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859 results on '"Ahmadieh, Hamid"'

1. Effects of repeated intra-silicone oil injections of methotrexate on proliferative vitreoretinopathy grade C: a multicenter randomized controlled trial

Author

Nourinia, Ramin, Safi, Sare, Mohammadpour, Mehrad, Riazi-Esfahani, Hamid, Ansari Astaneh, Mohammad Reza, Falavarjani, Khalil Ghasemi, Ramezani, Alireza, Karimi, Saeed, Fekri, Sahba, Ebrahimiadib, Nazanin, Khalili Pour, Elias, Nikkhah, Homayoun, Shoeibi, Nasser, Hassanpoor, Narges, Hosseini, Maryam, Abrishami, Mojtaba, Abdi, Fatemeh, Rahimi, Anoushiravan, Jabbarpoor Bonyadi, Mohammad Hossein, Moradian, Siamak, Khosravi Mirzaei, Sina, Safi, Hamid, Anvari, Pasha, Fadakar, Kaveh, Mirghorbani, Masoud, Mohammadbagheri, Niloufar, Hatami, Firouze, Kheiri, Bahareh, Yaseri, Mehdi, Khorrami, Zahra, and Ahmadieh, Hamid

Published
2024
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7. Global, regional, and national burden of injuries, and burden attributable to injuries risk factors, 1990 to 2019: results from the Global Burden of Disease study 2019

Author

Malekpour, Mohammad-Reza, Rezaei, Negar, Azadnajafabad, Sina, Khanali, Javad, Azangou-Khyavy, Mohammadreza, Moghaddam, Sahar Saeedi, Heidari-Foroozan, Mahsa, Rezazadeh-Khadem, Sahba, Ghamari, Seyyed-Hadi, Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen, Abady, Gdiom Gebreheat, Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi, Abebe, Ayele Mamo, Abu-Gharbieh, Eman, Acharya, Dilaram, Addo, Isaac Yeboah, Adeagbo, Oluwafemi Atanda, Adegboye, Oyelola A., Adeyinka, Daniel Adedayo, Sakilah Adnani, Qorinah Estiningtyas, Afolabi, Aanuoluwapo Adeyimika, Afzal, Saira, Afzal, Muhammad Sohail, Ahmad, Sajjad, Ahmad, Aqeel, Ahmadi, Ali, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Ahmed, Haroon, Ahmed, Mehrunnisha Sharif, Ajami, Marjan, Akbarialiabad, Hossein, Akunna, Chisom Joyqueenet, Alahdab, Fares, Alanezi, Fahad Mashhour, Alanzi, Turki M., Alhassan, Robert Kaba, Ali, Liaqat, Samakkhah, Shohreh Alian, Alimohamadi, Yousef, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Almustanyir, Sami, Al-Sabah, Salman Khalifah, Altirkawi, Khalid A., Amare, Hiwot, Ameyaw, Edward Kwabena, Amin, Tarek Tawfik, Amiri, Sohrab, Andrei, Tudorel, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Anvari, Davood, Anwar, Sumadi Lukman, Aqeel, Muhammad, Arab-Zozani, Morteza, Arumugam, Ashokan, Aryal, Umesh Raj, Asaad, Malke, Asgary, Saeed, Ashraf, Tahira, Astell-Burt, Thomas, Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin, Atreya, Alok, Aujayeb, Avinash, Awedew, Atalel Fentahun F., Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Aychiluhm, Setognal Birara, Ayele, Alemu Degu, Azizi, Hosein, Azzam, Ahmed Y., Bakkannavar, Shankar M., Bardhan, Mainak, Barker-Collo, Suzanne Lyn, Barqawi, Hiba Jawdat, Barrow, Amadou, Bashiri, Azadeh, Baskaran, Pritish, Basu, Saurav, Bedi, Neeraj, Bekele, Alehegn, Belo, Luis, Bennett, Derrick A., Bensenor, Isabela M., Berhie, Alemshet Yirga, Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth, Bhaumik, Soumyadeep, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A., Bitaraf, Saeid, Boloor, Archith, Borges, Guilherme, Borschmann, Rohan, Boufous, Soufiane, Brauer, Michael, Briggs, Andrew M., Brown, Julie, Bryazka, Dana, Cámera, Luis Alberto, Cárdenas, Rosario, Carvalho, Márcia, Catalá-López, Ferrán, Cerin, Ester, Charan, Jaykaran, Chattu, Vijay Kumar, Chien, Wai Tong, Chitheer, Abdulaal, Cho, Daniel Youngwhan, McPhee Christensen, Steffan Wittrup, Christopher, Devasahayam J., Chu, Dinh-Toi, Chukwu, Isaac Sunday, Cislaghi, Beniamino, Clark, Scott Richard, Cruz-Martins, Natalia, Cullen, Patricia, Dadras, Omid, Dai, Xiaochen, Damiani, Giovanni, Dandona, Rakhi, Darmstadt, Gary L., Soltani, Reza Darvishi Cheshmeh, Darwesh, Aso Mohammad, Dávila-Cervantes, Claudio Alberto, De Leo, Diego, de Luca, Katie, Demetriades, Andreas K., Demisse, Biniyam, Demisse, Fitsum Wolde, Demissie, Solomon, Desye, Belay, Dharmaratne, Samath Dhamminda, Diress, Mengistie, Djalalinia, Shirin, Dodangeh, Milad, Dongarwar, Deepa, Edinur, Hisham Atan, Eini, Ebrahim, Ekholuenetale, Michael, Elgar, Frank J., Elgendy, Islam Y., Elhabashy, Hala Rashad, Elhadi, Muhammed, El-Huneidi, Waseem, Emamian, Mohammad Hassan, Bain, Luchuo Engelbert, Enyew, Daniel Berhanie, Eshetu, Habitu Birhan, Eskandarieh, Sharareh, Etaee, Farshid, Fagbamigbe, Adeniyi Francis, Faro, Andre, Fasanmi, Abidemi Omolara, Fatehizadeh, Ali, Feng, Xiaoqi, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Ferrara, Pietro, Fetensa, Getahun, Fischer, Florian, Franklin, Richard Charles, Fukumoto, Takeshi, Galali, Yaseen, Galehdar, Nasrin, Gankpe, Fortune Gbetoho, Gebrehiwot, Mesfin, Gebremeskel, Teferi Gebru, Geleta, Leta Adugna, Getachew, Motuma Erena, Ghafourifard, Mansour, Nour, Mohammad Ghasemi, Ghashghaee, Ahmad, Gholamrezanezhad, Ali, Gill, Tiffany K., Ginindza, Themba G., Glasbey, James C., Göbölös, Laszlo, Gohari, Kimiya, Golechha, Mahaveer, Goleij, Pouya, Grivna, Michal, Gunawardane, Damitha Asanga, Gupta, Bhawna, Hall, Brian J., Hamadeh, Randah R., Hamal, Pawan Kumar, Hameed, Sajid, Hamidi, Samer, Hamiduzzaman, Mohammad, Hanif, Asif, Haque, Syed Emdadul, Hargono, Arief, Harlianto, Netanja I., Hartono, Risky Kusuma, Hasaballah, Ahmed I., Hasani, Hamidreza, Hassanian-Moghaddam, Hossein, Hassanipour, Soheil, Hassankhani, Hadi, Hayat, Khezar, Heidari, Mohammad, Hendrie, Delia, Heyi, Demisu Zenbaba, Hiraike, Yuta, Horita, Nobuyuki, Hossain, Mohammad Bellal, Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi, Hoveidaei, Amir Human, Hu, Guoqing, Ilesanmi, Olayinka Stephen, Immurana, Mustapha, Inbaraj, Leeberk Raja, Shariful Islam, Sheikh Mohammed, Islam, Rakibul M., Ismail, Nahlah Elkudssiah, Jagnoor, Jagnoor, Jahrami, Haitham, Jakovljevic, Mihajlo, Jamshidi, Elham, Janodia, Manthan Dilipkumar, Javaheri, Tahereh, Jayapal, Sathish Kumar, Jeganathan, Jayakumar, Jonas, Jost B., Joseph, Nitin, Joukar, Farahnaz, Jürisson, Mikk, Kabir, Ali, Kadashetti, Vidya, Kamath, Rajesh, Kamath, Ashwin, Kamble, Bhushan Dattatray, Kandel, Himal, Kantar, Rami S., Karaye, Ibraheem M., Karkhah, Samad, Kashoo, Faizan Zaffar, Kassa, Bekalu Getnet, Kauppila, Joonas H., Keikavoosi-Arani, Leila, Kemp Bohan, Phillip M., Keykhaei, Mohammad, Khalid, Nauman, Khammarnia, Mohammad, Khan, Moien A.B., Khan, M. Nuruzzaman, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khan, Maseer, Khatatbeh, Moawiah Mohammad, Khubchandani, Jagdish, Kim, Yun Jin, Kim, Gyu Ri, Kisa, Adnan, Kisa, Sezer, Kompani, Farzad, Shivakumar, K.M. Marulasiddaiah Kondlahalli, Koul, Parvaiz A., Koyanagi, Ai, Krishan, Kewal, Krishnamoorthy, Vijay, Kruger, Estie, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Kumar, Nithin, Kumar, Narinder, La Vecchia, Carlo, Lam, Hilton, Lami, Faris Hasan, Landires, Iván, Lansingh, Van Charles, Lauriola, Paolo, Dao Le, Long Khanh, Leasher, Janet L., Ledda, Caterina, Lee, Doo Woong, Han Lee, Yo, Lee, Wei-Chen, Makhiringa Likaka, Andrew Tiyamike, Lim, Stephen S., Linn, Shai, Lucchetti, Giancarlo, Lunevicius, Raimundas, Lyons, Ronan A., Abd El Razek, Mohammed Magdy, Prasad, Mahadeshwara, Mahmoudi, Razzagh, Majeed, Azeem, Malagón-Rojas, Jeadran N., Malakan Rad, Elaheh, Malta, Deborah Carvalho, Manla, Yosef, Mansouri, Borhan, Mansournia, Mohammad Ali, Maravilla, Joemer C., Mathews, Elezebeth, Maulik, Pallab K., Mechili, Enkeleint A., Nasab, Entezar Mehrabi, Mendoza, Walter, Mengistu, Dechasa Adare, Mentis, Alexios-Fotios A., Mesregah, Mohamed Kamal, Mestrovic, Tomislav, Miazgowski, Tomasz, Mir, Shabir Ahmad, Mirica, Andreea, Mirrakhimov, Erkin M., Mirza, Moonis, Mohammadi, Soheil, Mohammed, Shafiu, Moitra, Modhurima, Mokdad, Ali H., Molokhia, Mariam, Monasta, Lorenzo, Moradi, Maryam, Morrison, Shane Douglas, Mubarik, Sumaira, Murillo-Zamora, Efren, Mustafa, Ghulam, Fawzy Nabhan, Ashraf, Nangia, Vinay, Ramos Nascimento, Bruno, Natto, Zuhair S., Negoi, Ionut, Nejadghaderi, Seyed Aria, Nena, Evangelia, Nepal, Samata, Nggada, Haruna Asura, Ngunjiri, Josephine W., Nnaji, Chukwudi A., Nzoputam, Ogochukwu Janet, Nzoputam, Chimezie Igwegbe, Oancea, Bogdan, Obamiro, Kehinde O., Odukoya, Oluwakemi Ololade, Oghenetega, Onome Bright, In-Hwan, Oh, Okati-Aliabad, Hassan, Okonji, Osaretin Christabel, Oladunjoye, Adeolu Olufunso, Olagunju, Andrew T., Olana, Diriba Dereje, Bali, Ahmed Omar, Otoiu, Adrian, Owolabi, Mayowa O., Padukudru P A, Mahesh, Padron-Monedero, Alicia, Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra, Pandi-Perumal, Seithikurippu R., Pardhan, Shahina, Eun-Kee, Park, Patel, Jay, Paudel, Uttam, Pawar, Shrikant, Toroudi, Hamidreza Pazoki, Peden, Amy E., Pedersini, Paolo, Pereira, Marcos, Pesudovs, Konrad, Petcu, Ionela-Roxana, Pham, Tom, Phillips, Michael R., Piracha, Zahra Zahid, Polinder, Suzanne, Qattea, Ibrahim, Rafiee, Ata, Raghav, Pankaja, Aziz Rahman, Muhammad, Rahman, Mosiur, Rahmani, Amir Masoud, Rahmanian, Vahid, Ramazanu, Sheena, Rani, Usha, Raru, Temam Beshir, Rashidi, Mohammad-Mahdi, Rastogi, Prateek, Rasul, Azad, Ratan, Zubair Ahmed, Rawassizadeh, Reza, Rezaei, Maryam, Rezaei, Nazila, Rezaeian, Mohsen, Riaz, Muhammad, Rickard, Jennifer, Roberts, Nicholas L.S., Rodriguez, Jefferson Antonio Buendia, Roever, Leonardo, Ronfani, Luca, Roy, Bedanta, Manjula, S., Chandan, S.N., Sabour, Siamak, Reza Saeb, Mohammad, Saeed, Umar, Safi, Sare, Sahebkar, Amirhossein, Sahiledengle, Biniyam, Ali Sahraian, Mohammad, Salamati, Payman, Sanabria, Juan, Nadeem Saqib, Muhammad Arif, Sarikhani, Yaser, Sarveazad, Arash, Sattin, Davide, Saya, Ganesh Kumar, Schwebel, David C., Seboka, Binyam Tariku, Seidu, Abdul-Aziz, Seylani, Allen, Shah, Pritik A., Shahbandi, Ataollah, Shaheen, Amira A., Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shanawaz, Mohd, Sharew, Nigussie Tadesse, Sharifi, Azam, Sharma, Neeraj, Sharma, Vishal, Shashamo, Bereket Beyene, Sheidaei, Ali, Sheikhi, Rahim Ali, Shen, Jiabin, Shetty, Adithi, Shetty, B. Suresh Kumar, Shiri, Rahman, Shorofi, Seyed Afshin, Shrestha, Roman, Sidamo, Negussie Boti, Silva, Luís Manuel Lopes Rodrigues, Simegn, Wudneh, Singh, Jasvinder A., Singh, Surjit, Singh, Ambrish, Skryabin, Valentin Yurievich, Skryabina, Anna Aleksandrovna, Sleet, David A., Socea, Bogdan, Solomon, Yonatan, Song, Yi, Sotoudeh, Houman, Sousa, Raul A.R. C., Stanaway, Jeffrey D., Stein, Dan J., Steiropoulos, Paschalis, Stokes, Mark A., Subedi, Narayan, Sun, Jing, Tabarés-Seisdedos, Rafael, Soodejani, Moslem Taheri, Tampa, Mircea, Tan, Ker-Kan, Tariqujjaman, M.d., Tarkang, Elvis Enowbeyang, Tat, Nathan Y., Tefera, Yibekal Manaye, Thapar, Rekha, Ticoalu, Jansje Henny Vera, Tripathy, Jaya Prasad, Car, Lorainne Tudor, Tufa, Derara Girma, Ullah, Sana, Ullah, Irfan, Umapathi, Krishna Kishore, Upadhyay, Era, Tahbaz, Sahel Valadan, Valdez, Pascual R., Varthya, Shoban Babu, Veroux, Massimiliano, Vervoort, Dominique, Violante, Francesco S., Vlassov, Vasily, Vo, Bay, Waheed, Yasir, Wang, Yanzhong, Wassie, Gizachew Tadesse, Wiangkham, Taweewat, Wilkerson, Caroline, Wolde, Asrat Arja, Xiao, Hong, Yano, Yuichiro, Yaya, Sanni, Ye, Pengpeng, Yip, Paul, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Younis, Mustafa Z., Yu, Chuanhua, Zaki, Leila, Zastrozhin, Michael, Zhang, Yunquan, Zhang, Zhi-Jiang, Zodpey, Sanjay, Naghavi, Mohsen, Larijani, Bagher, and Farzadfar, Farshad

Published
2024
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13. Cancer: A Complex Problem Requiring Interdisciplinary Research

Author

Yazdanpanah, Niloufar, Dochy, Filip, Darmstadt, Gary L., Peters, Godefridus J., Tsitlakidis, Abraham, Aifantis, Elias C., Cerda, Artemi, Comini, Elisabetta, Brand, Serge, Gupta, Manoj, Cheson, Bruce D., Thomas, Sabu, Tanzer, Michael, Weiskirchen, Ralf, Bella, Federico, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Nikita, Konstantina, Ali, Imran, Kato, Koichi, Poggi, Alessandro, Jon, Ernest Chua Kian, Rao, Idupulapati M., Tao, Xiaoming, He, Ji-Huan, Rao, Lingamallu Jagan Mohan, Leemans, Alexander, Pomponio, Alessio, Hernandez, Alfredo Martínez, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Kelishadi, Roya, Thongboonkerd, Visith, Bahinipati, Seema, Toi, Masakazu, von Herrath, Matthias, Sellke, Frank, Sherwood, Steven, Perry, George, Nieto, Juan J., Gupta, Sudhir, Dorigo, Tommaso, Mobasher, Bahram, Ochs, Hans D., Rezaei, Nima, Rezaei, Nima, Series Editor, Ahmed, Atif A., Editorial Board Member, Aguiar, Rodrigo, Editorial Board Member, Ambrosio, Maria R., Editorial Board Member, Artac, Mehmet, Editorial Board Member, Augustine, Tanya N., Editorial Board Member, Bambauer, Rolf, Editorial Board Member, Bhat, Ajaz Ahmad, Editorial Board Member, Bertolaccini, Luca, Editorial Board Member, Bianchini, Chiara, Editorial Board Member, Cavic, Milena, Editorial Board Member, Chakrabarti, Sakti, Editorial Board Member, Cho, William C. S., Editorial Board Member, Czarnecka, Anna M., Editorial Board Member, Domingues, Cátia, Editorial Board Member, Eşkazan, A. Emre, Editorial Board Member, Fares, Jawad, Editorial Board Member, Fonseca Alves, Carlos E., Editorial Board Member, Fru, Pascaline, Editorial Board Member, Da Gama Duarte, Jessica, Editorial Board Member, García, Mónica C., Editorial Board Member, Gener, Melissa A.H., Editorial Board Member, Estrada Guadarrama, José Antonio, Editorial Board Member, Hargadon, Kristian M., Editorial Board Member, Holvoet, Paul, Editorial Board Member, Jurisic, Vladimir, Editorial Board Member, Kabir, Yearul, Editorial Board Member, Katsila, Theodora, Editorial Board Member, Kleeff, Jorg, Editorial Board Member, Liang, Chao, Editorial Board Member, Tan, Mei Lan, Editorial Board Member, Li, Weijie, Editorial Board Member, Prado López, Sonia, Editorial Board Member, Macha, Muzafar A., Editorial Board Member, Malara, Natalia, Editorial Board Member, Orhan, Adile, Editorial Board Member, Prado-Garcia, Heriberto, Editorial Board Member, Pérez-Velázquez, Judith, Editorial Board Member, Rashed, Wafaa M., Editorial Board Member, Sanguedolce, Francesca, Editorial Board Member, Sorrentino, Rosalinda, Editorial Board Member, Shubina, Irina Zh., Editorial Board Member, de Araujo, Heloisa Sobreiro Selistre, Editorial Board Member, Torres-Suárez, Ana Isabel, Editorial Board Member, Włodarczyk, Jakub, Editorial Board Member, Yeong, Joe Poh Sheng, Editorial Board Member, Toscano, Marta A., Editorial Board Member, Wong, Tak-Wah, Editorial Board Member, Yin, Jun, Editorial Board Member, and Yu, Bin, Editorial Board Member

Published
2023
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16. The urgent need for integrated science to fight COVID-19 pandemic and beyond

Author

Moradian, Negar, Ochs, Hans D, Sedikies, Constantine, Hamblin, Michael R, Camargo, Carlos A, Martinez, J Alfredo, Biamonte, Jacob D, Abdollahi, Mohammad, Torres, Pedro J, Nieto, Juan J, Ogino, Shuji, Seymour, John F, Abraham, Ajith, Cauda, Valentina, Gupta, Sudhir, Ramakrishna, Seeram, Sellke, Frank W, Sorooshian, Armin, Wallace Hayes, A, Martinez-Urbistondo, Maria, Gupta, Manoj, Azadbakht, Leila, Esmaillzadeh, Ahmad, Kelishadi, Roya, Esteghamati, Alireza, Emam-Djomeh, Zahra, Majdzadeh, Reza, Palit, Partha, Badali, Hamid, Rao, Idupulapati, Saboury, Ali Akbar, Jagan Mohan Rao, L, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Montazeri, Ali, Fadini, Gian Paolo, Pauly, Daniel, Thomas, Sabu, Moosavi-Movahed, Ali A, Aghamohammadi, Asghar, Behmanesh, Mehrdad, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Ghavami, Saeid, Mehran, Roxana, Uddin, Lucina Q, Von Herrath, Matthias, Mobasher, Bahram, and Rezaei, Nima

Subjects
Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Health Sciences, Infection, Good Health and Well Being, Betacoronavirus, Biomedical Research, COVID-19, Coronavirus Infections, Delivery of Health Care, Integrated, Emergencies, Health Services Needs and Demand, History, 21st Century, Humans, Interdisciplinary Communication, Interdisciplinary Studies, Pandemics, Pneumonia, Viral, Public Health, SARS-CoV-2, Coronavirus, Complex problems, Collaboration, Interdisciplinarity, Public health, Medical and Health Sciences, Immunology, Biomedical and clinical sciences, Health sciences
Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic has become the leading societal concern. The pandemic has shown that the public health concern is not only a medical problem, but also affects society as a whole; so, it has also become the leading scientific concern. We discuss in this treatise the importance of bringing the world's scientists together to find effective solutions for controlling the pandemic. By applying novel research frameworks, interdisciplinary collaboration promises to manage the pandemic's consequences and prevent recurrences of similar pandemics.

Published
2020

17. The urgent need for integrated science to fight COVID-19 pandemic and beyond.

Author

Ramakrishna, Seeram, Sellke, Frank, Sorooshian, Armin, Wallace Hayes, A, Martinez-Urbistondo, Maria, Gupta, Manoj, Azadbakht, Leila, Esmaillzadeh, Ahmad, Kelishadi, Roya, Esteghamati, Alireza, Emam-Djomeh, Zahra, Majdzadeh, Reza, Palit, Partha, Badali, Hamid, Rao, Idupulapati, Saboury, Ali, Jagan Mohan Rao, L, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Montazeri, Ali, Fadini, Gian, Pauly, Daniel, Thomas, Sabu, Moosavi-Movahed, Ali, Aghamohammadi, Asghar, Behmanesh, Mehrdad, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Ghavami, Saeid, Mehran, Roxana, Uddin, Lucina, Von Herrath, Matthias, Mobasher, Bahram, Rezaei, Nima, Moradian, Negar, Ochs, Hans, Sedikies, Constantine, Hamblin, Michael, Camargo, Carlos, Martinez, J, Biamonte, Jacob, Abdollahi, Mohammad, Torres, Pedro, Nieto, Juan, Ogino, Shuji, Seymour, John, Abraham, Ajith, Cauda, Valentina, and Gupta, Sudhir

Subjects
COVID-19, Collaboration, Complex problems, Coronavirus, Interdisciplinarity, Public health, Betacoronavirus, Biomedical Research, COVID-19, Coronavirus Infections, Delivery of Health Care, Integrated, Emergencies, Health Services Needs and Demand, History, 21st Century, Humans, Interdisciplinary Communication, Interdisciplinary Studies, Pandemics, Pneumonia, Viral, Public Health, SARS-CoV-2
Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic has become the leading societal concern. The pandemic has shown that the public health concern is not only a medical problem, but also affects society as a whole; so, it has also become the leading scientific concern. We discuss in this treatise the importance of bringing the worlds scientists together to find effective solutions for controlling the pandemic. By applying novel research frameworks, interdisciplinary collaboration promises to manage the pandemics consequences and prevent recurrences of similar pandemics.

Published
2020

19. Correction to: Cancer: A Complex Problem Requiring Interdisciplinary Research

Author

Yazdanpanah, Niloufar, primary, Dochy, Filip, additional, Darmstadt, Gary L., additional, Peters, Godefridus J., additional, Tsitlakidis, Abraham, additional, Aifantis, Elias C., additional, Cerda, Artemi, additional, Comini, Elisabetta, additional, Brand, Serge, additional, Gupta, Manoj, additional, Cheson, Bruce D., additional, Thomas, Sabu, additional, Tanzer, Michael, additional, Weiskirchen, Ralf, additional, Bella, Federico, additional, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, additional, Nikita, Konstantina, additional, Ali, Imran, additional, Kato, Koichi, additional, Poggi, Alessandro, additional, Jon, Ernest Chua Kian, additional, Rao, Idupulapati M., additional, Tao, Xiaoming, additional, He, Ji-Huan, additional, Rao, Lingamallu Jagan Mohan, additional, Leemans, Alexander, additional, Pomponio, Alessio, additional, Hernandez, Alfredo Martínez, additional, Ahmadieh, Hamid, additional, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, additional, Kelishadi, Roya, additional, Thongboonkerd, Visith, additional, Bahinipati, Seema, additional, Toi, Masakazu, additional, von Herrath, Matthias, additional, Sellke, Frank, additional, Sherwood, Steven, additional, Perry, George, additional, Nieto, Juan J., additional, Gupta, Sudhir, additional, Dorigo, Tommaso, additional, Mobasher, Bahram, additional, Ochs, Hans D., additional, and Rezaei, Nima, additional

Published
2023
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20. Unraveling the genetic complexities of combined retinal dystrophy and hearing impairment

Author

Bahena, Paulina, Daftarian, Narsis, Maroofian, Reza, Linares, Paola, Villalobos, Daniel, Mirrahimi, Mehraban, Rad, Aboulfazl, Doll, Julia, Hofrichter, Michaela A. H., Koparir, Asuman, Röder, Tabea, Han, Seungbin, Sabbaghi, Hamideh, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Behboudi, Hassan, Villanueva-Mendoza, Cristina, Cortés-Gonzalez, Vianney, Zamora-Ortiz, Rocio, Kohl, Susanne, Kuehlewein, Laura, Darvish, Hossein, Alehabib, Elham, Arenas-Sordo, Maria de la Luz, Suri, Fatemeh, Vona, Barbara, and Haaf, Thomas

Published
2022
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23. Health system performance in Iran: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019

Author

Farzadfar, Farshad, Naghavi, Mohsen, Sepanlou, Sadaf G, Saeedi Moghaddam, Sahar, Dangel, William James, Davis Weaver, Nicole, Aminorroaya, Arya, Azadnajafabad, Sina, Koolaji, Sogol, Mohammadi, Esmaeil, Rezaei, Negar, Abbas, Jaffar, Abbasi, Behzad, Abbasifard, Mitra, Abbasi-Kangevari, Mohsen, Abbasi-Kangevari, Zeinab, Abbastabar, Hedayat, Abdoli, Amir, Abdollahi, Mohammad, Abdollahzade, Sina, Abolhassani, Hassan, Abrehdari-Tafreshi, Zahra, Aghababaei, Soodabeh, Ahadinezhad, Bahman, Ahmadi, Ali, Ahmadi, Sepideh, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Akbari, Mohammad Esmaeil, Alimohamadi, Yousef, Alipour, Vahid, Alizade, Hesam, Alvand, Saba, Amini, Saeed, Amiri, Sohrab, Anoushirvani, Ali Arash, Ansari, Fereshteh, Arabloo, Jalal, Arab-Zozani, Morteza, Aryan, Zahra, Aryannejad, Armin, Asadi-Aliabadi, Mehran, Asadi-Pooya, Ali A, Asemi, Zatollah, Asgari, Samaneh, Asgary, Saeed, Asghari, Babak, Asghari Jafarabadi, Mohammad, Ashrafi, Elham, Atafar, Zahra, Athari, Seyyed Shamsadin, Avan, Abolfazl, Azadmehr, Abbas, Azami, Hiva, Azangou-Khyavy, Mohammadreza, Azari, Samad, Azari Jafari, Amirhossein, Azarian, Ghasem, Badirzadeh, Alireza, Bahrami, Elham, Bahrami, Mohammad Amin, Barati, Nastaran, Bayati, Mohsen, Bazmandegan, Gholamreza, Behzadifar, Masoud, Bijani, Ali, Bohlouli, Somayeh, Borzouei, Shiva, Daneshpajouhnejad, Parnaz, Dargahi, Abdollah, Daryani, Ahmad, Davoodi Lahijan, Jalal, Didehdar, Mojtaba, Djalalinia, Shirin, Doaei, Saeid, Dorostkar, Fariba, Doshmangir, Leila, Edraki, Mohammadreza, Emami, Amir, Eshrati, Babak, Eskandarieh, Sharareh, Esmaeilzadeh, Firooz, Faghani, Shahriar, Fakhar, Mahdi, Farpour, Hamid Reza, Farrokhpour, Hossein, Fasihi Harandi, Majid, Fereidouni, Mohammad, Foroutan, Masoud, Ghafourifard, Mansour, Ghamari, Azin, Ghamari, Seyyed-Hadi, Ghashghaee, Ahmad, Ghassemi, Fariba, Gholami, Ali, Gholamian, Asadollah, Gholizadeh, Abdolmajid, Goharinezhad, Salime, Goleij, Pouya, Hadei, Mostafa, Hafezi-Nejad, Nima, Hariri, Sanam, Hasanpoor, Edris, Hassanian-Moghaddam, Hossein, Hassanipour, Soheil, Hassankhani, Hadi, Heidari, Mohammad, Heidari-Soureshjani, Reza, Hoseini, Mohammad, Hosseini, Mohammad-Salar, Hosseini, Mostafa, Hosseini, Seyed Kianoosh, Hosseinzadeh, Ali, Hosseinzadeh, Mehdi, Hoveidamanesh, Soodabeh, Iranpour, Pooya, Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi, Jaafari, Jalil, Jabbarinejad, Roxana, Jafarinia, Morteza, Jafari-Vayghan, Hamed, Jahani, Mohammad Ali, Jahanmehr, Nader, Jalili, Mahsa, Janghorban, Roksana, Javanmardi, Fatemeh, Joukar, Farahnaz, Kabir, Ali, Kalankesh, Leila R, Kalhor, Rohollah, Kamiab, Zahra, Kamyari, Naser, Karami Matin, Behzad, Karimi, Amirali, Karimi, Salah Eddin, Kazemi Karyani, Ali, Keikavoosi-Arani, Leila, Keramati, Maryam, Keshavarz, Pedram, Keykhaei, Mohammad, Khaleghi, Ali, Khammarnia, Mohammad, Khanali, Javad, Khayamzadeh, Maryam, Khosravi, Sajad, Khosravifar, Mina, Khosravizadeh, Omid, Kianipour, Neda, Kolahi, Ali-Asghar, Maali, Amirhosein, Mahdavi, Mokhtar Mahdavi, Maleki, Afshin, Malekpour, Mohammad-Reza, Mansori, Kamyar, Mansouri, Borhan, Mansournia, Mohammad Ali, Maracy, Mohammad Reza, Marjani, Abdoljalal, Masoudi, Sahar, Masoumi, Seyedeh Zahra, Masoumi-Asl, Hossein, Mayeli, Mahsa, Mehrabi Nasab, Entezar, Mehri, Fereshteh, Miri, Mohammad, Mirmoeeni, Seyyedmohammadsadeq, Mirzaei, Hamed, Mirzaei, Maryam, Mirzaei, Roya, Mohamadkhani, Ashraf, Mohammadi, Heidar, Mohammadi, Seyyede Momeneh, Mohammadi, Shadieh, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah, Mohammadifard, Noushin, Mohammadpourhodki, Reza, Mohseni, Mohammad, Mokari, Amin, Momtazmanesh, Sara, Moradi, Abdolvahab, Moradi, Masoud, Moradi, Yousef, Moradi-Joo, Mohammad, Moradpour, Farhad, Moradzadeh, Maliheh, Moradzadeh, Rahmatollah, Mosapour, Abbas, Moslehi, Shandiz, Mouodi, Simin, Naderi, Mehdi, Naderifar, Homa, Najafpour, Zhila, Nazari, Javad, Nejadghaderi, Seyed Aria, Nemati-Anaraki, Leila, Nikpoor, Amin Reza, Nojomi, Marzieh, Noori, Maryam, Nouraei, Hasti, Nowroozi, Ali, Oladnabi, Morteza, Pashazadeh Kan, Fatemeh, Pirestani, Majid, Pirsaheb, Meghdad, Pourahmadi, Mohammadreza, Pourchamani, Hadis, Pourjafar, Hadi, Pourshams, Akram, Rabiee, Mohammad, Rabiee, Navid, Rafiei, Alireza, Rafiei, Sima, Rahim, Fakher, Rahmani, Amir Masoud, Rashedi, Sina, Rashedi, Vahid, Rashidi, Amirfarzan, Rashidi, Mahsa, Rashidi, Mohammad-Mahdi, Ravangard, Ramin, Rawassizadeh, Reza, Razeghian-Jahromi, Iman, Razeghinia, Mohammad Sadegh, Redford, Sofia B, Rezaei, Maryam, Rezaei, Nazila, Rezaei, Nima, Rezaei, Saeid, Rezaei Aliabadi, Hossein, Rezaeian, Mohsen, Rezai, Mohammad Sadegh, Rezapour, Aziz, Rezazadeh, Hossein, Rezazadeh-Khadem, Sahba, Rostamian, Morteza, Sadeghi, Ehsan, Sadeghi, Erfan, Sadeghi, Masoumeh, Sadeghian, Reihaneh, Sadeghian, Saeid, Safarpour, Hamid, Safdarian, Mahdi, Safi, Sare, Sahebazzamani, Maryam, Sahebkar, Amirhossein, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Salahi, Sarvenaz, Salamati, Payman, Samadi Kafil, Hossein, Sarikhani, Yaser, Sarkhosh, Maryam, Sarveazad, Arash, Seyed-Nezhad, Maryam, Shafaat, Omid, Shaghaghi, Zahra, Shahabi, Saeed, Shahin, Sarvenaz, Shaker, Elaheh, Shakiba, Saeed, Shamsi, MohammadBagher, Shamsoddin, Erfan, Sharafi, Kiomars, Sharifian, Sakineh, Shaygan, Maryam, Sheikhtaheri, Abbas, Shiani, Amir, Shirbandi, Kiarash, Shirkoohi, Reza, Shobeiri, Parnian, Shokri, Azad, Siabani, Soraya, Sima, Ali Reza, Sofi-Mahmudi, Ahmad, Soheili, Amin, Soltani, Shahin, Soltani-Zangbar, Mohammad Sadegh, Soofi, Moslem, Tabaeian, Seidamir Pasha, Tabary, Mohammadreza, Tahamtan, Alireza, Taheri, Majid, Taherkhani, Amir, Tajdini, Masih, Tavolinejad, Hamed, Tehrani-Banihashemi, Arash, Tiyuri, Amir, Tohidast, Seyed Abolfazl, Vakilian, Alireza, Valadan Tahbaz, Sahel, Vo, Bay, Yahyazadeh Jabbari, Seyed Hossein, Yazdi-Feyzabadi, Vahid, Yousefi, Zabihollah, Yousefinezhadi, Taraneh, Zahir, Mazyar, Zahirian Moghadam, Telma, Zamanian, Maryam, Zandian, Hamed, Zangeneh, Alireza, Zarafshan, Hadi, Zare, Fariba, Zare Dehnavi, Ali, Zarea, Kourosh, Zarei, Ahmad, Zareshahrabadi, Zahra, Ziapour, Arash, Zoghi, Sina, Sarrafzadegan, Nizal, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Jamshidi, Hamid Reza, Mokdad, Ali H, Hay, Simon I, Murray, Christopher J L, Khosravi, Ardeshir, Moradi-Lakeh, Maziar, Asadi-Lari, Mohsen, Malekzadeh, Reza, and Larijani, Bagher

Published
2022
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24. Engineered red Opto-mGluR6 Opsins, a red-shifted optogenetic excitation tool, an in vitro study.

Author

Shamsnajafabadi, Hoda, Soheili, Zahra-Soheila, Sadeghi, Mehdi, Samiee, Shahram, Ghasemi, Pouria, Zibaii, Mohammad Ismail, Gholami Pourbadie, Hamid, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Ranaei Pirmardan, Ehsan, Salehi, Najmeh, Samiee, Dorsa, and Kashanian, Ali

Subjects
OPTOGENETICS, OPTICAL control, GENE therapy, GENETIC vectors, LIGHT intensity
Abstract

Degenerative eye diseases cause partial or complete blindness due to photoreceptor degeneration. Optogenetic gene therapy is a revolutionary technique combining genetics and optical methods to control the function of neurons. Due to the inherent risk of photochemical damage, the light intensity necessary to activate Opto-mGluR6 surpasses the safe threshold for retinal illumination. Conversely, red-shifted lights pose a significantly lower risk of inducing such damage compared to blue lights. We designed red-shifted Opto-mGluR6 photopigments with a wide, red-shifted working spectrum compared to Opto-mGluR6 and examined their excitation capability in vitro. ROM19, ROM18 and ROM17, red-shifted variants of Opto-mGluR6, were designed by careful bioinformatics/computational studies. The predicted molecules with the best scores were selected, synthesised and cloned into the pAAV-CMV-IRES-EGFP vector. Expression of constructs was confirmed by functional assessment in engineered HEK-GIRK cells. Spectrophotometry and patch clamp experiments demonstrated that the candidate molecules were sensitive to the desired wavelengths of the light and directly coupled light stimuli to G-protein signalling. Herein, we introduce ROM17, ROM18 and ROM19 as newly generated, red-shifted variants with maximum excitation red-shifted of ~ 40nm, 70 nm and 126 nm compared to Opto-mGluR6. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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25. Interdisciplinary Approaches to COVID-19

Author

Moradian, Negar, Moallemian, Marjan, Delavari, Farnaz, Sedikides, Constantine, Camargo, Carlos A., Jr, Torres, Pedro J., Sorooshian, Armin, Mehdiabadi, Saeid Paktinat, Nieto, Juan J., Bordas, Stephane, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Abdollahi, Mohammad, Hamblin, Michael R., Sellke, Frank W., Cuzick, Jack, Biykem, Bozkurt, Schreiber, Michael, Eshrati, Babak, Perry, Georg, Montazeri, Ali, Saboury, Ali Akbar, Kelishadi, Roya, Sahebkar, Amirhossein, Moosavi-Movahed, Ali A., Vatandoost, Hassan, Gorji-Bandpy, Mofid, Mobasher, Bahram, Rezaei, Nima, Crusio, Wim E., Series Editor, Dong, Haidong, Series Editor, Radeke, Heinfried H., Series Editor, Rezaei, Nima, Series Editor, and Xiao, Junjie, Series Editor

Published
2021
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27. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 354 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Author

James, Spencer L, Abate, Degu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abay, Solomon M, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbasi, Nooshin, Abbastabar, Hedayat, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdela, Jemal, Abdelalim, Ahmed, Abdollahpour, Ibrahim, Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi, Abebe, Zegeye, Abera, Semaw F, Abil, Olifan Zewdie, Abraha, Haftom Niguse, Abu-Raddad, Laith Jamal, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen ME, Accrombessi, Manfred Mario Kokou, Acharya, Dilaram, Acharya, Pawan, Ackerman, Ilana N, Adamu, Abdu A, Adebayo, Oladimeji M, Adekanmbi, Victor, Adetokunboh, Olatunji O, Adib, Mina G, Adsuar, Jose C, Afanvi, Kossivi Agbelenko, Afarideh, Mohsen, Afshin, Ashkan, Agarwal, Gina, Agesa, Kareha M, Aggarwal, Rakesh, Aghayan, Sargis Aghasi, Agrawal, Sutapa, Ahmadi, Alireza, Ahmadi, Mehdi, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Aichour, Amani Nidhal, Aichour, Ibtihel, Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine, Akinyemiju, Tomi, Akseer, Nadia, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Al-Eyadhy, Ayman, Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M, Alahdab, Fares, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Tahiya, Alashi, Alaa, Alavian, Seyed Moayed, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Alijanzadeh, Mehran, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Alouani, Mohamed ML, Altirkawi, Khalid, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Aminde, Leopold N, Ammar, Walid, Amoako, Yaw Ampem, Anber, Nahla Hamed, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Androudi, Sofia, Animut, Megbaru Debalkie, Anjomshoa, Mina, Ansha, Mustafa Geleto, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Arabloo, Jalal, Arauz, Antonio, Aremu, Olatunde, Ariani, Filippo, Armoon, Bahroom, Ärnlöv, Johan, Arora, Amit, Artaman, Al, Aryal, Krishna K, Asayesh, Hamid, Asghar, Rana Jawad, Ataro, Zerihun, Atre, Sachin R, Ausloos, Marcel, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Avokpaho, Euripide FGA, Awasthi, Ashish, Ayala Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina, Ayer, Rakesh, Azzopardi, Peter S, Babazadeh, Arefeh, Badali, Hamid, Badawi, Alaa, and Bali, Ayele Geleto

Subjects
Prevention, 2.4 Surveillance and distribution, Aetiology, Good Health and Well Being, Adolescent, Adult, Age Distribution, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Child, Child, Preschool, Disabled Persons, Female, Global Burden of Disease, Global Health, Humans, Incidence, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Life Expectancy, Male, Middle Aged, Morbidity, Prevalence, Sex Distribution, Socioeconomic Factors, Wounds and Injuries, Young Adult, GBD 2017 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators, Medical and Health Sciences, General & Internal Medicine
Abstract

BackgroundThe Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017) includes a comprehensive assessment of incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) for 354 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2017. Previous GBD studies have shown how the decline of mortality rates from 1990 to 2016 has led to an increase in life expectancy, an ageing global population, and an expansion of the non-fatal burden of disease and injury. These studies have also shown how a substantial portion of the world's population experiences non-fatal health loss with considerable heterogeneity among different causes, locations, ages, and sexes. Ongoing objectives of the GBD study include increasing the level of estimation detail, improving analytical strategies, and increasing the amount of high-quality data.MethodsWe estimated incidence and prevalence for 354 diseases and injuries and 3484 sequelae. We used an updated and extensive body of literature studies, survey data, surveillance data, inpatient admission records, outpatient visit records, and health insurance claims, and additionally used results from cause of death models to inform estimates using a total of 68 781 data sources. Newly available clinical data from India, Iran, Japan, Jordan, Nepal, China, Brazil, Norway, and Italy were incorporated, as well as updated claims data from the USA and new claims data from Taiwan (province of China) and Singapore. We used DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, as the main method of estimation, ensuring consistency between rates of incidence, prevalence, remission, and cause of death for each condition. YLDs were estimated as the product of a prevalence estimate and a disability weight for health states of each mutually exclusive sequela, adjusted for comorbidity. We updated the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary development indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and total fertility rate. Additionally, we calculated differences between male and female YLDs to identify divergent trends across sexes. GBD 2017 complies with the Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting.FindingsGlobally, for females, the causes with the greatest age-standardised prevalence were oral disorders, headache disorders, and haemoglobinopathies and haemolytic anaemias in both 1990 and 2017. For males, the causes with the greatest age-standardised prevalence were oral disorders, headache disorders, and tuberculosis including latent tuberculosis infection in both 1990 and 2017. In terms of YLDs, low back pain, headache disorders, and dietary iron deficiency were the leading Level 3 causes of YLD counts in 1990, whereas low back pain, headache disorders, and depressive disorders were the leading causes in 2017 for both sexes combined. All-cause age-standardised YLD rates decreased by 3·9% (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 3·1-4·6) from 1990 to 2017; however, the all-age YLD rate increased by 7·2% (6·0-8·4) while the total sum of global YLDs increased from 562 million (421-723) to 853 million (642-1100). The increases for males and females were similar, with increases in all-age YLD rates of 7·9% (6·6-9·2) for males and 6·5% (5·4-7·7) for females. We found significant differences between males and females in terms of age-standardised prevalence estimates for multiple causes. The causes with the greatest relative differences between sexes in 2017 included substance use disorders (3018 cases [95% UI 2782-3252] per 100 000 in males vs s1400 [1279-1524] per 100 000 in females), transport injuries (3322 [3082-3583] vs 2336 [2154-2535]), and self-harm and interpersonal violence (3265 [2943-3630] vs 5643 [5057-6302]).InterpretationGlobal all-cause age-standardised YLD rates have improved only slightly over a period spanning nearly three decades. However, the magnitude of the non-fatal disease burden has expanded globally, with increasing numbers of people who have a wide spectrum of conditions. A subset of conditions has remained globally pervasive since 1990, whereas other conditions have displayed more dynamic trends, with different ages, sexes, and geographies across the globe experiencing varying burdens and trends of health loss. This study emphasises how global improvements in premature mortality for select conditions have led to older populations with complex and potentially expensive diseases, yet also highlights global achievements in certain domains of disease and injury.FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Published
2018

28. Measuring progress from 1990 to 2017 and projecting attainment to 2030 of the health-related Sustainable Development Goals for 195 countries and territories: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Author

Collaborators, GBD 2017 SDG, Lozano, Rafael, Fullman, Nancy, Abate, Degu, Abay, Solomon M, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbasi, Nooshin, Abbastabar, Hedayat, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdela, Jemal, Abdelalim, Ahmed, Abdel-Rahman, Omar, Abdi, Alireza, Abdollahpour, Ibrahim, Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi, Abebe, Nebiyu Dereje, Abebe, Zegeye, Abejie, Ayenew Negesse, Abera, Semaw F, Abil, Olifan Zewdie, Aboyans, Victor, Abraha, Haftom Niguse, Abrham, Aklilu Roba, Abu-Raddad, Laith Jamal, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen Me, Abyu, Gebre Y, Accrombessi, Manfred Mario Kokou, Acharya, Dilaram, Acharya, Pawan, Adamu, Abdu A, Adebayo, Oladimeji M, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Adedoyin, Rufus Adesoji, Adekanmbi, Victor, Adetokunboh, Olatunji O, Adhena, Beyene Meressa, Adhikari, Tara Ballav, Adib, Mina G, Adou, Arsène Kouablan, Adsuar, Jose C, Afarideh, Mohsen, Afshari, Afshin, Ashkan, Agarwal, Gina, Aghayan, Sargis Aghasi, Agius, Dominic, Agrawal, Anurag, Agrawal, Sutapa, Ahmadi, Alireza, Ahmadi, Mehdi, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Ahmed, Sayem, Akalu, Temesgen Yihunie, Akanda, Ali S, Akbari, Mohammad Esmaeil, Akibu, Mohammed, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Akinyemiju, Tomi, Akseer, Nadia, Alahdab, Fares, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Tahiya, Albujeer, Ammar, Alebel, Animut, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Al-Eyadhy, Ayman, Alhabib, Samia, Ali, Raghib, Alijanzadeh, Mehran, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Allen, Christine A, Almasi, Ali, Al-Maskari, Fatma, Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M, Alonso, Jordi, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amenu, Kebede, Amini, Erfan, Ammar, Walid, Anber, Nahla Hamed, Anderson, Jason A, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Androudi, Sofia, Animut, Megbaru Debalkie, Anjomshoa, Mina, Ansari, Hossein, Ansariadi, Ansariadi, Ansha, Mustafa Geleto, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, and Anwari, Palwasha

Subjects
Prevention, Pediatric, Good Health and Well Being, Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions, Female, Global Burden of Disease, Global Health, Goals, Health Status, Health Status Indicators, Humans, Male, Mortality, Risk Factors, Sex Offenses, Sustainable Development, United Nations, GBD 2017 SDG Collaborators, Medical and Health Sciences, General & Internal Medicine
Abstract

BackgroundEfforts to establish the 2015 baseline and monitor early implementation of the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) highlight both great potential for and threats to improving health by 2030. To fully deliver on the SDG aim of "leaving no one behind", it is increasingly important to examine the health-related SDGs beyond national-level estimates. As part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2017 (GBD 2017), we measured progress on 41 of 52 health-related SDG indicators and estimated the health-related SDG index for 195 countries and territories for the period 1990-2017, projected indicators to 2030, and analysed global attainment.MethodsWe measured progress on 41 health-related SDG indicators from 1990 to 2017, an increase of four indicators since GBD 2016 (new indicators were health worker density, sexual violence by non-intimate partners, population census status, and prevalence of physical and sexual violence [reported separately]). We also improved the measurement of several previously reported indicators. We constructed national-level estimates and, for a subset of health-related SDGs, examined indicator-level differences by sex and Socio-demographic Index (SDI) quintile. We also did subnational assessments of performance for selected countries. To construct the health-related SDG index, we transformed the value for each indicator on a scale of 0-100, with 0 as the 2·5th percentile and 100 as the 97·5th percentile of 1000 draws calculated from 1990 to 2030, and took the geometric mean of the scaled indicators by target. To generate projections through 2030, we used a forecasting framework that drew estimates from the broader GBD study and used weighted averages of indicator-specific and country-specific annualised rates of change from 1990 to 2017 to inform future estimates. We assessed attainment of indicators with defined targets in two ways: first, using mean values projected for 2030, and then using the probability of attainment in 2030 calculated from 1000 draws. We also did a global attainment analysis of the feasibility of attaining SDG targets on the basis of past trends. Using 2015 global averages of indicators with defined SDG targets, we calculated the global annualised rates of change required from 2015 to 2030 to meet these targets, and then identified in what percentiles the required global annualised rates of change fell in the distribution of country-level rates of change from 1990 to 2015. We took the mean of these global percentile values across indicators and applied the past rate of change at this mean global percentile to all health-related SDG indicators, irrespective of target definition, to estimate the equivalent 2030 global average value and percentage change from 2015 to 2030 for each indicator.FindingsThe global median health-related SDG index in 2017 was 59·4 (IQR 35·4-67·3), ranging from a low of 11·6 (95% uncertainty interval 9·6-14·0) to a high of 84·9 (83·1-86·7). SDG index values in countries assessed at the subnational level varied substantially, particularly in China and India, although scores in Japan and the UK were more homogeneous. Indicators also varied by SDI quintile and sex, with males having worse outcomes than females for non-communicable disease (NCD) mortality, alcohol use, and smoking, among others. Most countries were projected to have a higher health-related SDG index in 2030 than in 2017, while country-level probabilities of attainment by 2030 varied widely by indicator. Under-5 mortality, neonatal mortality, maternal mortality ratio, and malaria indicators had the most countries with at least 95% probability of target attainment. Other indicators, including NCD mortality and suicide mortality, had no countries projected to meet corresponding SDG targets on the basis of projected mean values for 2030 but showed some probability of attainment by 2030. For some indicators, including child malnutrition, several infectious diseases, and most violence measures, the annualised rates of change required to meet SDG targets far exceeded the pace of progress achieved by any country in the recent past. We found that applying the mean global annualised rate of change to indicators without defined targets would equate to about 19% and 22% reductions in global smoking and alcohol consumption, respectively; a 47% decline in adolescent birth rates; and a more than 85% increase in health worker density per 1000 population by 2030.InterpretationThe GBD study offers a unique, robust platform for monitoring the health-related SDGs across demographic and geographic dimensions. Our findings underscore the importance of increased collection and analysis of disaggregated data and highlight where more deliberate design or targeting of interventions could accelerate progress in attaining the SDGs. Current projections show that many health-related SDG indicators, NCDs, NCD-related risks, and violence-related indicators will require a concerted shift away from what might have driven past gains-curative interventions in the case of NCDs-towards multisectoral, prevention-oriented policy action and investments to achieve SDG aims. Notably, several targets, if they are to be met by 2030, demand a pace of progress that no country has achieved in the recent past. The future is fundamentally uncertain, and no model can fully predict what breakthroughs or events might alter the course of the SDGs. What is clear is that our actions-or inaction-today will ultimately dictate how close the world, collectively, can get to leaving no one behind by 2030.FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Published
2018

29. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Author

Collaborators, GBD 2017 Risk Factor, Stanaway, Jeffrey D, Afshin, Ashkan, Gakidou, Emmanuela, Lim, Stephen S, Abate, Degu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbasi, Nooshin, Abbastabar, Hedayat, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdela, Jemal, Abdelalim, Ahmed, Abdollahpour, Ibrahim, Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi, Abebe, Molla, Abebe, Zegeye, Abera, Semaw F, Abil, Olifan Zewdie, Abraha, Haftom Niguse, Abrham, Aklilu Roba, Abu-Raddad, Laith Jamal, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen ME, Accrombessi, Manfred Mario Kokou, Acharya, Dilaram, Acharya, Pawan, Adamu, Abdu A, Adane, Akilew Awoke, Adebayo, Oladimeji M, Adedoyin, Rufus Adesoji, Adekanmbi, Victor, Ademi, Zanfina, Adetokunboh, Olatunji O, Adib, Mina G, Admasie, Amha, Adsuar, Jose C, Afanvi, Kossivi Agbelenko, Afarideh, Mohsen, Agarwal, Gina, Aggarwal, Anju, Aghayan, Sargis Aghasi, Agrawal, Anurag, Agrawal, Sutapa, Ahmadi, Alireza, Ahmadi, Mehdi, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Aichour, Amani Nidhal, Aichour, Ibtihel, Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine, Akbari, Mohammad Esmaeil, Akinyemiju, Tomi, Akseer, Nadia, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Al-Eyadhy, Ayman, Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M, Alahdab, Fares, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Samiah, Alam, Tahiya, Alashi, Alaa, Alavian, Seyed Moayed, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Ali, Komal, Ali, Syed Mustafa, Alijanzadeh, Mehran, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Ammar, Walid, Anber, Nahla Hamed, Anderson, Jason A, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Androudi, Sofia, Animut, Megbaru Debalkie, Anjomshoa, Mina, Ansha, Mustafa Geleto, Antó, Josep M, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Appiah, Lambert Tetteh, Appiah, Seth Christopher Yaw, Arabloo, Jalal, Aremu, Olatunde, Ärnlöv, Johan, Artaman, Al, Aryal, Krishna K, Asayesh, Hamid, Ataro, Zerihun, Ausloos, Marcel, Avokpaho, Euripide FGA, Awasthi, Ashish, Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina Ayala, Ayer, Rakesh, and Ayuk, Tambe B

Subjects
Prevention, Aetiology, 2.2 Factors relating to the physical environment, Good Health and Well Being, Adolescent, Adult, Age Distribution, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Child, Child, Preschool, Disabled Persons, Environmental Exposure, Female, Global Burden of Disease, Global Health, Health Risk Behaviors, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Life Expectancy, Male, Metabolic Diseases, Middle Aged, Occupational Diseases, Occupational Exposure, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Risk Assessment, Sex Distribution, Socioeconomic Factors, Young Adult, GBD 2017 Risk Factor Collaborators, Medical and Health Sciences, General & Internal Medicine
Abstract

BackgroundThe Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 comparative risk assessment (CRA) is a comprehensive approach to risk factor quantification that offers a useful tool for synthesising evidence on risks and risk-outcome associations. With each annual GBD study, we update the GBD CRA to incorporate improved methods, new risks and risk-outcome pairs, and new data on risk exposure levels and risk-outcome associations.MethodsWe used the CRA framework developed for previous iterations of GBD to estimate levels and trends in exposure, attributable deaths, and attributable disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), by age group, sex, year, and location for 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or groups of risks from 1990 to 2017. This study included 476 risk-outcome pairs that met the GBD study criteria for convincing or probable evidence of causation. We extracted relative risk and exposure estimates from 46 749 randomised controlled trials, cohort studies, household surveys, census data, satellite data, and other sources. We used statistical models to pool data, adjust for bias, and incorporate covariates. Using the counterfactual scenario of theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL), we estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs that could be attributed to a given risk. We explored the relationship between development and risk exposure by modelling the relationship between the Socio-demographic Index (SDI) and risk-weighted exposure prevalence and estimated expected levels of exposure and risk-attributable burden by SDI. Finally, we explored temporal changes in risk-attributable DALYs by decomposing those changes into six main component drivers of change as follows: (1) population growth; (2) changes in population age structures; (3) changes in exposure to environmental and occupational risks; (4) changes in exposure to behavioural risks; (5) changes in exposure to metabolic risks; and (6) changes due to all other factors, approximated as the risk-deleted death and DALY rates, where the risk-deleted rate is the rate that would be observed had we reduced the exposure levels to the TMREL for all risk factors included in GBD 2017.FindingsIn 2017, 34·1 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 33·3-35·0) deaths and 1·21 billion (1·14-1·28) DALYs were attributable to GBD risk factors. Globally, 61·0% (59·6-62·4) of deaths and 48·3% (46·3-50·2) of DALYs were attributed to the GBD 2017 risk factors. When ranked by risk-attributable DALYs, high systolic blood pressure (SBP) was the leading risk factor, accounting for 10·4 million (9·39-11·5) deaths and 218 million (198-237) DALYs, followed by smoking (7·10 million [6·83-7·37] deaths and 182 million [173-193] DALYs), high fasting plasma glucose (6·53 million [5·23-8·23] deaths and 171 million [144-201] DALYs), high body-mass index (BMI; 4·72 million [2·99-6·70] deaths and 148 million [98·6-202] DALYs), and short gestation for birthweight (1·43 million [1·36-1·51] deaths and 139 million [131-147] DALYs). In total, risk-attributable DALYs declined by 4·9% (3·3-6·5) between 2007 and 2017. In the absence of demographic changes (ie, population growth and ageing), changes in risk exposure and risk-deleted DALYs would have led to a 23·5% decline in DALYs during that period. Conversely, in the absence of changes in risk exposure and risk-deleted DALYs, demographic changes would have led to an 18·6% increase in DALYs during that period. The ratios of observed risk exposure levels to exposure levels expected based on SDI (O/E ratios) increased globally for unsafe drinking water and household air pollution between 1990 and 2017. This result suggests that development is occurring more rapidly than are changes in the underlying risk structure in a population. Conversely, nearly universal declines in O/E ratios for smoking and alcohol use indicate that, for a given SDI, exposure to these risks is declining. In 2017, the leading Level 4 risk factor for age-standardised DALY rates was high SBP in four super-regions: central Europe, eastern Europe, and central Asia; north Africa and Middle East; south Asia; and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania. The leading risk factor in the high-income super-region was smoking, in Latin America and Caribbean was high BMI, and in sub-Saharan Africa was unsafe sex. O/E ratios for unsafe sex in sub-Saharan Africa were notably high, and those for alcohol use in north Africa and the Middle East were notably low.InterpretationBy quantifying levels and trends in exposures to risk factors and the resulting disease burden, this assessment offers insight into where past policy and programme efforts might have been successful and highlights current priorities for public health action. Decreases in behavioural, environmental, and occupational risks have largely offset the effects of population growth and ageing, in relation to trends in absolute burden. Conversely, the combination of increasing metabolic risks and population ageing will probably continue to drive the increasing trends in non-communicable diseases at the global level, which presents both a public health challenge and opportunity. We see considerable spatiotemporal heterogeneity in levels of risk exposure and risk-attributable burden. Although levels of development underlie some of this heterogeneity, O/E ratios show risks for which countries are overperforming or underperforming relative to their level of development. As such, these ratios provide a benchmarking tool to help to focus local decision making. Our findings reinforce the importance of both risk exposure monitoring and epidemiological research to assess causal connections between risks and health outcomes, and they highlight the usefulness of the GBD study in synthesising data to draw comprehensive and robust conclusions that help to inform good policy and strategic health planning.FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Published
2018

30. Global, regional, and national age-sex-specific mortality and life expectancy, 1950–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Author

Collaborators, GBD 2017 Mortality, Dicker, Daniel, Nguyen, Grant, Abate, Degu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abay, Solomon M, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbasi, Nooshin, Abbastabar, Hedayat, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdela, Jemal, Abdelalim, Ahmed, Abdel-Rahman, Omar, Abdi, Alireza, Abdollahpour, Ibrahim, Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi, Abdurahman, Ahmed Abdulahi, Abebe, Haftom Temesgen, Abebe, Molla, Abebe, Zegeye, Abebo, Teshome Abuka, Aboyans, Victor, Abraha, Haftom Niguse, Abrham, Aklilu Roba, Abu-Raddad, Laith Jamal, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen ME, Accrombessi, Manfred Mario Kokou, Acharya, Pawan, Adebayo, Oladimeji M, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Adedoyin, Rufus Adesoji, Adekanmbi, Victor, Adetokunboh, Olatunji O, Adhena, Beyene Meressa, Adhikari, Tara Ballav, Adib, Mina G, Adou, Arsène Kouablan, Adsuar, Jose C, Afarideh, Mohsen, Afshin, Ashkan, Agarwal, Gina, Aggarwal, Rakesh, Aghayan, Sargis Aghasi, Agrawal, Sutapa, Agrawal, Anurag, Ahmadi, Mehdi, Ahmadi, Alireza, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Ahmed, Mohamed Lemine Cheikh brahim, Ahmed, Sayem, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Aichour, Amani Nidhal, Aichour, Ibtihel, Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine, Akanda, Ali S, Akbari, Mohammad Esmaeil, Akibu, Mohammed, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Akinyemiju, Tomi, Akseer, Nadia, Alahdab, Fares, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alebel, Animut, Aleman, Alicia V, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Al-Eyadhy, Ayman, Ali, Raghib, Alijanzadeh, Mehran, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Allen, Christine A, Alonso, Jordi, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amini, Erfan, Ammar, Walid, Amoako, Yaw Ampem, Anber, Nahla Hamed, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Androudi, Sofia, Animut, Megbaru Debalkie, Anjomshoa, Mina, Anlay, Degefaye Zelalem, Ansari, Hossein, Ansariadi, Ansariadi, Ansha, Mustafa Geleto, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Appiah, Seth Christopher Yaw, Aremu, Olatunde, Areri, Habtamu Abera, Ärnlöv, Johan, Arora, Megha, and Artaman, Al

Subjects
Behavioral and Social Science, Pediatric, Prevention, Basic Behavioral and Social Science, 2.4 Surveillance and distribution, Aetiology, Good Health and Well Being, Adolescent, Adult, Age Distribution, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Child, Child, Preschool, Female, Global Burden of Disease, Global Health, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Life Expectancy, Male, Middle Aged, Mortality, Sex Distribution, Socioeconomic Factors, Young Adult, GBD 2017 Mortality Collaborators, Medical and Health Sciences, General & Internal Medicine
Abstract

BackgroundAssessments of age-specific mortality and life expectancy have been done by the UN Population Division, Department of Economics and Social Affairs (UNPOP), the United States Census Bureau, WHO, and as part of previous iterations of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD). Previous iterations of the GBD used population estimates from UNPOP, which were not derived in a way that was internally consistent with the estimates of the numbers of deaths in the GBD. The present iteration of the GBD, GBD 2017, improves on previous assessments and provides timely estimates of the mortality experience of populations globally.MethodsThe GBD uses all available data to produce estimates of mortality rates between 1950 and 2017 for 23 age groups, both sexes, and 918 locations, including 195 countries and territories and subnational locations for 16 countries. Data used include vital registration systems, sample registration systems, household surveys (complete birth histories, summary birth histories, sibling histories), censuses (summary birth histories, household deaths), and Demographic Surveillance Sites. In total, this analysis used 8259 data sources. Estimates of the probability of death between birth and the age of 5 years and between ages 15 and 60 years are generated and then input into a model life table system to produce complete life tables for all locations and years. Fatal discontinuities and mortality due to HIV/AIDS are analysed separately and then incorporated into the estimation. We analyse the relationship between age-specific mortality and development status using the Socio-demographic Index, a composite measure based on fertility under the age of 25 years, education, and income. There are four main methodological improvements in GBD 2017 compared with GBD 2016: 622 additional data sources have been incorporated; new estimates of population, generated by the GBD study, are used; statistical methods used in different components of the analysis have been further standardised and improved; and the analysis has been extended backwards in time by two decades to start in 1950.FindingsGlobally, 18·7% (95% uncertainty interval 18·4-19·0) of deaths were registered in 1950 and that proportion has been steadily increasing since, with 58·8% (58·2-59·3) of all deaths being registered in 2015. At the global level, between 1950 and 2017, life expectancy increased from 48·1 years (46·5-49·6) to 70·5 years (70·1-70·8) for men and from 52·9 years (51·7-54·0) to 75·6 years (75·3-75·9) for women. Despite this overall progress, there remains substantial variation in life expectancy at birth in 2017, which ranges from 49·1 years (46·5-51·7) for men in the Central African Republic to 87·6 years (86·9-88·1) among women in Singapore. The greatest progress across age groups was for children younger than 5 years; under-5 mortality dropped from 216·0 deaths (196·3-238·1) per 1000 livebirths in 1950 to 38·9 deaths (35·6-42·83) per 1000 livebirths in 2017, with huge reductions across countries. Nevertheless, there were still 5·4 million (5·2-5·6) deaths among children younger than 5 years in the world in 2017. Progress has been less pronounced and more variable for adults, especially for adult males, who had stagnant or increasing mortality rates in several countries. The gap between male and female life expectancy between 1950 and 2017, while relatively stable at the global level, shows distinctive patterns across super-regions and has consistently been the largest in central Europe, eastern Europe, and central Asia, and smallest in south Asia. Performance was also variable across countries and time in observed mortality rates compared with those expected on the basis of development.InterpretationThis analysis of age-sex-specific mortality shows that there are remarkably complex patterns in population mortality across countries. The findings of this study highlight global successes, such as the large decline in under-5 mortality, which reflects significant local, national, and global commitment and investment over several decades. However, they also bring attention to mortality patterns that are a cause for concern, particularly among adult men and, to a lesser extent, women, whose mortality rates have stagnated in many countries over the time period of this study, and in some cases are increasing.FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Published
2018

31. Global, regional, and national disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for 359 diseases and injuries and healthy life expectancy (HALE) for 195 countries and territories, 1990–2017: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2017

Author

Kyu, Hmwe Hmwe, Abate, Degu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abay, Solomon M, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbasi, Nooshin, Abbastabar, Hedayat, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdela, Jemal, Abdelalim, Ahmed, Abdollahpour, Ibrahim, Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi, Abebe, Molla, Abebe, Zegeye, Abil, Olifan Zewdie, Aboyans, Victor, Abrham, Aklilu Roba, Abu-Raddad, Laith Jamal, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen ME, Accrombessi, Manfred Mario Kokou, Acharya, Dilaram, Acharya, Pawan, Ackerman, Ilana N, Adamu, Abdu A, Adebayo, Oladimeji M, Adekanmbi, Victor, Ademi, Zanfina, Adetokunboh, Olatunji O, Adib, Mina G, Adsuar, Jose C, Afanvi, Kossivi Agbelenko, Afarideh, Mohsen, Afshin, Ashkan, Agarwal, Gina, Agesa, Kareha M, Aggarwal, Rakesh, Aghayan, Sargis Aghasi, Agrawal, Anurag, Ahmadi, Alireza, Ahmadi, Mehdi, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Ahmed, Sayem, Aichour, Amani Nidhal, Aichour, Ibtihel, Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine, Akinyemiju, Tomi, Akseer, Nadia, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Al-Eyadhy, Ayman, Al-Mekhlafi, Hesham M, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa M, Alahdab, Fares, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Tahiya, Alashi, Alaa, Alavian, Seyed Moayed, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Alijanzadeh, Mehran, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Aljunid, Syed Mohamed, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Alonso, Jordi, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Aminde, Leopold N, Amini, Erfan, Amiresmaili, Mohammadreza, Ammar, Walid, Amoako, Yaw Ampem, Anber, Nahla Hamed, Andrei, Catalina Liliana, Androudi, Sofia, Animut, Megbaru Debalkie, Anjomshoa, Mina, Ansha, Mustafa Geleto, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Arabloo, Jalal, Aremu, Olatunde, Ärnlöv, Johan, Arora, Amit, Arora, Megha, Artaman, Al, Aryal, Krishna K, Asayesh, Hamid, Ataro, Zerihun, Ausloos, Marcel, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Avokpaho, Euripide FGA, Awasthi, Ashish, Ayala Quintanilla, Beatriz Paulina, Ayer, Rakesh, Azzopardi, Peter S, Babazadeh, Arefeh, Badali, Hamid, and Balakrishnan, Kalpana

Subjects
Prevention, Aging, Good Health and Well Being, Aged, Communicable Diseases, Disabled Persons, Female, Global Burden of Disease, Health Status, Healthy Lifestyle, Humans, Life Expectancy, Male, Mortality, Mortality, Premature, Prevalence, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Risk Factors, Socioeconomic Factors, Wounds and Injuries, GBD 2017 DALYs and HALE Collaborators, Medical and Health Sciences, General & Internal Medicine
Abstract

BackgroundHow long one lives, how many years of life are spent in good and poor health, and how the population's state of health and leading causes of disability change over time all have implications for policy, planning, and provision of services. We comparatively assessed the patterns and trends of healthy life expectancy (HALE), which quantifies the number of years of life expected to be lived in good health, and the complementary measure of disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), a composite measure of disease burden capturing both premature mortality and prevalence and severity of ill health, for 359 diseases and injuries for 195 countries and territories over the past 28 years.MethodsWe used data for age-specific mortality rates, years of life lost (YLLs) due to premature mortality, and years lived with disability (YLDs) from the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2017 to calculate HALE and DALYs from 1990 to 2017. We calculated HALE using age-specific mortality rates and YLDs per capita for each location, age, sex, and year. We calculated DALYs for 359 causes as the sum of YLLs and YLDs. We assessed how observed HALE and DALYs differed by country and sex from expected trends based on Socio-demographic Index (SDI). We also analysed HALE by decomposing years of life gained into years spent in good health and in poor health, between 1990 and 2017, and extra years lived by females compared with males.FindingsGlobally, from 1990 to 2017, life expectancy at birth increased by 7·4 years (95% uncertainty interval 7·1-7·8), from 65·6 years (65·3-65·8) in 1990 to 73·0 years (72·7-73·3) in 2017. The increase in years of life varied from 5·1 years (5·0-5·3) in high SDI countries to 12·0 years (11·3-12·8) in low SDI countries. Of the additional years of life expected at birth, 26·3% (20·1-33·1) were expected to be spent in poor health in high SDI countries compared with 11·7% (8·8-15·1) in low-middle SDI countries. HALE at birth increased by 6·3 years (5·9-6·7), from 57·0 years (54·6-59·1) in 1990 to 63·3 years (60·5-65·7) in 2017. The increase varied from 3·8 years (3·4-4·1) in high SDI countries to 10·5 years (9·8-11·2) in low SDI countries. Even larger variations in HALE than these were observed between countries, ranging from 1·0 year (0·4-1·7) in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (62·4 years [59·9-64·7] in 1990 to 63·5 years [60·9-65·8] in 2017) to 23·7 years (21·9-25·6) in Eritrea (30·7 years [28·9-32·2] in 1990 to 54·4 years [51·5-57·1] in 2017). In most countries, the increase in HALE was smaller than the increase in overall life expectancy, indicating more years lived in poor health. In 180 of 195 countries and territories, females were expected to live longer than males in 2017, with extra years lived varying from 1·4 years (0·6-2·3) in Algeria to 11·9 years (10·9-12·9) in Ukraine. Of the extra years gained, the proportion spent in poor health varied largely across countries, with less than 20% of additional years spent in poor health in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Burundi, and Slovakia, whereas in Bahrain all the extra years were spent in poor health. In 2017, the highest estimate of HALE at birth was in Singapore for both females (75·8 years [72·4-78·7]) and males (72·6 years [69·8-75·0]) and the lowest estimates were in Central African Republic (47·0 years [43·7-50·2] for females and 42·8 years [40·1-45·6] for males). Globally, in 2017, the five leading causes of DALYs were neonatal disorders, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, lower respiratory infections, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Between 1990 and 2017, age-standardised DALY rates decreased by 41·3% (38·8-43·5) for communicable diseases and by 49·8% (47·9-51·6) for neonatal disorders. For non-communicable diseases, global DALYs increased by 40·1% (36·8-43·0), although age-standardised DALY rates decreased by 18·1% (16·0-20·2).InterpretationWith increasing life expectancy in most countries, the question of whether the additional years of life gained are spent in good health or poor health has been increasingly relevant because of the potential policy implications, such as health-care provisions and extending retirement ages. In some locations, a large proportion of those additional years are spent in poor health. Large inequalities in HALE and disease burden exist across countries in different SDI quintiles and between sexes. The burden of disabling conditions has serious implications for health system planning and health-related expenditures. Despite the progress made in reducing the burden of communicable diseases and neonatal disorders in low SDI countries, the speed of this progress could be increased by scaling up proven interventions. The global trends among non-communicable diseases indicate that more effort is needed to maximise HALE, such as risk prevention and attention to upstream determinants of health.FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Published
2018

32. Correction to: Cancer: A Complex Problem Requiring Interdisciplinary Research

Author

Yazdanpanah, Niloufar, Dochy, Filip, Darmstadt, Gary L., Peters, Godefridus J., Tsitlakidis, Abraham, Aifantis, Elias C., Cerda, Artemi, Comini, Elisabetta, Brand, Serge, Gupta, Manoj, Cheson, Bruce D., Thomas, Sabu, Tanzer, Michael, Weiskirchen, Ralf, Bella, Federico, Fereshtehnejad, Seyed-Mohammad, Nikita, Konstantina, Ali, Imran, Kato, Koichi, Poggi, Alessandro, Jon, Ernest Chua Kian, Rao, Idupulapati M., Tao, Xiaoming, He, Ji-Huan, Rao, Lingamallu Jagan Mohan, Leemans, Alexander, Pomponio, Alessio, Hernandez, Alfredo Martínez, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali, Kelishadi, Roya, Thongboonkerd, Visith, Bahinipati, Seema, Toi, Masakazu, von Herrath, Matthias, Sellke, Frank, Sherwood, Steven, Perry, George, Nieto, Juan J., Gupta, Sudhir, Dorigo, Tommaso, Mobasher, Bahram, Ochs, Hans D., Rezaei, Nima, Rezaei, Nima, Series Editor, Ahmed, Atif A., Editorial Board Member, Aguiar, Rodrigo, Editorial Board Member, Ambrosio, Maria R., Editorial Board Member, Artac, Mehmet, Editorial Board Member, Augustine, Tanya N., Editorial Board Member, Bambauer, Rolf, Editorial Board Member, Bhat, Ajaz Ahmad, Editorial Board Member, Bertolaccini, Luca, Editorial Board Member, Bianchini, Chiara, Editorial Board Member, Cavic, Milena, Editorial Board Member, Chakrabarti, Sakti, Editorial Board Member, Cho, William C. S., Editorial Board Member, Czarnecka, Anna M., Editorial Board Member, Domingues, Cátia, Editorial Board Member, Eşkazan, A. Emre, Editorial Board Member, Fares, Jawad, Editorial Board Member, Fonseca Alves, Carlos E., Editorial Board Member, Fru, Pascaline, Editorial Board Member, Da Gama Duarte, Jessica, Editorial Board Member, García, Mónica C., Editorial Board Member, Gener, Melissa A.H., Editorial Board Member, Estrada Guadarrama, José Antonio, Editorial Board Member, Hargadon, Kristian M., Editorial Board Member, Holvoet, Paul, Editorial Board Member, Jurisic, Vladimir, Editorial Board Member, Kabir, Yearul, Editorial Board Member, Katsila, Theodora, Editorial Board Member, Kleeff, Jorg, Editorial Board Member, Liang, Chao, Editorial Board Member, Tan, Mei Lan, Editorial Board Member, Li, Weijie, Editorial Board Member, Prado López, Sonia, Editorial Board Member, Macha, Muzafar A., Editorial Board Member, Malara, Natalia, Editorial Board Member, Orhan, Adile, Editorial Board Member, Prado-Garcia, Heriberto, Editorial Board Member, Pérez-Velázquez, Judith, Editorial Board Member, Rashed, Wafaa M., Editorial Board Member, Sanguedolce, Francesca, Editorial Board Member, Sorrentino, Rosalinda, Editorial Board Member, Shubina, Irina Zh., Editorial Board Member, de Araujo, Heloisa Sobreiro Selistre, Editorial Board Member, Torres-Suárez, Ana Isabel, Editorial Board Member, Włodarczyk, Jakub, Editorial Board Member, Yeong, Joe Poh Sheng, Editorial Board Member, Toscano, Marta A., Editorial Board Member, Wong, Tak-Wah, Editorial Board Member, Yin, Jun, Editorial Board Member, and Yu, Bin, Editorial Board Member

Published
2023
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33. Global, regional, and national comparative risk assessment of 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Author

Collaborators, GBD 2016 Risk Factors, Gakidou, Emmanuela, Afshin, Ashkan, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdulle, Abdishakur M, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Aboyans, Victor, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen ME, Abyu, Gebre Yitayih, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Adetokunboh, Olatunji, Afarideh, Mohsen, Agrawal, Anurag, Agrawal, Sutapa, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine, Aichour, Amani Nidhal, Aichour, Ibtihel, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Akseer, Nadia, Alahdab, Fares, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore, Alam, Tahiya, Alasfoor, Deena, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Ali, Komal, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amini, Erfan, Ammar, Walid, Amoako, Yaw Ampem, Ansari, Hossein, Antó, Josep M, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Arian, Nicholas, Ärnlöv, Johan, Artaman, Al, Aryal, Krishna Kumar, Asayesh, Hamid, Asgedom, Solomon Weldegebreal, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Azzopardi, Peter, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Ballew, Shoshana H, Barac, Aleksandra, Barber, Ryan M, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Bärnighausen, Till, Barquera, Simon, Barregard, Lars, Barrero, Lope H, Batis, Carolina, Battle, Katherine E, Baumgarner, Blair R, Baune, Bernhard T, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Bell, Michelle L, Bennett, Derrick A, Bennett, James R, Bensenor, Isabela M, Berhane, Adugnaw, Berhe, Derbew Fikadu, Bernabé, Eduardo, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beuran, Mircea, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Bhansali, Anil, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Bikbov, Boris, Birungi, Charles, Biryukov, Stan, Blosser, Christopher D, Boneya, Dube Jara, Bou-Orm, Ibrahim R, Brauer, Michael, and Breitborde, Nicholas JK

Subjects
Epidemiology, Health Sciences, Prevention, Aetiology, 2.2 Factors relating to the physical environment, Good Health and Well Being, Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Air Pollution, Body Mass Index, Cause of Death, Child, Child, Preschool, Communicable Diseases, Disabled Persons, Environmental Health, Female, Global Burden of Disease, Humans, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Life Expectancy, Male, Metabolic Diseases, Middle Aged, Noncommunicable Diseases, Occupational Diseases, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Risk Assessment, Sex Distribution, Smoking, Water Supply, Young Adult, GBD 2016 Risk Factors Collaborators, Medical and Health Sciences, General & Internal Medicine, Biomedical and clinical sciences, Health sciences
Abstract

BackgroundThe Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) provides a comprehensive assessment of risk factor exposure and attributable burden of disease. By providing estimates over a long time series, this study can monitor risk exposure trends critical to health surveillance and inform policy debates on the importance of addressing risks in context.MethodsWe used the comparative risk assessment framework developed for previous iterations of GBD to estimate levels and trends in exposure, attributable deaths, and attributable disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), by age group, sex, year, and location for 84 behavioural, environmental and occupational, and metabolic risks or clusters of risks from 1990 to 2016. This study included 481 risk-outcome pairs that met the GBD study criteria for convincing or probable evidence of causation. We extracted relative risk (RR) and exposure estimates from 22 717 randomised controlled trials, cohorts, pooled cohorts, household surveys, census data, satellite data, and other sources, according to the GBD 2016 source counting methods. Using the counterfactual scenario of theoretical minimum risk exposure level (TMREL), we estimated the portion of deaths and DALYs that could be attributed to a given risk. Finally, we explored four drivers of trends in attributable burden: population growth, population ageing, trends in risk exposure, and all other factors combined.FindingsSince 1990, exposure increased significantly for 30 risks, did not change significantly for four risks, and decreased significantly for 31 risks. Among risks that are leading causes of burden of disease, child growth failure and household air pollution showed the most significant declines, while metabolic risks, such as body-mass index and high fasting plasma glucose, showed significant increases. In 2016, at Level 3 of the hierarchy, the three leading risk factors in terms of attributable DALYs at the global level for men were smoking (124·1 million DALYs [95% UI 111·2 million to 137·0 million]), high systolic blood pressure (122·2 million DALYs [110·3 million to 133·3 million], and low birthweight and short gestation (83·0 million DALYs [78·3 million to 87·7 million]), and for women, were high systolic blood pressure (89·9 million DALYs [80·9 million to 98·2 million]), high body-mass index (64·8 million DALYs [44·4 million to 87·6 million]), and high fasting plasma glucose (63·8 million DALYs [53·2 million to 76·3 million]). In 2016 in 113 countries, the leading risk factor in terms of attributable DALYs was a metabolic risk factor. Smoking remained among the leading five risk factors for DALYs for 109 countries, while low birthweight and short gestation was the leading risk factor for DALYs in 38 countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. In terms of important drivers of change in trends of burden attributable to risk factors, between 2006 and 2016 exposure to risks explains an 9·3% (6·9-11·6) decline in deaths and a 10·8% (8·3-13·1) decrease in DALYs at the global level, while population ageing accounts for 14·9% (12·7-17·5) of deaths and 6·2% (3·9-8·7) of DALYs, and population growth for 12·4% (10·1-14·9) of deaths and 12·4% (10·1-14·9) of DALYs. The largest contribution of trends in risk exposure to disease burden is seen between ages 1 year and 4 years, where a decline of 27·3% (24·9-29·7) of the change in DALYs between 2006 and 2016 can be attributed to declines in exposure to risks.InterpretationIncreasingly detailed understanding of the trends in risk exposure and the RRs for each risk-outcome pair provide insights into both the magnitude of health loss attributable to risks and how modification of risk exposure has contributed to health trends. Metabolic risks warrant particular policy attention, due to their large contribution to global disease burden, increasing trends, and variable patterns across countries at the same level of development. GBD 2016 findings show that, while it has huge potential to improve health, risk modification has played a relatively small part in the past decade.FundingThe Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Bloomberg Philanthropies.

Published
2017

34. Measuring progress and projecting attainment on the basis of past trends of the health-related Sustainable Development Goals in 188 countries: an analysis from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Author

Collaborators, GBD 2016 SDG, Fullman, Nancy, Barber, Ryan M, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi, Abdulle, Abdishakur M, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Aboyans, Victor, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Abu-Rmeileh, Niveen ME, Adedeji, Isaac Akinkunmi, Adetokunboh, Olatunji, Afshin, Ashkan, Agrawal, Anurag, Agrawal, Sutapa, Kiadaliri, Aliasghar Ahmad, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine, Aichour, Amani Nidhal, Aichour, Ibtihel, Aiyar, Sneha, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Akseer, Nadia, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore, Alasfoor, Deena, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Allen, Christine, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Alvis-Guzman, Nelson, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amini, Erfan, Ammar, Walid, Ansari, Hossein, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Arora, Megha, Artaman, Al, Aryal, Krishna Kumar, Asayesh, Hamid, Asgedom, Solomon Weldegebreal, Assadi, Reza, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Atre, Sachin R, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Avokpaho, Euripide Frinel G Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Azzopardi, Peter, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Bannick, Marlena S, Barac, Aleksandra, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Bärnighausen, Till, Barrero, Lope H, Basu, Sanjay, Battle, Katherine E, Baune, Bernhard T, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Béjot, Yannick, Bell, Michelle L, Bennett, Derrick A, Bennett, James R, Bensenor, Isabela M, Berhane, Adugnaw, Berhe, Derbew Fikadu, Bernabé, Eduardo, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beuran, Mircea, Beyene, Addisu Shunu, Bhala, Neeraj, Bhansali, Anil, Bhatt, Samir, Bhutta, Zulfiqar A, Bicer, Burcu Kucuk, Bidgoli, Hassan Haghparast, Bikbov, Boris, Bilal, Arebu I, Birungi, Charles, Biryukov, Stan, Bizuayehu, Habtamu Mellie, Blosser, Christopher D, Boneya, Dube Jara, Bose, Dipan, and Bou-Orm, Ibrahim R

Subjects
Infectious Diseases, Pediatric, Prevention, Rare Diseases, Good Health and Well Being, Adolescent, Adult, Child, Child Abuse, Sexual, Child, Preschool, Conservation of Natural Resources, Female, Global Burden of Disease, Global Health, Health Status, Health Status Indicators, Humans, Infant, Infant Mortality, Infant, Newborn, Male, Middle Aged, Noncommunicable Diseases, Quality-Adjusted Life Years, Sex Offenses, Young Adult, GBD 2016 SDG Collaborators, Medical and Health Sciences, General & Internal Medicine
Abstract

BackgroundThe UN's Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) are grounded in the global ambition of "leaving no one behind". Understanding today's gains and gaps for the health-related SDGs is essential for decision makers as they aim to improve the health of populations. As part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016), we measured 37 of the 50 health-related SDG indicators over the period 1990-2016 for 188 countries, and then on the basis of these past trends, we projected indicators to 2030.MethodsWe used standardised GBD 2016 methods to measure 37 health-related indicators from 1990 to 2016, an increase of four indicators since GBD 2015. We substantially revised the universal health coverage (UHC) measure, which focuses on coverage of essential health services, to also represent personal health-care access and quality for several non-communicable diseases. We transformed each indicator on a scale of 0-100, with 0 as the 2·5th percentile estimated between 1990 and 2030, and 100 as the 97·5th percentile during that time. An index representing all 37 health-related SDG indicators was constructed by taking the geometric mean of scaled indicators by target. On the basis of past trends, we produced projections of indicator values, using a weighted average of the indicator and country-specific annualised rates of change from 1990 to 2016 with weights for each annual rate of change based on out-of-sample validity. 24 of the currently measured health-related SDG indicators have defined SDG targets, against which we assessed attainment.FindingsGlobally, the median health-related SDG index was 56·7 (IQR 31·9-66·8) in 2016 and country-level performance markedly varied, with Singapore (86·8, 95% uncertainty interval 84·6-88·9), Iceland (86·0, 84·1-87·6), and Sweden (85·6, 81·8-87·8) having the highest levels in 2016 and Afghanistan (10·9, 9·6-11·9), the Central African Republic (11·0, 8·8-13·8), and Somalia (11·3, 9·5-13·1) recording the lowest. Between 2000 and 2016, notable improvements in the UHC index were achieved by several countries, including Cambodia, Rwanda, Equatorial Guinea, Laos, Turkey, and China; however, a number of countries, such as Lesotho and the Central African Republic, but also high-income countries, such as the USA, showed minimal gains. Based on projections of past trends, the median number of SDG targets attained in 2030 was five (IQR 2-8) of the 24 defined targets currently measured. Globally, projected target attainment considerably varied by SDG indicator, ranging from more than 60% of countries projected to reach targets for under-5 mortality, neonatal mortality, maternal mortality ratio, and malaria, to less than 5% of countries projected to achieve targets linked to 11 indicator targets, including those for childhood overweight, tuberculosis, and road injury mortality. For several of the health-related SDGs, meeting defined targets hinges upon substantially faster progress than what most countries have achieved in the past.InterpretationGBD 2016 provides an updated and expanded evidence base on where the world currently stands in terms of the health-related SDGs. Our improved measure of UHC offers a basis to monitor the expansion of health services necessary to meet the SDGs. Based on past rates of progress, many places are facing challenges in meeting defined health-related SDG targets, particularly among countries that are the worst off. In view of the early stages of SDG implementation, however, opportunity remains to take actions to accelerate progress, as shown by the catalytic effects of adopting the Millennium Development Goals after 2000. With the SDGs' broader, bolder development agenda, multisectoral commitments and investments are vital to make the health-related SDGs within reach of all populations.FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Published
2017

35. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 328 diseases and injuries for 195 countries, 1990–2016: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2016

Author

Collaborators, GBD 2016 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence, Vos, Theo, Abajobir, Amanuel Alemu, Abate, Kalkidan Hassen, Abbafati, Cristiana, Abbas, Kaja M, Abd-Allah, Foad, Abdulkader, Rizwan Suliankatchi, Abdulle, Abdishakur M, Abebo, Teshome Abuka, Abera, Semaw Ferede, Aboyans, Victor, Abu-Raddad, Laith J, Ackerman, Ilana N, Adamu, Abdu Abdullahi, Adetokunboh, Olatunji, Afarideh, Mohsen, Afshin, Ashkan, Agarwal, Sanjay Kumar, Aggarwal, Rakesh, Agrawal, Anurag, Agrawal, Sutapa, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Ahmed, Muktar Beshir, Aichour, Miloud Taki Eddine, Aichour, Amani Nidhal, Aichour, Ibtihel, Aiyar, Sneha, Akinyemi, Rufus Olusola, Akseer, Nadia, Al Lami, Faris Hasan, Alahdab, Fares, Al-Aly, Ziyad, Alam, Khurshid, Alam, Noore, Alam, Tahiya, Alasfoor, Deena, Alene, Kefyalew Addis, Ali, Raghib, Alizadeh-Navaei, Reza, Alkerwi, Ala'a, Alla, François, Allebeck, Peter, Allen, Christine, Al-Maskari, Fatma, Al-Raddadi, Rajaa, Alsharif, Ubai, Alsowaidi, Shirina, Altirkawi, Khalid A, Amare, Azmeraw T, Amini, Erfan, Ammar, Walid, Amoako, Yaw Ampem, Andersen, Hjalte H, Antonio, Carl Abelardo T, Anwari, Palwasha, Ärnlöv, Johan, Artaman, Al, Aryal, Krishna Kumar, Asayesh, Hamid, Asgedom, Solomon W, Assadi, Reza, Atey, Tesfay Mehari, Atnafu, Niguse Tadele, Atre, Sachin R, Avila-Burgos, Leticia, Avokphako, Euripide Frinel G Arthur, Awasthi, Ashish, Bacha, Umar, Badawi, Alaa, Balakrishnan, Kalpana, Banerjee, Amitava, Bannick, Marlena S, Barac, Aleksandra, Barber, Ryan M, Barker-Collo, Suzanne L, Bärnighausen, Till, Barquera, Simon, Barregard, Lars, Barrero, Lope H, Basu, Sanjay, Battista, Bob, Battle, Katherine E, Baune, Bernhard T, Bazargan-Hejazi, Shahrzad, Beardsley, Justin, Bedi, Neeraj, Beghi, Ettore, Béjot, Yannick, Bekele, Bayu Begashaw, Bell, Michelle L, Bennett, Derrick A, Bensenor, Isabela M, Benson, Jennifer, Berhane, Adugnaw, Berhe, Derbew Fikadu, Bernabé, Eduardo, Betsu, Balem Demtsu, Beuran, Mircea, and Beyene, Addisu Shunu

Subjects
Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Epidemiology, Public Health, Clinical Sciences, Health Sciences, Neurosciences, Behavioral and Social Science, Burden of Illness, Aging, Brain Disorders, Mental Health, Women's Health, 2.4 Surveillance and distribution, Good Health and Well Being, Adolescent, Adult, Age Distribution, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Cause of Death, Child, Child, Preschool, Communicable Diseases, Disabled Persons, Female, Global Burden of Disease, Global Health, Humans, Incidence, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Male, Middle Aged, Noncommunicable Diseases, Prevalence, Sex Distribution, Wounds and Injuries, Young Adult, GBD 2016 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators, Medical and Health Sciences, General & Internal Medicine, Biomedical and clinical sciences, Health sciences
Abstract

BackgroundAs mortality rates decline, life expectancy increases, and populations age, non-fatal outcomes of diseases and injuries are becoming a larger component of the global burden of disease. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study 2016 (GBD 2016) provides a comprehensive assessment of prevalence, incidence, and years lived with disability (YLDs) for 328 causes in 195 countries and territories from 1990 to 2016.MethodsWe estimated prevalence and incidence for 328 diseases and injuries and 2982 sequelae, their non-fatal consequences. We used DisMod-MR 2.1, a Bayesian meta-regression tool, as the main method of estimation, ensuring consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, and cause of death rates for each condition. For some causes, we used alternative modelling strategies if incidence or prevalence needed to be derived from other data. YLDs were estimated as the product of prevalence and a disability weight for all mutually exclusive sequelae, corrected for comorbidity and aggregated to cause level. We updated the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a summary indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and total fertility rate. GBD 2016 complies with the Guidelines for Accurate and Transparent Health Estimates Reporting (GATHER).FindingsGlobally, low back pain, migraine, age-related and other hearing loss, iron-deficiency anaemia, and major depressive disorder were the five leading causes of YLDs in 2016, contributing 57·6 million (95% uncertainty interval [UI] 40·8-75·9 million [7·2%, 6·0-8·3]), 45·1 million (29·0-62·8 million [5·6%, 4·0-7·2]), 36·3 million (25·3-50·9 million [4·5%, 3·8-5·3]), 34·7 million (23·0-49·6 million [4·3%, 3·5-5·2]), and 34·1 million (23·5-46·0 million [4·2%, 3·2-5·3]) of total YLDs, respectively. Age-standardised rates of YLDs for all causes combined decreased between 1990 and 2016 by 2·7% (95% UI 2·3-3·1). Despite mostly stagnant age-standardised rates, the absolute number of YLDs from non-communicable diseases has been growing rapidly across all SDI quintiles, partly because of population growth, but also the ageing of populations. The largest absolute increases in total numbers of YLDs globally were between the ages of 40 and 69 years. Age-standardised YLD rates for all conditions combined were 10·4% (95% UI 9·0-11·8) higher in women than in men. Iron-deficiency anaemia, migraine, Alzheimer's disease and other dementias, major depressive disorder, anxiety, and all musculoskeletal disorders apart from gout were the main conditions contributing to higher YLD rates in women. Men had higher age-standardised rates of substance use disorders, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, cancers, and all injuries apart from sexual violence. Globally, we noted much less geographical variation in disability than has been documented for premature mortality. In 2016, there was a less than two times difference in age-standardised YLD rates for all causes between the location with the lowest rate (China, 9201 YLDs per 100 000, 95% UI 6862-11943) and highest rate (Yemen, 14 774 YLDs per 100 000, 11 018-19 228).InterpretationThe decrease in death rates since 1990 for most causes has not been matched by a similar decline in age-standardised YLD rates. For many large causes, YLD rates have either been stagnant or have increased for some causes, such as diabetes. As populations are ageing, and the prevalence of disabling disease generally increases steeply with age, health systems will face increasing demand for services that are generally costlier than the interventions that have led to declines in mortality in childhood or for the major causes of mortality in adults. Up-to-date information about the trends of disease and how this varies between countries is essential to plan for an adequate health-system response.FundingBill & Melinda Gates Foundation, and the National Institute on Aging and the National Institute of Mental Health of the National Institutes of Health.

Published
2017

37. Causes of blindness and vision impairment in 2020 and trends over 30 years, and prevalence of avoidable blindness in relation to VISION 2020: the Right to Sight: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study

Author

Steinmetz, Jaimie D, Bourne, Rupert R A, Briant, Paul Svitil, Flaxman, Seth R, Taylor, Hugh R B, Jonas, Jost B, Abdoli, Amir Aberhe, Abrha, Woldu Aberhe, Abualhasan, Ahmed, Abu-Gharbieh, Eman Girum, Adal, Tadele Girum, Afshin, Ashkan, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Alemayehu, Wondu, Alemzadeh, Sayyed Amirpooya Samir, Alfaar, Ahmed Samir, Alipour, Vahid, Androudi, Sofia, Arabloo, Jalal, Arditi, Aries Berhe, Aregawi, Brhane Berhe, Arrigo, Alessandro, Ashbaugh, Charlie, Ashrafi, Elham Debalkie, Atnafu, Desta Debalkie, Bagli, Eleni Amin, Baig, Atif Amin Winfried, Bärnighausen, Till Winfried, Battaglia Parodi, Maurizio, Beheshti, Mahya Srikanth, Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth, Bhardwaj, Nikha, Bhardwaj, Pankaj, Bhattacharyya, Krittika, Bijani, Ali, Bikbov, Mukharram, Bottone, Michele, Braithwaite, Tasanee M, Bron, Alain M, Burugina Nagaraja, Sharath A, Butt, Zahid A, Caetano dos Santos, Florentino Luciano L, Carneiro, Vera L James, Casson, Robert James, Cheng, Ching-Yu Jasmine, Choi, Jee-Young Jasmine, Chu, Dinh-Toi, Cicinelli, Maria Vittoria M, Coelho, João M G, Congdon, Nathan G A, Couto, Rosa A A, Cromwell, Elizabeth A M, Dahlawi, Saad M, Dai, Xiaochen, Dana, Reza, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi A, Del Monte, Monte A, Derbew Molla, Meseret, Dervenis, Nikolaos Alemayehu, Desta, Abebaw Alemayehu P, Deva, Jenny P, Diaz, Daniel, Djalalinia, Shirin E, Ehrlich, Joshua R, Elayedath, Rajesh Rashad, Elhabashy, Hala Rashad B, Ellwein, Leon B, Emamian, Mohammad Hassan, Eskandarieh, Sharareh, Farzadfar, Farshad G, Fernandes, Arthur G, Fischer, Florian S, Friedman, David S M, Furtado, João M, Gaidhane, Shilpa, Gazzard, Gus, Gebremichael, Berhe, George, Ronnie, Ghashghaee, Ahmad, Gilani, Syed Amir, Golechha, Mahaveer, Hamidi, Samer Randall, Hammond, Billy Randall R, Hartnett, Mary Elizabeth R Kusuma, Hartono, Risky Kusuma, Hashi, Abdiwahab I, Hay, Simon I, Hayat, Khezar, Heidari, Golnaz, Ho, Hung Chak, Holla, Ramesh, Househ, Mowafa J, Huang, John J Emmanuel, Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel M, Ilic, Irena M D, Ilic, Milena D D, Ingram, April D Naghibi, Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi, Islam, Sheikh Mohammed Shariful, Itumalla, Ramaiah, Jayaram, Shubha Prakash, Jha, Ravi Prakash, Kahloun, Rim, Kalhor, Rohollah, Kandel, Himal, Kasa, Ayele Semachew, Kavetskyy, Taras A, Kayode, Gbenga A H, Kempen, John H, Khairallah, Moncef, Khalilov, Rovshan Ahmad, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad C, Khanna, Rohit C, Khatib, Mahalaqua Nazli Ahmed, Khoja, Tawfik Ahmed E, Kim, Judy E, Kim, Yun Jin, Kim, Gyu Ri, Kisa, Sezer, Kisa, Adnan, Kosen, Soewarta, Koyanagi, Ai, Kucuk Bicer, Burcu, Kulkarni, Vaman P, Kurmi, Om P, Landires, Iván Charles, Lansingh, Van Charles L, Leasher, Janet L E, LeGrand, Kate E, Leveziel, Nicolas, Limburg, Hans, Liu, Xuefeng, Madhava Kunjathur, Shilpashree, Maleki, Shokofeh, Manafi, Navid, Mansouri, Kaweh, McAlinden, Colm Gebremichael, Meles, Gebrekiros Gebremichael M, Mersha, Abera M, Michalek, Irmina Maria R, Miller, Ted R, Misra, Sanjeev, Mohammad, Yousef, Mohammadi, Seyed Farzad Abdu, Mohammed, Jemal Abdu H, Mokdad, Ali H, Moni, Mohammad Ali Al, Montasir, Ahmed Al R, Morse, Alan R Fentaw, Mulaw, Getahun Fentaw C, Naderi, Mehdi, Naderifar, Homa S, Naidoo, Kovin S, Naimzada, Mukhammad David, Nangia, Vinay, Narasimha Swamy, Sreenivas Muhammad, Naveed, Dr Muhammad, Negash, Hadush Lan, Nguyen, Huong Lan, Nunez-Samudio, Virginia Akpojene, Ogbo, Felix Akpojene, Ogundimu, Kolawole T, Olagunju, Andrew T E, Onwujekwe, Obinna E, Otstavnov, Nikita O, Owolabi, Mayowa O, Pakshir, Keyvan, Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra, Parekh, Utsav, Park, Eun-Cheol, Pasovic, Maja, Pawar, Shrikant, Pesudovs, Konrad, Peto, Tunde Quang, Pham, Hai Quang, Pinheiro, Marina, Podder, Vivek, Rahimi-Movaghar, Vafa, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur Y, Ramulu, Pradeep Y, Rathi, Priya, Rawaf, Salman Laith, Rawaf, David Laith, Rawal, Lal, Reinig, Nickolas M, Renzaho, Andre M, Rezapour, Aziz L, Robin, Alan L, Rossetti, Luca, Sabour, Siamak, Safi, Sare, Sahebkar, Amirhossein, Sahraian, Mohammad Ali M, Samy, Abdallah M, Sathian, Brijesh, Saya, Ganesh Kumar, Saylan, Mete A, Shaheen, Amira A Ali, Shaikh, Masood Ali T, Shen, Tueng T, Shibuya, Kenji Shibabaw, Shiferaw, Wondimeneh Shibabaw, Shigematsu, Mika, Shin, Jae Il, Silva, Juan Carlos, Silvester, Alexander A, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singhal, Deepika S, Sitorus, Rita S, Skiadaresi, Eirini Yurievich, Skryabin, Valentin Yurievich Aleksandrovna, Skryabina, Anna Aleksandrovna, Soheili, Amin Bekele, Sorrie, Muluken Bekele A R C, Sousa, Raúl A R C T, Sreeramareddy, Chandrashekhar T, Stambolian, Dwight Girma, Tadesse, Eyayou Girma, Tahhan, Nina Ismail, Tareque, Md Ismail, Topouzis, Fotis Xuan, Tran, Bach Xuan, Tsegaye, Gebiyaw K, Tsilimbaris, Miltiadis K, Varma, Rohit, Virgili, Gianni, Vongpradith, Avina Thu, Vu, Giang Thu, Wang, Ya Xing, Wang, Ningli Hailay, Weldemariam, Abrha Hailay K, West, Sheila K Gebeyehu, Wondmeneh, Temesgen Gebeyehu Y, Wong, Tien Y, Yaseri, Mehdi, Yonemoto, Naohiro, Yu, Chuanhua Sergeevich, Zastrozhin, Mikhail Sergeevich, Zhang, Zhi-Jiang R, Zimsen, Stephanie R, Resnikoff, Serge, and Vos, Theo

Published
2021
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38. Trends in prevalence of blindness and distance and near vision impairment over 30 years: an analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study

Author

Bourne, Rupert, Steinmetz, Jaimie D, Flaxman, Seth, Briant, Paul Svitil, Taylor, Hugh R, Resnikoff, Serge, Casson, Robert James, Abdoli, Amir, Abu-Gharbieh, Eman, Afshin, Ashkan, Ahmadieh, Hamid, Akalu, Yonas, Alamneh, Alehegn Aderaw, Alemayehu, Wondu, Alfaar, Ahmed Samir, Alipour, Vahid, Anbesu, Etsay Woldu, Androudi, Sofia, Arabloo, Jalal, Arditi, Aries, Asaad, Malke, Bagli, Eleni, Baig, Atif Amin, Bärnighausen, Till Winfried, Battaglia Parodi, Maurizio, Bhagavathula, Akshaya Srikanth, Bhardwaj, Nikha, Bhardwaj, Pankaj, Bhattacharyya, Krittika, Bijani, Ali, Bikbov, Mukharram, Bottone, Michele, Braithwaite, Tasanee, Bron, Alain M, Butt, Zahid A, Cheng, Ching-Yu, Chu, Dinh-Toi, Cicinelli, Maria Vittoria, Coelho, João M, Dagnew, Baye, Dai, Xiaochen, Dana, Reza, Dandona, Lalit, Dandona, Rakhi, Del Monte, Monte A, Deva, Jenny P, Diaz, Daniel, Djalalinia, Shirin, Dreer, Laura E, Ehrlich, Joshua R, Ellwein, Leon B, Emamian, Mohammad Hassan, Fernandes, Arthur G, Fischer, Florian, Friedman, David S, Furtado, João M, Gaidhane, Abhay Motiramji, Gaidhane, Shilpa, Gazzard, Gus, Gebremichael, Berhe, George, Ronnie, Ghashghaee, Ahmad, Golechha, Mahaveer, Hamidi, Samer, Hammond, Billy Randall, Hartnett, Mary Elizabeth R, Hartono, Risky Kusuma, Hay, Simon I, Heidari, Golnaz, Ho, Hung Chak, Hoang, Chi Linh, Househ, Mowafa, Ibitoye, Segun Emmanuel, Ilic, Irena M, Ilic, Milena D, Ingram, April D, Irvani, Seyed Sina Naghibi, Jha, Ravi Prakash, Kahloun, Rim, Kandel, Himal, Kasa, Ayele Semachew, Kempen, John H, Keramati, Maryam, Khairallah, Moncef, Khan, Ejaz Ahmad, Khanna, Rohit C, Khatib, Mahalaqua Nazli, Kim, Judy E, Kim, Yun Jin, Kisa, Sezer, Kisa, Adnan, Koyanagi, Ai, Kurmi, Om P, Lansingh, Van Charles, Leasher, Janet L, Leveziel, Nicolas, Limburg, Hans, Majdan, Marek, Manafi, Navid, Mansouri, Kaweh, McAlinden, Colm, Mohammadi, Seyed Farzad, Mohammadian-Hafshejani, Abdollah, Mohammadpourhodki, Reza, Mokdad, Ali H, Moosavi, Delaram, Morse, Alan R, Naderi, Mehdi, Naidoo, Kovin S, Nangia, Vinay, Nguyen, Cuong Tat, Nguyen, Huong Lan Thi, Ogundimu, Kolawole, Olagunju, Andrew T, Ostroff, Samuel M, Panda-Jonas, Songhomitra, Pesudovs, Konrad, Peto, Tunde, Quazi Syed, Zahiruddin, Rahman, Mohammad Hifz Ur, Ramulu, Pradeep Y, Rawaf, Salman, Rawaf, David Laith, Reinig, Nickolas, Robin, Alan L, Rossetti, Luca, Safi, Sare, Sahebkar, Amirhossein, Samy, Abdallah M, Saxena, Deepak, Serle, Janet B, Shaikh, Masood Ali, Shen, Tueng T, Shibuya, Kenji, Shin, Jae Il, Silva, Juan Carlos, Silvester, Alexander, Singh, Jasvinder A, Singhal, Deepika, Sitorus, Rita S, Skiadaresi, Eirini, Skirbekk, Vegard, Soheili, Amin, Sousa, Raúl A R C, Spurlock, Emma Elizabeth, Stambolian, Dwight, Taddele, Biruk Wogayehu, Tadesse, Eyayou Girma, Tahhan, Nina, Tareque, Md Ismail, Topouzis, Fotis, Tran, Bach Xuan, Travillian, Ravensara S, Tsilimbaris, Miltiadis K, Varma, Rohit, Virgili, Gianni, Wang, Ya Xing, Wang, Ningli, West, Sheila K, Wong, Tien Y, Zaidi, Zoubida, Zewdie, Kaleab Alemayehu, Jonas, Jost B, and Vos, Theo

Published
2021
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39. Endoscopic Vitrectomy Combined with 3D Heads‐Up Viewing System in Treating Traumatic Ocular Injury.

Author

Cheng, Yuan-Shao, Hsiao, Chung-Hao, Hsia, Wei-Ping, Chen, Hung-Ju, Chang, Chia-Jen, and Ahmadieh, Hamid

Subjects
INJURY complications, PREOPERATIVE period, OCULAR injuries, ENDOSCOPIC surgery, TREATMENT effectiveness, RETROSPECTIVE studies, TERTIARY care, DESCRIPTIVE statistics, COMPUTER-assisted surgery, EXPERIMENTAL design, OPHTHALMIC surgery, CASE studies, POSTOPERATIVE period, VISUAL acuity, ENDOSCOPY
Abstract

Purpose. To investigate effects and complications of endoscopic vitrectomy combined with 3D heads‐up viewing system in treating traumatic ocular injury. Patients and Methods. This is a retrospective interventional case series in a tertiary referral center in Taiwan, and we included patients of traumatic ocular injury, and they underwent endoscopic vitrectomy combined with a 3D heads‐up viewing system. Results. Fourteen eyes of traumatic globe injury from 14 patients were studied over a 30‐month period. Preoperative VA ranged from no light perception (NLP) to 6/6. Postoperative visual acuity improved in 11 of the 14 eyes (79%). Until 6 months after surgery, all eyes had attached retina. The median logMAR BCVA was 2.4 at the first visit and 1.19 at the last visit (p = 0.0028). No subject suffered from retinal detachment, endophthalmitis, or other severe complications. Conclusions. Vitrectomy using endoscopy combined with 3D heads‐up viewing system allowed early evaluation and intervention in traumatic ocular injuries. Most of our cases showed both anatomical and visual acuity improvements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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43. Construction of an Exudative Age-Related Macular Degeneration Diagnostic and Therapeutic Molecular Network Using Multi-Layer Network Analysis, a Fuzzy Logic Model, and Deep Learning Techniques: Are Retinal and Brain Neurodegenerative Disorders Related?

Author

Latifi-Navid, Hamid, primary, Barzegar Behrooz, Amir, additional, Jamehdor, Saleh, additional, Davari, Maliheh, additional, Latifinavid, Masoud, additional, Zolfaghari, Narges, additional, Piroozmand, Somayeh, additional, Taghizadeh, Sepideh, additional, Bourbour, Mahsa, additional, Shemshaki, Golnaz, additional, Latifi-Navid, Saeid, additional, Arab, Seyed Shahriar, additional, Soheili, Zahra-Soheila, additional, Ahmadieh, Hamid, additional, and Sheibani, Nader, additional

Published
2023
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44. Safety and Efficacy of Topical Vitamin D in the Management of Dry Eye Disease Associated With Meibomian Gland Dysfunction: A Placebo-Controlled Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial

Author

Hassanpour, Kiana, primary, Langari, Farideh, additional, Akbarzadeh, Amir Rezaeian, additional, Kanavi, Mozhgan Rezaei, additional, Barani, Maryam, additional, Kheiri, Bahareh, additional, Karimian, Farid, additional, Ahmadieh, Hamid, additional, and Sadoughi, Mohammad-Mehdi, additional

Published
2023
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49. A health terminological system for inherited retinal diseases: Content coverage evaluation and a proposed classification

Author

Sabbaghi, Hamideh, primary, Madani, Sina, additional, Ahmadieh, Hamid, additional, Daftarian, Narsis, additional, Suri, Fatemeh, additional, Khorrami, Farid, additional, Saviz, Proshat, additional, Shahriari, Mohammad Hasan, additional, Motevasseli, Tahmineh, additional, Fekri, Sahba, additional, Nourinia, Ramin, additional, Moradian, Siamak, additional, and Sheikhtaheri, Abbas, additional

Published
2023
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