling unification in supersymmetric $4$-$2$-$2$ model and present for the first time the sbottom-neutralino co-annihilation scenario consistent with the bottom and $\tau$ Yukawa coupling unification. In addition, we show gluino-neutralino, stop-neutralino, stau-neutralino, chargino-neutralino, and A-resonance scenario and show that all such solutions are consistent with existing experimental collider constraints, Planck2018 dark matter relic density bounds as well as direct and indirect bounds on neutralino-nucleons scattering cross sections. We show that in sbottom-neutralino co-annihilation scenario, the sbottom mass is about 2 TeV whereas in the case of gluino-neutralino, stop-neutralino, the gluino mass can be between 1 TeV to 3 TeV and stop mass in the range of 1 TeV to 3.5 TeV. {Moreover, in the case of co-annihilation scenario, the stau and chargino masses can be as heavy as 3.5 TeV,} while the A-resonance solutions are in the range of 0.5 TeV to 3.5 TeV. We anticipate that some part of the parameter space will be accessible in the supersymmetry searches at LHC Run-3 and beyond., Comment: 17 pages, 9 figures

We study the cosmological implications of an effective field theory model derived within a configuration of D7 brane stacks in the framework of type-IIB string theory. We consider a suitable geometric setup where the K\"ahler moduli fields are stabilized and the parametric space is constrained so that a de Sitter vacuum is ensured. In addition to the moduli fields we also take into account the usual Higgs and matter fields included in the effective field theory. In this background, we implement the standard hybrid inflation scenario with a singlet scalar field acting as the inflaton and the Higgs states serving as waterfall fields. Radiative corrections and soft supersymmetry breaking terms play an essential role in the realization of a successful inflationary scenario consistent with the present cosmological data. Small tensor-to-scalar ratio values are predicted, which can be probed in future planned experiments. Further constraints on the model's parameters are derived from bounds on dark radiation which is measured as a contribution to the effective number of neutrino species $N_{\rm eff}$. In particular, we find an excess of $\Delta N_{\rm eff}\leq{0.95}$ at $2\sigma$ confidence level with natural values of the involved couplings., Comment: Update version, Minor corrections and References added

We implement shifted hybrid inflation in the framework of supersymmetric $SU(5) \times U(1)_{\chi}$ GUT model which provides a natural solution to the monopole problem appearing in the spontaneous symmetry breaking of $SU(5)$. The $U(1)_{\chi}$ symmetry is radiatevely broken after the end of inflation at an intermediate scale, yielding topologically stable cosmic strings. The Planck's bound on the gravitational interaction strength of these strings, characterized by $G_N \mu_s$ are easily satisfied with the $U(1)_{\chi}$ symmetry breaking scale which depends on the initial boundary conditions at the GUT scale. The dimension-5 proton lifetime for the decay $p \rightarrow K^+ \bar{\nu}$, mediated by color-triplet Higgsinos is found to satisfy current Super-Kamiokande bounds for SUSY breaking scale $M_{\text{SUSY}} \gtrsim 12.5$ TeV. We show that with minimal K\"ahler potential, the soft supersymmetry breaking terms play a vital role in bringing the scalar spectral index $n_s$ within the Planck's latest bounds, although with small tensor modes $r \lesssim 2.5 \times 10^{-6}$ and $SU(5)$ gauge symmetry breaking scale in the range ($2 \times 10^{15} \lesssim M_{\alpha} \lesssim 2 \times 10^{16}$) GeV. By employing non-minimal terms in the K\"ahler potential, the tensor-to-scalar ratio approaches observable values ($r \lesssim 10^{-3}$) with the $SU(5)$ symmetry breaking scale $M_{\alpha} \simeq 2 \times 10^{16}$ GeV., Comment: 30 pages, 9 figures

Web 3.0 is considered as future of Internet where decentralization, user personalization and privacy protection would be the main aspects of Internet. Aim of this research work is to elucidate the adoption behavior of Web 3.0through a multi-analytical approach based on Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) and Twitter sentiment analysis. A theoretical framework centered on Performance Expectancy (PE), Electronic Word-of-Mouth (eWOM) and Digital Dexterity (DD), was hypothesized towards Behavioral Intention (INT) of the Web 3.0 adoption. Surveyed data were collected through online questionnaires and 167 responses were analyzed through PLS-SEM. While 3,989 tweets of Web3 were analyzed by VADER sentiment analysis tool in RapidMiner. PLS-SEM results showed that DD and eWOM had significant impact while PE had no effect on INT. Moreover, these results were also validated by PLS-Predict method. While sentiment analysis explored that 56% tweets on Web 3.0 were positive in sense and 7% depicted negative sentiment while remaining were neutral. Such inferences are novel in nature and an innovative addition to web informatics and could support the stakeholders towards web technology integration, Comment: 14 pages, 4 figures, 5 tables, 15th International Baltic Conference on Digital Business and Intelligent Systems (DB&IS),July 03-06, 2022, University of Latvia, Riga, Latvia

We analyse the shifted hybrid inflation in a no-scale SU(5) model with supersymmetry, which naturally circumvents the monopole problem. The no-scale framework is derivable as the effective field theory of the supersymmetric (SUSY) compactifications of string theory, and it yields a flat potential with no anti-de Sitter vacua, resolving the $\eta$ problem. The model predicts a scalar spectral tilt $n_s$ compatible with the most recent measurements by the Planck satellite, while also accommodating observable values of the tensor-to-scalar ratio $r$ ($\sim 0.0015$), potentially measurable by the near-future experiments. Moreover, the proton decay lifetime in the presence of the dimension-5 operators is found to lie above the current limit imposed by the Super-Kamiokande experiment. A realistic scenario of reheating and non-thermal leptogenesis is invoked, wherein the reheating temperature $T_r$ lies in the $\{2 \times 10^6 \lesssim T_r \lesssim 2 \times 10^9\}$ GeV range, and at the same time the gravitino makes a viable dark matter (DM) candidate., Comment: 25 pages,6 figures

With the grand desert hypothesis, we have proposed to probe the supersymmetric Grand Unified Theories (GUTs) at the future proton-proton (pp) colliders and Hyper-Kamiokande experiment previously. In this paper, we study the supersymmetric GUTs with gravity mediated supersymmetry breaking in details. First, considering the dimension-six proton decay via heavy gauge boson exchange, we point out that we can probe the supersymmetric GUTs with GUT scale $M_{GUT}$ up to $1.778\times 10^{16}$ GeV at the Hyper-Kamiokande experiment. Second, for the supersymmetric GUTs with $M_{GUT} \ge 1.0\times 10^{16}$ GeV and $M_{GUT} \ge 1.2\times 10^{16}$ GeV, we show that the upper bounds on the universal gaugino mass are $7.2$ TeV and 3.5 TeV, respectively, and thus the corresponding upper bounds on gluino mass are 15 TeV and 8 TeV, respectively. Also, we shall study the masses for charginos, neutralinos, squarks, sleptons, and Higgs particles in details. In particular, the supersymmetric GUTs with $M_{GUT} \leq 1.2\times 10^{16}$ GeV can be probed at the Hyper-Kamiokande experiment, and the supersymmetric GUTs with $M_{GUT}\ge 1.2\times 10^{16}$ GeV can be probed at the future 100 TeV pp collider experiments such as the ${\rm FCC}_{\rm hh}$ and SppC via gluino searches. Thus, the supersymmetric GUTs with gravity mediation can be probed by the ${\rm FCC}_{\rm hh}$, SppC, and Hyper-Kamiokande experiments. In our previous study, we have shown that the supersymmetric GUTs with anomaly and gauge mediated supersymmetry breakings are well within the reaches of these experiments. Therefore, our proposal provides the concrete scientific goal for the ${\rm FCC}_{\rm hh}$, SppC, and Hyper-Kamiokande experiments: probing the supersymmetric GUTs., Comment: 10 pages, 4 figures, 1 table

We employ the low energy Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM) to explore the parameter space associated with $Z$-pole and Higgs-pole solutions. Such parameter spaces can not only saturate the cold dark matter relic density bound within 5$\sigma$ set by the Planck 2018, but also satisfy the other standard collider mass bounds and B-physics bounds. In particular, we show that the right-handed selectron can be light. Thus, we propose a search for the relatively heavier right-handed selectron at the future lepton colliders with the center-of-mass energy $\sqrt{s}=240$ GeV and integrated luminosity 3000 $\rm{fb^{-1}}$ via mono-photon channel: $e^{+}_{R} e^{-}_{R}\rightarrow {\tilde \chi_{1}^{0}(bino)}+{\tilde \chi_{1}^{0}(bino)}+{\gamma}$. We show that for the $Z$-pole case the right-handed selectron will be excluded up to 180 GeV and 210 GeV respectively at 3$\sigma$ and 2$\sigma$, while the right-handed selectron will be excluded up to 140 GeV and 180 GeV respectively at 3$\sigma$ and 2$\sigma$ in case of Higgs-pole., Comment: 7 pages, 5 figures

We present a successful realization of supersymmetric $\mu$-hybrid inflation model based on a gauged $U(1)_{B-L}$ extension of the minimal supersymmetric standard model, with the soft supersymmetry breaking terms are playing an important role. Successful non-thermal leptogenesis with gravitino dark matter yields a reheat temperature in the range $2 \times 10^{7} \lesssim T_R \lesssim 5 \times 10^{9}$ GeV. This corresponds to the predictions $2 \times 10^{-18} \lesssim r\lesssim 4 \times 10^{-13}$ for the tensor to scalar ratio, and $-2 \times 10^{-6} \lesssim dn_s/d\ln k \lesssim -5 \times 10^{-11}$ for the running of the scalar spectral index. The $B-L$ breaking scale is estimated as $ 6 \times 10^{14}\lesssim M/ \text{GeV}\lesssim 10^{16}$, calculated at the central value of the scalar spectral index, $n_s =0.9655$, reported by Planck 2018. Finally, in a grand unified theory setup the dimensionless string tension parameter associated with the metastable strings is in the range $ 10^{-9} \lesssim G\mu_\text{cs} \lesssim 10^{-6}$ corresponding to a stochastic gravitational wave background lying within the 2$\sigma$ bound of the recent NANOGrav 12.5-yr data., Comment: 12 pages, 7 figures

We revisit the hybrid inflation model gauged by $U(1)_{B-L}$ extension of the Minimal Supersymmetric Standard Model (MSSM) in a no-scale background. Considering a single predictive framework, we study inflation, leptogenesis, gavitino cosmology, and the stochastic background of gravitational waves produced by metastable cosmic strings. The spontaneous breaking of $U(1)_{B-L}$ at the end of inflation produces a network of metastable cosmic strings while, the interaction between $U(1)_{B-L}$ Higgs field and the neutrinos generate heavy Majorana masses for the right-handed neutrinos. The heavy Majorana masses explain the tiny neutrino masses via the seesaw mechanism, a realistic scenario for reheating and non-thermal leptogenesis. We show that a successful non-thermal leptogenesis and a stable gravitino as a dark matter candidate can be achieved for a wide range of reheating temperatures and $U(1)_{B-L}$ symmetry breaking scales. The possibility of realizing metastable cosmic strings in a grand unified theory (GUT) setup is briefly discussed. We find that a successful reheating with non-thermal leptogenesis and gravitino dark matter restrict the allowed values of string tension to a narrow range $10^{-9} \lesssim G\mu_{CS} \lesssim 8 \times 10^{-6}$, predicting a stochastic gravitational-wave background that lies within the 1-$\sigma$ bounds of the recent NANOGrav 12.5-yr data, as well as within the sensitivity bounds of future GW experiments., Comment: 26 pages, 5 figures