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Background: In general there is susceptibility for the disease in pediatric age group (12). It has been shown that 2 % of affected individuals are children in certain parts of the world (13). Development of severe disease in children has been linked to comorbidities such as malnutrition, asthma, neuropsychiatric disorders, epilepsy, congenital abnormalities and type 1 diabetes mellitus) (14, 15). In Iraq, reports about clinical presentation and severity of disease in pediatric age group are scanty; therefore. Aim of the study: The aim of the current study was to highlight the main clinical features and clinical severity of COVID-19 in children. Patients and methods: The current cross-sectional research was conducted in Iraq's Al-Diwaniyah Province's Children and Maternity Teaching Hospital. The study included 400 children who tested positive for COVDI-19 using RT-PCR after nasopharyngeal swabs. The study included 220 males and 180 females ranging in age from 1 month to 15 years. The severity of disease was considered according to medication required so that children required no oxygen therapy were regarded as mild cases, children required oxygen therapy were regarded as moderate cases while those requiring mechanical ventilation or Continuous positive airway pressure were considered severe cases.

Background: The inflammatory reaction that is systemic to the infection with the virus (SARS-CoV-2) stands as the pathognomonic feature of this viral illness, and the majority of hospital admitted patients exhibit unusual biomarkers of inflammation. The protein C-reactive was also connected to severe illness in individuals with pneumonia caused by H1N1 influenza, and several researchers have described a link between COVID-19 disease severity and higher concentration of CRP. Aim of the study: The goal of the current research was to investigate the association among severity of COVID-19 in children, clinical presentation and the concentration of (HS-CRP). Methods and patients: The present research which is of cross sectional kind was practiced in Children and Maternity Teaching Hospital in Al-Diwaniyah Province, Iraq. The study included 200 children with COVDI-19 proved by positive RT-PCR results following nasopharyngeal swabs. The range of the age was from 1 month up to 15 years and the study included 110 males and 90 females. All children were investigated for the level of HS-CRP and the interpretation of levels was based on categorization into normal, moderate elevation, marked elevation and severe elevation.

The oil consumption and CO2 generation were the drives to innovate electric vehicles. At the recent years, there is large evolution in the industry of electric vehicles and in the near future, the normal vehicles may be replaced with electric vehicles. The energy consumption of these vehicles depends on the vehicle body size and weight, passengers' weight, mobility speed, and vehicle communications. In this paper, we focus only on vehicle communications and propose a new concept called Electrical Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (E-VANET). E-VANET is a new trend of vehicular ad hoc networks (VANET) which composes of connecting a group of electric vehicles with each other and with the infrastructure to exchange information. In addition to the challenges of VANET such as mobility, routing, location awareness, etc., the main challenge in E-VANET is energy consumption that needs a great research effort to be reduced. Therefore, it is necessary to highlight E-VANET and new concepts, standards, and technologies that can be used to enhance its performance and reduce energy consumption. The main goal of this paper is to explain the concept of this new network type, its architectures, applications, and challenges as well as the technologies that can be merged with it to increase the network lifetime like software-defined network, fog computing, internet of vehicles (IoV) and cloud computing. This paper can open the door in front of the researchers to contribute in enhancing the work of E-VANET.

Internet of Vehicles (IoV) is a new style of vehicular ad hoc network that is used to connect the sensors of each vehicle with each other and with other vehicles' sensors through the internet. These sensors generate different tasks that should be analyzed and processed in some given period of time. They send the tasks to the cloud servers but these sending operations increase bandwidth consumption and latency. Fog computing is a simple cloud at the network edge that is used to process the jobs in a short period of time instead of sending them to cloud computing facilities. In some situations, fog computing cannot execute some tasks due to lack of resources. Thus, in these situations it transfers them to cloud computing that leads to an increase in latency and bandwidth occupation again. Moreover, several fog servers may be fuelled while other servers are empty. This implies an unfair distribution of jobs. In this research study, we shall merge the software defined network (SDN) with IoV and fog computing and use the parked vehicle as assistant fog computing node. This can improve the capabilities of the fog computing layer and help in decreasing the number of migrated tasks to the cloud servers. This increases the ratio of time sensitive tasks that meet the deadline. In addition, a new load balancing strategy is proposed. It works proactively to balance the load locally and globally by the local fog managers and SDN controller, respectively. The simulation experiments show that the proposed system is more efficient than VANET-Fog-Cloud and IoV-Fog-Cloud frameworks in terms of average response time and percentage of bandwidth consumption, meeting the deadline, and resource utilization.

Vehicular networks have been expanding significantly to perform several applications and strategies related to vehicles, ambulances, traffic jam, drivers, and even passengers. The most important challenge in this network is routing data among vehicles. Therefore, there is a need to design efficient routing protocols for unicast, Geocast, multicast and broadcast transmission modes. The multicasting can be used in many application fields such as emergency, police, and firefighting. There is a large body of studies on multicast routing in vehicular networks. However, safety applications in vehicular networks require a special multicast routing protocol that takes into account the deadline and existing bandwidth constraints. On the other hand, there has been a growing tendency towards electric cars in recent years. Therefore, energy consumption is one of major parameters that should be considered in the design of this routing protocol. The goal of this paper is to present a new E nergy E fficient M ulticast routing protocol based on S oftware Defined Networks and F og computing for V ehicular networks called EEMSFV including deadline and bandwidth constraints. Multicast routing with multiple constraints of QoS has been proved to be a NP complete problem. The proposed architecture consists of four layers: vehicles, fog computing, OpenFlow switches and SDN controller. Moreover, a priority based scheduling algorithm and a classification algorithm to schedule the multicast requests based on their application type and deadline constraint after classifying them are proposed. The partitioning concept is used to decrease time complexity and overhead in the SDN controller. From the simulation results, we concluded that EEMSFV is better than MABC and CVLMS in terms of successfully transmitted ratio, average end to end delay, normalized overhead load, multicast energy consumption, packet loss ratio and percentage of critical multicast sessions that meet the deadline.

The Internet of Vehicle sensors generate huge data that are processed by cloud servers, but this leads to high latency and bandwidth occupies. This was the main motivation behind fog computing. Software-defined network (SDN) was developed to simplify the traditional networks’ architecture. Sometimes, when a fog server fails to execute some tasks, it sends them to cloud servers while other fog servers are idle. This leads to inefficient utilization of fog computing resources. This letter aims to optimize the resource utilization of fog computing with meeting the deadlines of tasks via assigning them to an optimal fog server using SDN. Moreover, local and global load balance techniques are proposed. The simulation results revealed that our proposed system decreases the transference of tasks to the cloud and as a result decreases the latency and bandwidth consumption.

The fog computing is invited to solve the lack of resources problem in the sensors of Internet of Things (IoT) and handle the tasks quickly. Internet of Vehicles (IoV) is a special application of IoT networks that composed of heterogeneous sensors that are found in vehicles. These sensors transfer the tasks to the fog servers that process them and give the responses to the sensors. However, the mobility of vehicles effects on the delivery operation of responses. When the source vehicle of a task exited from the domain of some fog server through the processing time of this task, the response will not be reached to that vehicle correctly. Therefore, it is need to compute the optimal path to that vehicle. This process causes exceeding the task deadline and decreasing the throughput. To overcome this issue, this paper produces a hierarchical architecture based on Software Defined Network (SDN) and fog computing for IoV networks. This architecture consists of IoV vehicles, fog computing framework, semi-central SDN controllers and central SDN controller layers. Moreover, a routing strategy is proposed called Delay-Efficient Routing strategy based on SDN and Fog computing for IoV (DRSFI). The SDN controllers perform DRSFI to compute the routes with minimum delay with taking into consideration the available bandwidth constraint and the location and speed of the vehicle. From the results of simulation of different scenarios with various mobility speeds and various number of tasks, we concluded that the proposed system is better than IoV-Fog-central SDN system and IoV-Fog system in terms of average delay from end to end, percentage of packet loss and percentage of successfully transmission.

The internet is a common style used to connect various types of networks, sensors and personal devices. Accessing and using the Internet need to permission from an internet service provider (ISP) which needs to pay some amount of money. Internet became for some people like the water and air and need it everywhere and anytime. It can be used in education, business, chatting, etc. Thus, it became as a third lung for the world. Moreover, it works as a backbone for the internet of things (IoT). However, the existed policies of providing Internet for people and IoT are expensive and not efficient in exploiting the available Internet packages. In this paper, a new policy to provide Internet service everywhere (at least in the cities) and any time (IWT) is proposed. It depends on the collaboration concept among users to share Internet account packages with each other to increase Internet availability and utilization. It can determine the time period and the number of allowed devices to connect and use the Internet account of other users. In addition, it determines which user device or IoT sensor should connect at which time depending on the priority. Moreover, it takes the overhead and energy and bandwidth consumption into account. From the simulation results, we concluded that applying IWT can enhance the work of IoT and make the Internet cheaper and increase the percentage of Internet availability.

Vehicular Ad hoc Network (VANET) refers to wireless connection of a large number of moving and stopped cars to transfer some knowledge about some events (e.g. accident, traffic jam, weather condition, etc.) to the passengers and drivers. The mobility of vehicles in unexpected directions destroys the network links and decreases the stability of the route between vehicles. This problem leads to repeat the routing discovery and maintenance operations and as a result increases the overhead and delay. Several classes of routing polices were proposed such as flat, hierarchical, cluster based, etc. Moreover, in the cluster based routing protocols, number of cluster head selection and cluster formation schemes have been suggested. Unfortunately, the stability of cluster heads and links was not satisfied. This paper aims to solve this problem by producing a new clustering formation technique. This technique selects the parked and stopped vehicles to work as cluster heads and gateway nodes with high stability. Moreover, a new cluster based routing protocol to build optimal paths with maximum stability and minimum delay called CRSD depending on optimization model is suggested. Several simulation scenarios with various mobility speeds and numbers of stopped and parked vehicles showed that CRDS is better than link reliability-based clustering approach (LRCA) and cluster-based VANET oriented evolving graph (CVoEG) according to network overhead, average end to end delay, path stability, and packet delivery ratio.

The energy limitation and frequent movement of the mobile Ad hoc network (MANET) nodes (i.e., devices) make the routing process very difficult. The multicast routing problem is one of the NP-complete problems. Therefore, the need for a new power-aware approach to select an optimum multicast path with minimum power consumption that can enhance the performance and increase the lifetime of MANET has become urgent. Software defined network (SDN) is a new technique that can solve many problems of the traditional networks by dividing the architecture into data part and control part. This paper presents three power-aware multicast routing strategies for MANET. First one called a Reactive Multicast routing strategy for cluster based MANET by using SDN (RMCMS), second one called proactive multicast routing strategy for cluster based MANET by using SDN (PMCMS) and third one represents modification of PMCMS called M-PMCMS. Moreover, it produces a new mathematical model to build a multicast tree with minimum power consumption and takes into account the remaining power in each node. All proposed multicast strategies operate based on this mathematical model and aim to maximize the MANET lifetime by exploiting the advantages of SDN and clustering concepts. They consider the multicast tree with minimum power consumption as an optimal one. The simulation results illustrated that RMCMS is better than PMCMS, M-PMCMS, and MAODV in terms of power consumption and network overhead while M-PMCMS is the best one in terms of dropped packets ratio (DPR) and average end to end (E2E) delay.

Vehicular Ad Hoc Network (VANET) classified as one of the most important classes of next generation networks that developed in recent years rapidly for vehicles and road transmissions. It can help in implementing a large set of applications related to vehicles, traffic light, traffic jam, drivers, passengers, ambulance, police, fire trucks and even pedestrians. Routing is the most prominent problem in the transmission of information in VANETs and there are many modes of dissemination: unicast, broadcast, multicast and geocast. In this paper, we will focus only on the multicast that is referring to a process of sending information from one node (called source vehicle) to a group of nodes that found in different locations (called destination vehicles). The purpose of this paper is to study the existing multicast routing protocols in VANET and produce good survey about them and determine the advantages and disadvantages of each one as well as classify them into different categories based on some effected parameters such as quality of service, vehicle trajectory and etc. After analyzing these routing protocols we concluded that there is persistent need to produce efficient multicast routing protocol in this network to decrease the resource consumption and improve the overall performance.

The network simulator (NS-2) structure is containing a file called "cbrgen". This file was used to generate the traffic rates by generating random connections between source nodes and destinations. The original "cbrgen" file generates only CBR and TCP traffics. It generates connections in random manner between 0 and 180s only. The purpose of this paper is to enhance and modify this file by rebuilding it to generate additional types of traffics such as exponential on/off and Pareto on/off, as well as adding the simulated application "Telnet" that can be implemented easily with NS-2. The generated connections was also developed by letting the time to be distributed randomly between 0 and the simulation time instead of the fixed time between 0 and 180s. All these modification were tested and implemented many timed. Such modifications will make this simulator more practical and close to the real MANETs applications.