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Objectives: Bio-informatics methodologies have made possible to profile the global composition of tissue or organelle at a specific point or under particular developmental or disease state. In schizophrenia, research has extensively focused on identification of the alterations associated with gene and protein expression profiling. An additional target of the present study is the assorted mechanisms by which post-translational modifications can regulate these functions. As phosphorylation, s-nitrosylation and glycosylation are the familiar post-translational modification; the phosphorylation offers a foremost regulatory system due to the high variability in the protein structure, particularly flanking amino acid residues, the reliable prediction of these sites still remains a vital issue. Post-translational modifications modulate protein's cellular function critically involved in cell signaling and regulatory mechanisms in the molecular context. The gene mutations greatly influence these modification sites and believed as a disease biomarker. Methods: The present study illustrates Insilico analysis approach to predict possible posttranslational modifications in dopamine receptor D2 (DRD2) protein in previously identified G-T mutation in the 310 bp Taq1A receptor gene sequence in the Pakistani schizophrenic patients as compared to normal healthy controls. Results: The significant changes were observed, particularly the down-regulation in phosphorylation and glycosylation sites in G-T mutated sequence of the schizophrenic patient as compared to healthy controls. However, no change observed in nitrosylation sites in both groups, suggests that this downregulation or loss of modification target sites may be associated with the disease consequences. Conclusion: Current study expressed remarkable results that propose unique possibilities to investigate post-translational modifications at gene / protein level could further enhance understanding towards the biological function that altered during schizophrenia progression.

Obesity is a complicated, multifaceted, and largely preventable condition that is a growing worldwide public health concern. Multiple metabolic syndromes such as hypertension, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, and Type II diabetes are consequences of obesity. Various bariatric surgeries can effectuate the remission of these syndromes. Obesity triggers inflammation, which originates in adipose tissue and the liver, where there is high macrophage infiltration and expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This inflammation enters the bloodstream, causing systemic inflammation and making the patient insulin-resistant through various mechanisms. In recent years, with the advancement of surgical techniques, bariatric surgeries such as Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty (ESG) and Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) have shown great promise in targeting obesity-induced type II diabetes. Although both procedures are invasive, LSG has substantially reduced BMI overall. LSG involves a wide stomach resection, specifically targeting the fundus and greater curvature. Due to this, the procedure has given more complications such as future risks of GERD, inconsistency of hormones such as ghrelin, intensive procedure time, and hospital stay. Concurrently, ESG is an endoscopic technique and has given us surpassing results where the neuronal activity persists, thus regulating hormones and achieving satiation with improved insulin secretion. As a result, there is a reduced occurrence of complications like GERD. Both procedures provide efficient outcomes and can be patient-tailored. This comprehensive review is intended to compare the safety and efficacy of ESG and LSG.

The insoluble fraction of ox-brain, which had previously been shown to have a non-linear affinity for Na+ and K+, was prepared. Acetylcholine (1×10-8 mol/l and 1×10-7 mol/l) reduced the affinity of the fraction for Na+ and K+ to zero, while at 1×10-6 mol/l, the affinity for the cations was almost as high as in the absence of the transmitter; the affinities for Na+ and K+ were particularly high, when the supernatant concentrations of these ions exceeded 80–100 mM. Addition of eserine (3×10-5 mol/l) considerably modified the response of the fraction to acetylcholine (1×10-5 mol/l). Atropine (1×10-8 mol/l) in the absence or presence of acetylcholine (1×10-5, or 1×10-4 mol/l) reduced the affinity of the fraction for Na+ and K+ to zero. Epinephrine (3×10-10 mol/l) lowered the affinity for Na+ and K+, while ergotamine itself (1×10-5 mol/l) reduced it to zero. The addition of both epinephrine and ergotamine at the latter concentrations restored the affinity of the fractions for Na+ and K+ to what it had been in the absence of the transmitter or antagonist, previously reported. Norepinephrine (3×10-10 mol/l), or ouabain (1×10-7 mol/l) reduced the affinity of the fraction for Na+ and K+ to zero. Thus, the transmitters and antagonists altered the affinity of the insoluble fraction for Na+ and K+ nonlinearity, dependent upon their concentrations, the concentrations of the cations, and the interaction of transmitter and antagonist.

A water insoluble fraction was prepared from ox cerebrum by homogenization in water, dialysis against water, washing with water and drying in air at 293°K. The fraction represented 15.5±3% (n=8) of the weight of the fresh brain; it contained means of 81% (n=6) of the lipid, found in freshly dried ox brain samples, and 46% (n=5) (biuret method) or 51% (n=3) (6) of the protein, respectively. The Na+ and K+ concentrations were measured by atomic emission flame photometry, firstly, in prepared media, and then after 4 ml of the same media had been mixed with 1 g of the insoluble fraction at 310°K for 20 min; the concentration in the fraction was calculated from that found in the medium. The concentration in the medium (mM) after incubation was compared with that calculated to be in the fraction, (µmol/g). When the insoluble fraction was mixed with Krebs Ringer saline containing bicarbonate and glucose, modified so that the ratios of NaCl and KCl varied—(although together they always added up to 150 mM)—there was a mean of 2.6 times as much Na+ or K+ in the fraction (µmol/g) as in the media (mM) when the latter contained up to 80 mM Na+ or K+. When the concentration of the cations in the media exceeded this value, the concentration of Na+ in the fraction rose considerably, while the concentration of K+ fell to zero. When only Ca2+ or only Mg2+ was omitted from the Krebs-Ringer bicarbonate glucose saline, the fraction did not take up Na+ or K+ from the medium at any concentration. On electron microscopy the fraction was granular and amorphous and contained myelin figures. The fraction did not take up any significant volume of oxygen measured manometrically either in the modified Krebs-Ringer solutions or in a mitochondrial substrate.