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One of the most frequent contributors to co-morbidities or death among individuals living with HIV (PLWH) in antiretroviral therapy (ART) is cardiovascular disease (CVD). Vascular cardiovascular disease, arterial disease, stroke, illness, or cardiac cardiac were among the CVDs that over 50% of PLWH are expected to have a greater likelihood of acquiring. The pathological process on such organism varies by shared vulnerabilities, HIV Viral infection itself, or complications of immunosuppressive medication. With this goal, potential non-pharmacological treatments, including dietary practices like intermittent fasting (IF), are now being investigated globally. The academic community is becoming increasingly interested within IF, a common procedure, because of its prospective advantages for improving blood pressure (BP), chronic inflammation, platelet-derived expansion factor AB, blood lipids as well as lipoproteins and blood vessel intima-media dimension, as well as additional cardiovascular health indicators. Because intermittent fasting has inherent features that improve the main heart disease risk variables as well as modulate inflammation responses linked to arterial disorder, lipid per oxidation, as well as ageing, this review can concentrate with investigating the possible advantages of irregular not eating as an alternatives to medication inexpensive approach to reducing the prevalence of heart conditions within HIV individuals on ART. Through the battle towards the rising incidence of cardiovascular diseases through PLWH, short-term fasting regimes require must be further evaluated in research studies as a significant, innovative, as well as affordable coadjutant of ART.

Deforestation and forest degradation is a global concern, especially in developing countries. The Margalla Hills of Pakistan—Himalayan foothills—also face the threat of deforestation and forest degradation. These Margalla Hills, considering the need for forest protection activities in Pakistan, were declared a reserved national forest and named “the Margalla Hills National Park (MHNP)”. This study quantitively evaluates whether deforestation and forest degradation have occurred at MHNP and identifies their possible drivers. Satellite (Landsat) data 1988–2020 was employed for the land use change analysis, whereas a socio-economic survey of the local population and structured interviews with government officials were conducted to identify the drivers of deforestation. Supervised classification was performed for imagery classification and the Vegetation Condition Index (VCI) was also calculated to measure degradation. Supervised classification showed that the forest cover increased from 65% of the total area in 1988 to 69% in 2020. The VCI results show that the moderate level of degradation has increased from 3.5% of MHNP area in 1988 to 8.8% in 2020. The cumulative measure of degradation from 1988 to 2020 is 1.09% of the total forest (using p < 0.05). Major drivers identified are fuel wood and timber collection. The results reveal a decline in both deforestation and forest degradation. There is a need for further quantitative analysis of the drivers, strict implementation of legislative and control measures, and continuous invigilation of the deforestation trends in MHNP.

It was possible through this study to give a brief overview of the most important pharmaceutical compounds, which included glycosides, alkaloids, terpenes and their plant sources, which encourages the adoption of various separation techniques protocols to obtain multiple types of pharmaceutical compounds of high pharmacological value from medicinal plants compared to its standard compounds and thus the possibility of using it medically to cure many diseases and dispense with medicines and chemotherapy with multiple side effects and interactions. The study dealt with garlic, ginger and chamomile plants and their pharmaceutical compounds as examples of medicinal plants known since ancient times, research has confirmed its health benefits, as it supports normal body functions and the immune system.