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Background: Excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) associated with oxidative stress induce tissue injury that might trigger the inflammatory process. Superoxide dismutase (SOD) and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) play a significant role in the inflammation prompt after the overproduction of ROS. Polyphenols compound play an important role in alleviating problem associated with oxidative stress. Hippophae rhamnoides leaves extract contain major bioactive polyphenol compound Ethyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate (gallic acid ethyl ester [GAE]), Gallic acid (GA) and need to be investigate for its anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. Objective: The objective of this study is to determine the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potential of GAE and GA derivatives isolated from H. rhamnoides leaves, in vitro and in silico approach target on COX-2 and SOD receptor. Materials and Methods: The isolated compounds GAE, GA, and derivatives 4-O methyl gallic acid (4-OMGA), pyrogallol (PG) were docked using Schrodinger's (LLC, Cambridge, USA) tools. Further in vitro antioxidant activity was determined using the 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and superoxide radical anion scavenging activity. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using COX-2 inhibitory assay in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 cell line. Results: In silico result showed notable binding affinity of GAE with the SOD and COX-2 receptors followed by GA > PG > 4-OMGA. Experimentally, GAE confirmed promising antioxidant potential (DPPH; half-maximal inhibitory concentration 20.3 ± 2.65), SOD anion at 50 μM as well anti-inflammatory activity by inhibiting the COX-2 activity in RAW 264.7 cell line. Conclusion: The result demonstrated the potential biological activities of GAE, GA, and derivatives. In silico finding may act as precious tools to further unlock these potential therapeutic agents against oxidative stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Radioprotective properties of phenolic compounds through free radical quenching have been 60 reported earlier. However, till date pharmacokinetic (PK) and biodistribution of polyphenol compound after Co-γ-irradiation (10Gy) have not been studied yet. Ethyl 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoate commonly known as Gallic acid ethyl ester (GAE), a bioactive polyphenol of Hippophae rhamnoides leaves extract (coded as, SBL-1) exhibited radioprotective activity. Quenching mechanism of radicals by phytoceuticals depends upon their aromatic structure and donation or acceptation of hydroxyl groups. Objective: This study investigated the action, PK and tissue distribution of GAE and its metabolite + in mice at radioprotective dose and changes, if any, induced after irradiation. Methodology: Male C57 mice (28±2g) were administered GAE (150mg/kg b.wt) orally 15 minutes prior to irradiation. Mice were sacrificed at 15, 30 min, 1,2,4,8 and 24h. PK and biodistribution of GAE in plasma and tissues was studied by using HPLC. Radioprotective potential was studied in terms of SGOT, SGPT and creatinine levels in liver and kidney. Result: Plasma level of GAE peaked at about 15min, with Cmax 4325.78±312.25 in drug and 2371.78±65.33 in drug+radiation treated animals, in biodistribution the highest concentration was found in liver and kidney. The levels of SGOT, SGPT and creatinine reduced significantly (P< 0.05) up to 8h in comparison to irradiated animals. The PK profile of GAE fitted to non-compartmental model and showed radio-protective action by maintaining the enzymatic functions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context:RNA interference (RNAi)-based therapeutics rely upon safe and efficient delivery of small interfering RNA (siRNA) molecules.Objective: This review explores various dimensions of RNAi with emphasis on the development of nanoparticle-based delivery vectors for safe and efficient siRNA delivery.Methods:An exhaustive database search has been done regarding studies done to investigate the potential of siRNA delivery employing nanoparticles has been cited in the present review.Results and conclusion:With the current challenges, there is a need for collaborative work allowing for the successful development of nanoparticle/siRNA complexes as health-promoting biotherapeutics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new lanostane type triterpenes, lanost 6(7),23(24)-diene-3,11,22trione-20,25-diacetoxy-2-β-16-a-diol (1) and lanost 1(2),6(7),23(24)-triene-3,11,22-trione-20,25-diacetoxy-2,16-a-diol (2) were isolated from the hepatoprotective active acetone fruit extract of Luffa echinata Roxb and their structures were characterized on the basis of spectroscopic and chemical evidences. The isolated compounds are reported in this species for the first time and are new analogs of cucurbitacin B and datiscacin, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Context:Polymers have been largely explored for the preparation of nanoparticles due to ease of preparation and modification, large gene/drug loading capacity, and biocompatibility. Various methods have been adapted for the preparation and characterization of chitosan nanoparticles.Objective:Focus on the different methods of preparation and characterization of chitosan nanoparticles.Methods:Detailed literature survey has been done for the studies reporting various methods of preparation and characterization of chitosan nanoparticles.Results and conclusion:Published database suggests of several methods which have been developed for the preparation and characterization of chitosan nanoparticles as per the application. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Context: The size of nanoparticles plays a pivotal role in determining the gene delivery efficiency.Objective: A focus on the studies done to investigate the effect of nanoparticles size on biological aspects of gene delivery.Methods: A through literature survey has been done regarding studies done to investigate the effect of nanoparticles size on uptake, transfection efficiency and biodistribution has been cited in the present review.Results and conclusion:The gene delivery efficacy may depend on conjugation of several factors such as the chemical structure of polymers, cell type, and nanoparticle size, composition and interaction with cells. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]