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This paper deals with a class of Kirchhoff type problems on a double phase setting with a small perturbation. It is well known that (AR)-condition is an important technique to apply the Mountain Pass theorem. A legitimate question arises, can we ensure the existence of weak solutions in the case where (AR)-condition is not satisfied? Our goal is to give a positive answer to this question. We present a new sufficient assumption weaker than (AR)-condition for which the considered problem admits at least two weak solutions. The proof rely on variational arguments based on the Mountain Pass Theorem with Cerami condition. Our results extend the results already proven by other authors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, via a variational approach, we consider the existence of weak solutions for a class of Kirchhoff-double phase type problems, namely, {-M(D(u)div(|∇u|p-2∇u + a(x)|∇u|q-2∇u) = λg(x, u) in Ω, u = 0 on ∂Ω, where Ω ⊂ ℝN (N ≥ 2) is a smooth bounded domain, 1 < p < q < N. The aim of this article is to establish the existence of at least one nontrivial weak solution of the above problem without (AR)-condition, by using the Mountain Pass Theorem for an energy functional satisfying the Cerami condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Venipuncture is a common procedure in the neonatal department and causes significant pain for infants. This study aimed to compare the effect of tasting sucrose solution with those of smelling and tasting breast milk on the intensity of venipuncture pain in neonates. Methods: This clinical trial was performed on 99 full-term neonates at Bouali Sina Hospital in Sari, Iran. The subjects were randomly divided into three groups of 24% sucrose(n:34), breast milk smell (n:31) and breast milk taste(n:34). Their venipuncture pain was measured using neonatal infant acute pain assessment scale (NIAPAS). The vital signs of neonates were monitored from two minutes before to 60 seconds after venipuncture. The data was analyzed using the Shapiro-Wilks, Chi-square, Kruskal-Wallis, at a significant level of 5%, and the Friedman tests. Results: The mean scores of pain during venipuncture in the breast milk smell, breast milk taste, and sucrose groups were 7.22 ± 2.41, 8.58 ± 2.25, and 7.23 ± 2.61, respectively. The mean scores of pain 30 seconds after venipuncture in the breast milk smell and taste groups and the sucrose group were 2.25 ± 2.87, 4.41±4.30, and 2.70±3.18, respectively. The mean scores of pain 60 seconds after venipuncture in the breast milk smell and taste groups and the sucrose group were 0.45 ± 0.88, 1.55 ± 2.20, and 0.47 ± 0.96, respectively. The mean score of pain was significantly different at 30 and 60 seconds after venipuncture (P = 0.017 and 0.22, respectively). Conclusion: The smell and taste of maternal breast milk, in case of lack of sucrose, were effective in the relief of venipuncture pain among hospitalized neonates. It is suggested to use these non-invasive and cost-effective methods to relieve the pain of newborns during painful treatment procedures, especially when the mother is not present in the ward. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, we study a double phase variable exponents problem with mixed boundary value conditions of the form { D (u) + | u | p (x) − 2 u + b (x) | u | q (x) − 2 u = f (x , u) in Ω , u = 0 on Λ 1 , (| ∇ u | p (x) − 2 u + b (x) | ∇ u | q (x) − 2 u) ⋅ ν = g (x , u) on Λ 2. First of all, using the mountain pass theorem, we establish that this problem admits at least one nontrivial weak solution without assuming the Ambrosetti–Rabinowitz condition. In addition, we give a result on the existence of an unbounded sequence of nontrivial weak solutions by employing the Fountain theorem with the Cerami condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our focus in this study revolves around investigating a Kirchhoff problem involving the fractional p(x)-Laplacian operator. The purpose is to study the existence and multiplicity of weak solutions for the above problem under appropriate hypotheses on functions f and m. By using the Mountain Pass Theorem with Cerami condition, we show the existence of non-trivial weak solution for the problem without assuming the Ambrosetti-Rabinowitz condition. Furthermore, our second purpose is to determine the precise positive interval of λ for which the above problem admits at least two nontrivial weak solutions. It should be noted that the existence of infinitely many weak solutions is proved by employing the Fountain Theorem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The risk of wildfire in Iran has increasingly become a serious risk throughout the year and is no longer limited to a few months of the year. Accordingly, forest monitoring for identifying areas prone to fires is an effective step for the development of early warning systems. This research was conducted to see the relationship between the vegetation indices with the occurrence of fire in the vegetation areas of Iran. The MODIS sensor data of the Terra satellite, including the active fire product (MOD14A2) and vegetation indices NDVI and EVI (MOD13A3) were used from 2001 to 2020. The results showed that the maximum occurrence of wildfire in the vegetation areas of Iran occurs from the end of spring to the beginning of autumn. The increasing trend of wildfire occurrence in the warm period of the year is related to the increase in temperature, decrease in humidity, and early melting of snow in the spring season and the autumn season, simultaneously with the fall of vegetation and the late start of autumn precipitation. The maximum average height of wildfire occurrences in the Arsbaran vegetation area is 1791 meters in October and the maximum height of wildfire occurrences in the Irani-Turani area is 1565 meters in August. Spatial distribution of NDVI and EVI indices showed that the density of vegetation is effective in the intensity and spread of wildfire and provides the conditions for the spread of wildfire in such a way that barren areas with low vegetation cover the center, east, and southeast of Iran. Almost no wildfire occurred and the maximum number of active fires was observed in the north, west, and northwest of Iran. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drought is a natural phenomenon that is mainly caused by less than normal precipitation over a long period that occurs in almost all climates. Since the late 1970s, the occurrence of drought has increased globally due to increased evaporation (caused by global warming). This phenomenon occurs slowly and can be short-term or terminated within a few months or continue for several years. drought has increased significantly in Iran in recent decades. The increase in droughts has many negative consequences in different areas of agriculture, water resources, and wildfire. The purpose of this study is to investigate the drought situation in the vegetation areas of Iran using the Keetch-Byram drought index (KBDI). For this purpose, the KBDI drought index derived from the data set of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) fifth edition (ERA5) with a horizontal resolution of 0.25o during the period of 1981-2020 has been used. Also, the combined product of surface soil moisture (SSM) from microwave sensors AMI-WS (ERS-1 and ERS-2 satellites) and ASCAT (MetOpA-B satellite) with a horizontal resolution of 0.25 o to evaluate the KBDI drought index results as well as the moisture condition. The results showed that the khalij-Omani and Irani-Turani vegetation areas have very low soil moisture and high drought in Iran. The amount of soil moisture in these areas is low and the area-averaged is equal to 12.65% and 18.42%, respectively, which has been somewhat constant in all months, in other words, dryness is the predominant climate feature of these areas. The monthly analysis of the KBDI index shows the spread of drought severity towards the west, i.e., the vegetation area of Zagros, in the hot months of the year. A decrease in soil moisture and dryness can be observed in a major part of Iran from early spring to mid-autumn. Also, in the Zagros region, from mid-summer to mid-autumn, increasing values of the drought index and decreasing soil moisture can be observed. The minimum drought index is in the vegetation areas of Hyrkani and Arsbaran. The correspondence between the results of the surface soil moisture (SSM) of the satellite product and the KBDI drought index obtained from ECMWF-ERA5 shows the appropriate efficiency of the KBDI drought index in identifying drought centers in Iran and investigating the spatio-temporal patterns of drought occurrence. frequent low-intensity drought may favor more drought-tolerant species and adapt forests and grasslands to future conditions without the need for management measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an architecture and an optimization framework that uses partial response (PR) equalization for high-speed links. PR equalization is achieved through a combined use of linear transmit equalization and decision feedback equalization (DFE). This technique outperforms full-channel/impulse equalization for a wide range of channels in wireline communication. The constrained PR response equalization technique presented here improves eye openings, reduces the overall bit error rate, and reduces crosstalk impact for a large class of channels while maintaining a simple implementation. The new transceiver architecture proposed is particularly well suited for high-speed multichannel applications due to the mitigated DFE loop timing constraint. In comparison with duobinary equalization, the proposed PR architecture improves the eye height and eye width of the receiver by 28% and 10%, respectively, at 10 Gb/s and by 19% and 7%, respectively, at 15 Gb/s. The performance improvements in comparison to impulse equalization are even larger. Index Terms--Bit error rate (BER), decision feedback equalization (DFE), minimum mean-squared error (MMSE), partial response (PR), pulse amplitude modulation (2-PAM).

Background: Primary dysmenorrhea is the usual medical status in medical students that are defined as pain during the menstrual period. This study was done to evaluate the psychological problems associated with dysmenorrhea. Materials and Methods: Three hundred forty students aged 18 to 20 years participated in this cross-sectional study (194 with dysmenorrhea and 150 without dysmenorrhea). In this cross-sectional study, data were collected through the sociodemographic checklist, the verbal multidimensional scoring system (VMS), and the revised version of the Symptom Checklist-90 (SCL-90-R) questionnaire using the convenience sampling method. This questionnaire includes 9 Subscale and a GSI index. We considered psychological distress to be equivalent to the Global Severity İndex (GSI), which is obtained by dividing 90 questions by 90. The significance level of the tests was considered 0.05. Results: The GSI of the SCL-90 score in the 194 students with dysmenorrhea and 150 students without dysmenorrhea was 1.02 ± 0.42 and 0.34 ± 0.15 respectively (P<0.001). In the group with dysmenorrhea, the severity of dysmenorrhea was significantly associated with a family history of dysmenorrhea and mother's education (P=0.012 and P=0.037, respectively). The strongest predictors of GSI>1 were a family history of dysmenorrhea and mother's education [odds ratio (OR)=2.33, 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.43-4.15 and OR=0.45, 95% CI, 0.24-0.87, respectively]. Conclusion: According to the result, dysmenorrhea is associated with psychological distress. Psychological interventions and counseling in addition to drug treatment are suggested for treatment of primary dysmenorrhea. Therefore, it is necessary to formulate strategies and health policies to recover psychological issues of menstrual health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Patients with pelvic mass are the most referred patients to gynecologist. The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of three malignancy risk indices (RMI 1, RMI 2 and RMI 3) and CA-125 to discriminate a benign from a malignant pelvic mass in our region (North of Iran). Methods This retrospective study was performed on 182 women with pelvic masses referred to Yahyanejad Hospital from 2007 to 2009. Ultrasound scans were scored as one point for each of the following characteristics: multilocular cyst, solid areas, intra-abdominal metastases, ascites, and bilateral lesions. For each patient a total ultrasound score (U) was calculated. The difference of the three RMI was based on the allocation of the U and M scores. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive values (PPV) and negative predictive values (NPV) of level of serum CA-125, the RMI 1, 2 and 3 were compared. Results Mean age of the patients was 39.9 ± 9.3 years. Most of them were premenopausal (161 women or 88.4%). A significant linear trend for malignancy was found by increasing age, ultrasound score, and serum CA-125. The best performance of CA125 was at a cut-off 88 U/ml, with a sensitivity of 88%, a specificity of 97%, a positive predictive value of 84%, and a negative predictive value of 99%. RMI 1 and 3 at the optimal cut off point of 265 and RMI2 at the optimal cut off point of 355, had a sensitivity of 91%, specificity of 96%, a positive predictive value of 78%, and a negative predictive value of 99%. Conclusion In our population we found that there is no statistically significant difference in the performance of three malignancy risk indices (RMI 1, RMI 2, and RMI 3) and CA125 in differentiating between benign and malignant pelvic masses.

The research results indicated that wet and dry dust deposition is a function of geographical characteristics. The seasonal wet and dry dust deposition and Fine Particles (PM 2.5) correlation in Iran with elevation, latitude and longitude results that the maximum correlation belongs to height, followed by latitude and longitude; meanwhile height and latitude are strongly and reversely correlated with each other. The Regional ratio of dry to wet deposition indicated that the share of dry deposition was high in south-eastern and western regions of Iran indicating the distance from dust sources. Wet and dry deposition fluxes of mineral dusts were both high in spring and summer low in clod season, showing similar seasonal variations to frequency of Aeolian dust events in Iran. The high amount of wet deposition in summer and autumn in northern regions (Mazandaran and Gilan Provinces) is due to the sea salt and anthropogenic factor dust that is washed out by local precipitation. Relatively high concentration of Fine Particles (PM 2.5) with different compounds in Iran is due to two factors: natural particles (mineral dust and sea salt) and anthropogenic activities (fossil fuel and biofuel). The maximum value of PM 2.5 can be seen in the south and southwestern regions of Iran due to local and trans-regional sources of sand and dust storms (SDS). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]