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Additional file 12. Fig. S7: Islands of LMCs during BM regeneration. In days 12 and 20 post-sub-lethal irradiation, LMC-rich foci are observed in BM sections.

Additional file 9. Fig. S4: Spontaneous differentiation of LMCs into adipocytes. Even in the absence of an adipogenic induction, LMCs could differentiate to adipocytes as revealed by Oil Red O staining of lipid vacuoles. The cells are counterstained with hematoxylin in the right panel. Scale bar: 100 µm.

Additional file 3. Fig. S1: The frequency of polyploid cells in normal BM. A. A representative graph for cytofluorometric DNA content analysis of BM. B. The frequency of different BM populations is quantified based on three independent experiments.

Additional file 6. Fig. S3: Time-lapse imaging of budding cells. In the top panel, the derivation of a mononucleated cell from an LMC is shown during 10 h. The bottom panel represents the occasional dividing of an LMC into polyploid progenies. Scale bar: 100 µm.

Additional file 2. Table S2: List of primers.

Additional file 4. Fig. S2: Average size of BM-LMCs A. Size determination of BM-isolated LMCs. Values are mean ± SD. B. A representative image of a cultured LMC at 24 h after isolation.

Objective Using mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is regarded as a new therapeutic approach for improving fibrotic diseases. the aim of this study to evaluate the feasibility and safety of systemic infusion of autologous adipose tissue-derived MSCs (AD-MSCs) in peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients with expected peritoneal fibrosis. Materials and Methods This study was a prospective, open-label, non-randomized, placebo-free, phase I clinical trial. Case group consisted of nine eligible renal failure patients with more than two years of history of being on PD. Autologous AD-MSCs were obtained through lipoaspiration and expanded under good manufacturing practice conditions. Patients received 1.2 ± 0.1×106 cell/kg of AD-MSCs via cubital vein and then were followed for six months at time points of baseline, and then 3 weeks, 6 weeks, 12 weeks, 16 weeks and 24 weeks after infusion. Clinical, biochemical and peritoneal equilibration test (PET) were performed to assess the safety and probable change in peritoneal solute transport parameters. Results No serious adverse events and no catheter-related complications were found in the participants. 14 minor reported adverse events were self-limited or subsided after supportive treatment. One patient developed an episode of peritonitis and another patient experienced exit site infection, which did not appear to be related to the procedure. A significant decrease in the rate of solute transport across peritoneal membrane was detected by PET (D/P cr=0.77 vs. 0.73, P=0.02). Conclusion This study, for the first time, showed the feasibility and safety of AD-MSCs in PD patients and the potentials for positive changes in solute transport. Further studies with larger samples, longer follow-up, and randomized blind control groups to elucidate the most effective route, frequency and dose of MSCs administration, are necessary (Registration Number: IRCT2015052415841N2).