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Abstract Groundwater pollution by nitrate has is a major concern in the Tehran–Karaj aquifer, Iran, where the wells provide up to 80% of the water supply for a population of more than 18 million—yet detailed human health risks associated with nitrate are unknown due to the lack of accessible data to adequately cover the aquifer in both place and time. Here, using a rich dataset measured annually in more than 75 wells, we mapped the non-carcinogenic risk of nitrate in the aquifer between 2007 and 2018, a window with the most extensive anthropogenic activities in this region. Nitrate concentration varied from ~ 6 to ~ 150 mg/L, around three times greater than the standard level for drinking use, i.e. 50 mg/L. Samples with a non-carcinogenic risk of nitrate, which mainly located in the eastern parts of the study region, threatened children’s health, the most vulnerable age group, in almost all of the years during the study period. Our findings revealed that the number of samples with a positive risk of nitrate for adults decreased in the aquifer from 2007 (17 wells) to 2018 (6 wells). Although we hypothesized that unsustainable agricultural practices, the growing population, and increased industrial activities could have increased the nitrate level in the Tehran-Karaj aquifer, improved sanitation infrastructures helped to prevent the intensification of nitrate pollution in the aquifer during the study period. Our compilation of annually mapped non-carcinogenic risks of nitrate is beneficial for local authorities to understand the high-risk zones in the aquifer and for the formulation of policy actions to protect the human health of people who use groundwater for drinking and other purposes in this densely populated region.

Introduction: Flood is caused by a sudden increase in the water level of a river due to heavy rainfall, in which excess water flows out of the basin and the riverbed and enters adjacent areas, causing extensive damage to the region's ecosystems and infrastructure. In order to determine and implement a strategic plan in the direction of crisis management, understanding the mechanism and development of the flood phenomenon and the amount of subsequent runoff is a priority. In recent years, flood events have occurred in the catchment area of ​​the dry river of Shiraz; The most terrible flood event occurred on the 25th and 26th of March 2019 in the basin and caused severe economic, social and human damage to the people of the city. By recognizing the mechanisms and developing atmospheric patterns of flood generation, the first step can be taken in flood control; Also, by predicting the amount of runoff produced, how to deal with it can be identified. For this reason, in order to manage the environment of the dry river basin of Shiraz, the present study tries to approach flood management based on recognizing flood generating patterns and simulating the amount of runoff produced.Material and Methods: In order to study rainfall in the dry river of Shiraz, the daily rainfall was obtained from 12 rain gauge stations in the area in the period 2001 to 2019. The rainfalls were then sorted on an annual and monthly scale, and the rainfall was zoned using the Kriging algorithm in ArcGIS. Also, rainfalls of more than 40 mm were extracted from 12 rain gauge stations and were considered as flood events. For each rainfall station, the number of flood events was determined and flood events were zoned by the kriging algorithm in ArcGIS. Next, three events of flood on 16 February 2017, 26 March 2019 and 23 January 2020, when the average rainfall in the Shiraz watershed was 100 mm every three days, were selected and interacted with a synoptic approach. Atmospheric conditions and flood patterns were identified. Next, using the HEC-HMS hydrological model, the amount of rainfall to runoff conversion in each of the sub-basins in the Shiraz watershed was simulated.Results and Discussion: The results showed that the maximum precipitation occurs in February and the minimum in July. The maximum annual rainfall is 627 mm in the mountainous areas of Qalat and Golestan and the minimum is 245 mm in Maharloo Lake. Synoptic results showed that the low altitude and cold-water trough at the level of 500 hPa in the eastern Mediterranean along with the dynamic low-pressure system in Iran caused surface air instability in Fars Province and by injecting moisture from the Persian Gulf to the massif. The weather has caused floods in Shiraz. The results of rainfall-runoff modeling showed that the highest runoff in Sadra and Qalat sub-basins were 5773 and 5076 thousand m3, respectively, and the maximum peak discharge in Sadra and Qalat was 666 and 389 m3/sec, respectively. It happened at 17:00. The highest volume of rainfall penetration in Qalat and Chenar Rahdar was 5423 and 2546 thousand m3, respectively, and the lowest level of penetration in the Quran Gate was 247 thousand m3, the main reason being the high density of residential-commercial use in this sub-basin.Conclusion: Therefore, it is suggested that in order to manage the flood crisis in Shiraz, controlling runoff produced in northern sub-basins such as Qalat, Golestan and Sadra and increasing the level of permeability can be effective in controlling floods.

Introduction: Emissions of particulate matter from car exhaust, tire wear, engine lubricants and street fence wear contain heavy metals, which are dangerous for the urban ecosystem. However, most of the particles are deposited on the canopy and soil of plants, which are absorbed by them. Pollution-resistant species with a high capacity to absorb suspended particles can be used to remove suspended particles from the urban environment. For this reason, in this study, concentrations of heavy metals in the leaves and soil of tree species in Bandar Abbas were measured and evaluated. Also, species with the highest potential for adsorption of heavy metals were identified. Material and methods: First, three tree species including Azadirachta indica, Conocarpus and Prosopis juliflora were selected as the dominant plants in Bandar Abbas and in 30 points of the fields with 5 points of the non-polluted environment outside the city (control), and sampled from the surface soil and leaves of these species. After preparing and digesting the samples, the concentration of heavy metals (cadmium, manganese, zinc and lead) emitted from urban traffic was measured using atomic absorption spectrometry in soil and tree leaf samples. Next, the difference in heavy metal concentrations between tree species was analyzed by ANOVA and between soil and leaves and between urban and control environments was analyzed by t-student test. Then, to determine the tree species with high accumulation of heavy metals, two indices of heavy metal accumulation (BCF) and bioaccumulation index (MAI) were used.Results and discussion: The results showed that the pattern of heavy metals in soil and leaves of tree species was Mn> Zn> Pb> Cd. The maximum concentrations of heavy metals in the soil and leaves were detected in Conocarpus, Azadirachta indica and Prosopis juliflora, respectively. Spatially, the highest concentration of heavy metals in the sampling points was related to Imam Hossein Street. However, the minimum concentration of heavy metals was observed in the Persian Gulf Street. The concentrations of Mn and Pb in the soil of plant species were different and their differences were significant at 95% level, but the concentration of Cd and Zn was not different in the soil of tree species. Pb, Mn and Zn concentrations were not different in the shoots of the studied tree species and their differences were not significant at the 95% level. However, the concentration of Cd in the shoots of the species was different and the difference between the species was significant at the 95% level. There was a significant difference in the concentration of heavy metals between soil and leaves at 95 and 99%. Also, the concentration of heavy metals in soil and leaves between urban and control fields was significantly different at 95%. The pattern of the BCF index in all species was Zn> Pb> Mn> Cd and heavy metals had moderate accumulation for tree species. Bioaccumulation index (MAI) showed that Conocarpus had the highest adsorption potential of heavy metals and the lowest adsorption potential was observed in Prosopis juliflora.Conclusion: Conocarpus, by absorbing pollutants from urban traffic, purifies the polluted air of Bandar Abbas; However, Prosopis juliflora, which is one of the migratory trees in the city of Bandar Abbas, with strong and deep roots, dries up the surface and groundwater of the region. On the other hand, its potential to absorb urban air pollutants is weak. Therefore, despite their resistance to drought and heat, Conocarpus trees have a high potential to purify urban pollution and can replace Prosopis juliflora.

Extended abstractIntroduction:The idea of ​​resilience of different social, economic, physical, and managerial orientations has entered urban and regional studies on a large scale. This resilient system can absorb temporary or permanent crises and adapt to rapidly changing conditions without losing its function. Among these, resilience against natural disasters can be explained by how social, economic, institutional, political, and executive capacities of societies affect the increase of resilience and understanding of its dimensions in the society. Environmental crises, such as earthquakes, floods, fires, and climate pollution, have caused environmental vulnerability in cities and consequently created threats to their securities, especially in District 20 of Tehran City. By recognizing the dimensions of vulnerability in District 20 of this city against environmental crises, management strategies can be developed to reduce vulnerability and risks and enhance resilience. For this reason, the main purpose of this study was to evaluate resilience of the neighborhoods in District 20 of Tehran City against environmental crises. To achieve this goal, the Fuzzy Multi-Criteria Decision Model (FMCDM) and K-mean method of classification were used. Methodology:To identify and assess the resilience of District 20 of Tehran against environmental crises, a database was created based on the crises and its spatial information was prepared in 4 criteria and 26 sub-criteria. After creating the spatial database of the mentioned district and compiling the criteria and sub-criteria, a layer of information was prepared in ArcGIS software and a distance map was drawn for each sub-criterion through Euclidean distance mapping in order to measure and manage the resilience. Then, fuzzy operators were applied to draw each fuzzy map (subscale) with a value between 0 and 1. Analytic Network Process (ANP) method was utilized to weight and evaluate the research criteria and sub-criteria. Next, the map of each criterion and sub-criterion was drawn by combining the Euclidean distance and fuzzy operators multiplied by their fuzzy weights obtained from the ANP model in ArcGIS software. Thus, the final map was prepared for each criterion and sub-criterion, which showed their values of resilience to the environmental crises. Then, fuzzy superimposing operators were applied to superimpose the fuzzy weighting maps and a superimposed map of 26 sub-criteria (4 criteria) was obtained for each fuzzy operator. To identify the best fuzzy operator by superimposing the research sub-criteria, analysis of spatial relationships between the independent variables and the dependent variable was done through the Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression. Finally, the classical K-mean clustering method was employed to classify the neighborhoods from the perspective of resilience to environmental crises. Discussion:The results showed that the weights and values of the socio-economic criteria, road infrastructure, land use and accessibility in resilience measures were 0.49, 0.23, 0.16, and 0.11, respectively. In the socio-economic, road infrastructure, land use, and accessibility criteria, the sub-criteria of house strength, pedestrian bridge, access to social places, and access to medical centers with the weights of 0.33, 0.43, 0.32, and 0.29 had the highest values in resilience. Among the fuzzy superposition operators, the algebraic addition operator (SUM) had the highest correlation with the research criteria in identifying the resilience of the neighborhoods. The northeast and southeast neighborhoods, as well as the central neighborhoods of District 20 of Tehran, were the most resilient neighborhoods to environmental crises. In the final step of the current research, the classical K-mean method was used to cluster the existing neighborhoods in District 20 of Tehran City based on their resilience to environmental crises. The results revealed that the neighborhoods were divided into 3 clusters. In the first cluster showing a lot of patience, the neighborhoods of Javanmard Qassab, Mansouria and Mangal, Hamzehabad, Sartakht, Ibn Babavieh and Zahirabad, Taghiabad, and Abbasabad were located. In the second cluster indicating moderate tolerance, Dolatabad and Shahadat, Sadeghieh, Shahid Ghayuri, Deilman, Aqdasiyeh, Estakhr, and Alain neighborhoods were situated. Finally, the neighborhoods of Sizdeh Aban, Shahid Beheshti, Firoozabadi, Valiabad, and Hashemabad were located in the third cluster with poor productivity. Conclusion:Environmental crises, such as earthquake, flood, drought, air and water pollution, and fire, have the potential to become harmful in areas where there are no crisis management and risk mitigation. In the 21st century, the world has been hit by such environmental crises as Asian tsunamis, Hurricanes Katrina and Rita, successive earthquakes, flash floods, desert dust storms, and widespread fires. Although predictive tools are able to predict some disasters, future crises cannot be forecast based on empirical evidence. Therefore, increasing the ability of a system called resilience is very important for responding to such crises; yet, its resilience must first be measured. In the present study, the resilience of District 20 of Tehran City to environmental crises was evaluated based on socio-economic, road infrastructure, land use, and accessibility criteria. The results of this modeling led to the extraction of 3 clusters for the resilience of the neighborhoods of District 20 of Tehran against environmental crises. The neighborhoods in the west region had the highest resilience compared to the urban areas. Keywords: resilience, home strength, Analytic Network Process (ANP), fuzzy operator, regression References- Asadzadeh, A., Kötter, T., & Zebardast, E. (2015). An augmented approach for measurement of disaster resilience using connective factor analysis and analytic network process (F’ANP) model. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 14, 504-518.- Bacud, S. T. (2018). Integration of Indigenous and Scientific Knowledge in Disaster Risk Reduction: Resilience Building of a Marginalized Sampaguita Growing Community in the Philippines. Procedia engineering, 212, 511-518.‏- Borsekova, K., Nijkamp, P., & Guevara, P. (2018). Urban resilience patterns after an external shock: An exploratory study. International journal of disaster risk reduction, 31, 381-392.- Caschili, S., Reggiani, A., & Medda, F. (2015). Resilience and vulnerability of spatial economic networks. Networks and Spatial Economics, 15(2), 205-210.- Chen, C., Xu, L., Zhao, D., Xu, T., & Lei, P. (2020). A new model for describing the urban resilience considering adaptability, resistance and recovery. Safety science, 128, 104756.‏- Cutter, S. L., Barnes, L., Berry, M., Burton, C., Evans, E., Tate, E., & Webb, J. (2008). A place-based model for understanding community resilience to natural disasters. Global environmental change, 18(4), 598-606.‏- Davis, I., & Izadkhah, Y. O. (2006). Building resilient urban communities. Open House International, 31(1), 11-21.- Fakhruddin, B. S., Reinen-Hamill, R., & Robertson, R. (2019). Extent and evaluation of vulnerability for disaster risk reduction of urban Nuku'alofa, Tonga. Progress in Disaster Science, 2, 100017.- Govindarajulu, D. (2020). Strengthening institutional and financial mechanisms for building urban resilience in India. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 101549.- Harpin, S. B. (2019). Adverse childhood experiences and resilience: implications for marginalized and vulnerable young people. Journal of Adolescent Health, 64(1), 3-4.‏- Kabir, M. H., Sato, M., Habbiba, U., & Yousuf, T. B. (2018). Assessment of Urban Disaster Resilience in Dhaka North City Corporation (DNCC), Bangladesh. Procedia engineering, 212, 1107-1114.- Landry, F., Dupras, J., & Messier, C. (2020). Convergence of urban forest and socio-economic indicators of resilience: A study of environmental inequality in four major cities in eastern Canada. Landscape and Urban Planning, 202, 103856.‏- Moghadas, M., Asadzadeh, A., Vafeidis, A., Fekete, A., & Kötter, T. (2019). A multi-criteria approach for assessing urban flood resilience in Tehran, Iran. International journal of disaster risk reduction, 35, 101069.- Mullick, M. R. A., Tanim, A. H., & Islam, S. S. (2019). Coastal vulnerability analysis of Bangladesh coast using fuzzy logic based geospatial techniques. Ocean & Coastal Management, 174, 154-169.‏- Ran, J., MacGillivray, B. H., Gong, Y., & Hales, T. C. (2019). The application of frameworks for measuring social vulnerability and resilience to geophysical hazards within developing countries: A systematic review and narrative synthesis. Science of the total environment, 134486.- Suárez, M., Gómez-Baggethun, E., Benayas, J., & Tilbury, D. (2016). Towards an urban resilience Index: a case study in 50 Spanish cities. Sustainability, 8(8), 774.- Wills, G., & Hofmeyr, H. (2019). Academic resilience in challenging contexts: Evidence from township and rural primary schools in South Africa. International Journal of Educational Research, 98, 192-205.‏- Zhang, W., Su, S., Wang, B., Hong, Q., & Sun, L. (2020). Local k-NNs pattern in Omni-Direction graph convolution neural network for 3D point clouds. Neurocomputing, 413, 487-498.‏- Zhang, X., Song, J., Peng, J., & Wu, J. (2019). Landslides-oriented urban disaster resilience assessment—a case study in ShenZhen, China. Science of the Total Environment, 661, 95-106.- Fig 1. Geographical location of District 20 Tehran- Table 1- Fuzzy membership of sub-criteria in resilience of District 20 of Tehran against environmental hazards- Fig 2. Diagram of the steps of the work method in the present study- Table 1- The weight of research criteria in resilience of District 20 of Tehran against environmental hazards- Tab 3- Weight of criteria socio-economic in the resilience of Tehran's 20th districtFigure 3- Zoning of population and young population sub-criteria in the resilience of District 20 of Tehran- Figure 4- Zoning of Economic participation and employment rates sub-criteria in the resilience of District 20 of Tehran- Figure 5- Zoning of Home strength and literacy rates sub-criteria in the resilience of District 20 of Tehran- Tab 4- Weight of criteria and sub-criteria of land cover in the resilience of Tehran's 20th district- Figure 6- Zoning of Access to parks and social sites sub-criteria in the resilience of District 20 of Tehran- Figure 7- Zoning of Distance from the flood and access to water sources sub-criteria in the resilience of District 20 of Tehran- Figure 8- Zoning of Distance from agricultural lands and urban green space sub-criteria in the resilience of District 20 of Tehran- Figure 9- Zoning of Distance from the green belt and outdoor rates sub-criteria in the resilience of District 20 of Tehran- Tab 5- Standard weight and sub-criteria of accesses in Tehran 20 district resilience- Figure 10- Zoning of Access to fuel station and security police sub-criteria in the resilience of District 20 of Tehran- Figure 11- Zoning of Access to educational and administrative centers sub-criteria in the resilience of District 20 of Tehran- Figure 12- Zoning of Access to Commercial and service centers sub-criteria in the resilience of District 20 of Tehran- Figure 13- Zoning of Access to Medical centers and distance from the factory sub-criteria in the resilience of District 20 of Tehran- Tab 6- Standard weight and sub-criteria of road infrastructure in Tehran 20 district- Figure 14- Zoning of Access to bus and freeway stations sub-criteria in the resilience of District 20 of Tehran- Figure 15- Zoning of Access to the pedestrian bridge and railway station sub-criteria in the resilience of District 20 of Tehran- Figure 16- Zoning of Criteria for access to urban services and socio-economic criteria in the resilience of District 20 of Tehran- Figure 17- Zoning of Land use criteria and access to road infrastructure criteria in the resilience of District 20 of Tehran- Tab 7. Correlation coefficient between fuzzy overlay operators with research criteria- Fig 18. Overlapping of research criteria with SUM operator and resilience modeling of Tehran Region 20

Water resources modeling can provide valuable information to planners. In this respect, water yield is an ecosystem service with significant roles in the sustainability of societies and ecosystems. The present study aimed to model the supply and demand of water resources and identify their scarcity and stress in the Sirvan river basin. For this purpose, we employed the ecosystem services concept as new thinking in earth sciences and using soil, climate, and land use data. Firstly, the Landsat satellite images of 2019 were prepared after different corrections, and the land use map was produced. Then, precipitation, evapotranspiration, root restricting layer depth, and evapotranspiration coefficients of the land uses were prepared and modeled in the InVEST 3.8.9 software environment. The findings indicated that the water yield in this river basin is 5,381 million m3, with sub-basins 5, 11, and 1 having the highest water yield per year and sub-basin 2 having the lowest water yield. Moreover, sub-basins 5 and 11 had the highest water consumption. Based on the estimated water scarcity and stress index, sub-basin 8 has experienced water scarcity and sub-basin 4 water stress. We conclude that applying the InVEST Water Yield model to assess water resource status at the basin and sub-basins level can provide suitable results for planning. HIGHLIGHTS Accurate knowledge of the status of water resources, including supply and demand at the basins, is a key requirement in water managing and planning.; Factors of population growth, population displacement must be considered in modeling and planning.; Using water scarcity and stress index in water resources management at the basin level can bring about stability in the supply and demand of ecosystem services and conservation.;

Abstract This study investigates how land use and climate changes affect water yield ecosystem service (ES) in the Sirvan River basin, located in Iran’s Kurdistan and Kermanshah provinces. By detecting land-use and climatic parameter changes in the past, their future evolution were modeled by scenario making. For this purpose, we developed two land-use scenarios (low and high urbanization) and two climatic scenarios (Representative Concentration Pathway 2.6 and RCP 8.5). The implemented scenarios showed how the amount of water yield in the basin and sub-basins changes in the future based on climate and land-use changes. The results showed that, concerning land use, the forest has decreased from 2013 to 2019, and built-up areas have increased. Also, the results showed that precipitation has been declining in the long term, and the temperature has been rising. Finally, the Water yield in 2019 was higher than in 2013 and lower in the future based on forecast scenarios. This trend will continue until 2040. In addition, it was found that the t effects of these factors on water yield ES are a complex process, and based on the results, the impact of climatic factors is more significant than the one of land-use change. We could conclude that this region will face more environmental problems in the future.

To determine the range of unstable morphology of rivers, streams is one of the main factors in the plan. In this paper, Changes Kor River in the area between the bridge Abbas Abad and dam Dorudzan city Kamfirouz Province Fars, Was investigated.Type the range in terms of sustainability by comparing the path of the river on the satellite images of 2001 and 2014 And topographic maps of 2004 and Google Images 2014 years, Geometrical parameters and their prevalence was determined. After creating a logical connection between all variables, How effective Mulla Sadra Dam on river morphology was analyzed. At the end of the river changes in the study area was determined using satellite images and topographic maps. The results showed that the river Kor in the range of low to very sensitive and many changes at this time. On the move and redirect rivers in the maze of rivers can be said that the development and expansion of the width and length of the arc to be seen. Handling fierce rivers and streams meandering into the arterial pattern spent meandering curve is associated with amputation and development.the coefficient of bend in the river has decreased over the years And this show from becoming a river and meander to meander developed severe sinus mode.

Water resources have always been a limiting factor in environmental planning. Understanding the status of this critical resource can have a significant impact on proper land use planning. This study aimed to estimate the water supply and demand as an ecosystem service and to identify areas with water stress in the Sirvan transboundary basin. This goal could be achieved using the concept of ecosystem services, which is new thinking in the earth sciences, and using geographical, climatic data, and satellite images. After relative corrections, Landsat satellite images for 2019 were prepared, and the LULC map was produced. Then precipitation, evapotranspiration, and root depth layers were created. The latest inputs, including the Evapotranspiration coefficients of the land cover and related tables, were prepared and modeled in the InVEST 3.8.9 software environment. The results showed that the amount of water yield in this watershed is 5,381 million m3/yr, where the sub-basin 5, 11, and 1 have the highest water yield with 1426, 906, and 621 million m3/yr. and sub-basin 2 with 100 million m3/yr have the lowest water yield. The sub-basin 5 with 110 million m3/yr has the highest consumption, and the sub-basin 2 with 7 Mm3/yr has the lowest consumption. Sub-basin 4, where the city of Sanandaj is located, has the highest water stress.

Introduction: Place attachment is an emotional connection to a specific location or perspective where usually includes physical and social elements (Devine-Wright, 2013). From Hummon's point of view, the community attachment is defined as an emotional investment in one place (Buta et al., 2014). Today, environmental concepts deeply have social implications, and a large part of the people’s environmental beliefs and behaviors changes under the influence of cultural and social systems (Kalantari et al., 2016). The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between community attachment and environmental behaviors considering the role of mediating attachment of the place among residents of Tajrish neighbourhood located in the district One of Tehran. Material and methods: The present research was a descriptive, analytical-correlational survey. A sample of 284 was selected from inhabitants of Tajrish neighbourhood based on random sampling method. The participants were asked to fill out the research questionnaire whose reliability and validity were confirmed. The obtained data were statistically analyzed using the correlation analysis and structural equation modeling in SPSS-21 and AMOS-21. Results and discussion: The results of standard coefficients obtained from structural equation modeling showed that community attachment can directly and positively predict place attachment (p < 0.01, β=0.65) and place attachment also can directly and positively predict pro-environmental civic participation (p < 0.01, β=0.48). Finally, the study findings revealed that community attachment affects pro-environmental civic participation both directly (p < 0.01, β=0.41) and indirectly, through the mediating role of place attachment, (p < 0.01, β=0.31). In order to assess the fitness of the model, in this research, fit indices from eight main indicators were utilized. In this study, the relative Chi-square, (CMIN/Df) was estimated at 1.375, indicating the acceptable condition of the model. The Root Mean Square Error of Approximation (RMSEA) of 0.036 also demonstrated the validity of the model developed in this study. The GFI and AGFI indices, absolute fit indices, should be in the range of zero to one, and values greater than 0.9 for the GFI index and 0.85 for the AGFI index indicate the optimal fit of the model. In the model measured in the present study, the value of 0.990 for the GFI index and 0.965 for the AGFI index showed a highly favorable fit of the model. For the Increasing Fitting Index (IFI), the Tucker-Lewis Index (TLI), and the Comparative Fit Index (CFI), values greater than 0.9 represent the ideal fit of the model. IFI, TLI, and CFI were, respectively, 0.996, 0.990, and 0.996 in this study. The (Bentler-Bonett) Normed Fit Index (NFI) is based on the correlation between the present variables in the model in a way that the coefficients of correlation between them would lead to high values of the adaptive fit index. The acceptable value of this index should be greater than 0.9 which was obtained in the present study and is an indication of the confirmation of the research model. Conclusions: The present study demonstrated that community attachment has a direct and significant effect on the place attachment and the environmental behavior. On the other hand, community attachment indirectly affects the creation of environmental behaviors in citizens through involving the sense of attachment to the .place; hence, place attachment is considered as an intermediary factor in creating environmentalist behaviors

A multi-objective linear optimization model has been formulated, which is used for water and crop area allocation in two irrigation and drainage networks of Dorudzan and Karbal, including five farming regions. The developed model is based on four bankruptcy rules of proportional cutback (PC), constrained equal awards (CEL), constrained equal losses (CEL), and adjusted proportional (APR) in terms of the certainty and uncertainty in the water availability. The developed model has four objective functions to reflect the various agricultural and environmental consumptions and is solved for two dry and non-dry conditions using a fuzzy compromise approach. The outputs of the model showed that the regions with higher shares of water receives the most allocated water through the bankruptcy rules of the PC and CEL in dry and non-dry condition, respectively. On the other hand, the most allocated water for the regions with lower shares of water occurs through the bankruptcy rule of the CEA in both hydro-climatic conditions. The outcome of the stability evaluation using the bankruptcy stability index (BASI) indicated that this criterion could not be used to evaluate stability under all bankruptcy situations; thus, one should take the necessary precaution for making a decision according to its output.

Morphological changes in rivers lead to serious damages, including changes in the width of the waterways, changes in the drainage plan, erosion and sedimentation of the bed and banks, structural failure and loss of valuable land. A two-dimensional numerical model called CCHE2D was used to simulate the effect of the flow pattern on the river bed changes in the reach of the natural floodplain of the Kor River between the Abbas Abad Bridge and the Dorudzan Bridge, the Province of Fars. The topographical maps of the study area, the geometry of the model, and the computational grid with different dimensions were prepared. Based on the measured flow parameters, a two-dimensional hydrodynamic model of the mean depth, performance and results such as the changes in depth, flow velocity, secondary flow and shear stress were extracted. Finally, two data sets of the RMSE and MAPE were compared using the numerical model simulation versus the collected data. The results showed that this model had a good accuracy in predicting the flow parameter values, ​​and the simulated data were similar to those obtained from field measurements. The results of changes in the flow pattern as an effective indicator in predicting the hydraulic behavior and hydrodynamics showed that by correcting the path and removing the bends in the clay meadows of the Kor River by straightening the meanders, the heavy erosion of meander most agricultural land will be prevented. It must be emphasized that straightening the waterway entails its lining with erosion-resisting materials. It can be seen that using the computational fluid dynamics for modeling the stream bed variations brings researchers closer to a more general predictions for governing the processes in riverine plains. Also, the CCHE2D model has a good ability to predict changes in meandering rivers.

The vital need for river management and prediction of bank erosion processes is obvious. Riverbank erosion is one of the major sources of sediment for many rivers across the world. In this research, a combination of morphology methods, satellite imagery and BSTEM model were used for stability analysis of Bashar River. Comparison of the results of the BSTEM model indicated that the averages of maximum lateral retreat in cross sections of 1 to 5 were 128, 210, 200, 37 and 65 cm; the average of total eroded area were 2.01, 4.1, 5 36, 0.7 and 2.65 m2; the failure width were 1.73, 3.12, 2.32, 8.56 and 2.65 m, and the factor of safety were 0.34, 0.33, 0.27, 1.07 and 0.79, respectively, indicating the instability of the studied cross sections. On average, the maximum lateral retreat and the minimum factor of safety occurred in the floods peaking at the 537 and 912 m3/s, respectively. The results of the application of the BSTEM model in the selected reach indicated the instability of this reach of the river.

The aim of current research is to access pasture covering status in drought and rainy conditions during pasture germination beginning and climax periods in different altitudes of Shirvan darasi aquiferous zone at Meshkinshahr city. So, by using precipitation data, total daily, participation, minimum, maximum and mean temperature of Meshkinshahr were measured during 1996-2016 statistical period and were used for determining pasture growth in different periods and calculating standard precipitation index (SPI) in 3 time intervals with 1, 3 and 6 months and also TM Landset satellite images were applied for plant covering difference index (NDVI) and leaf area index (LAI) during pasture germination beginning and climax periods in different altitudes of studied zone. In order to investigation the relationship between studied indices, (R2) correlation, (R) Pearson correlation and RMSE (root mean of square error) coefficients were used. Based on SPI index results, precipitation position was normal in most of years in the region, but the most drying conditions have happened during April, May, June months for pasture growth period. Obtained results from implementation and evaluation of indices showed that the most correlation between leaf area index at standard participation and pasture germination climax periods at pasture germination beginning period was equal to 0/874, with the least error rate which it is equal to 1/32. According to Pearson correlation coefficient there is significant relationship between participation amount during pasture germination beginning period with pasture covering area at germination climax period. Generally, results showed that precipitation decline during early stages of pasture growth period has a more significant impact in determining growth conditions and pasture congestion compared to dry conditions in other pasture growth stages.

In this paper, among multi-criteria models for complex decision-making and multiple-attribute models for assigning the most preferable choice, the technique for order preference by similarity ideal solution (TOPSIS) is implied. The main objective of this research is to identify potential natural hazards in Bandar Abbas city, Iran, using TOPSIS model, which is based on an analytical hierarchy process structure. A set of 12 relevant geomorphologic parameters, including earthquake frequency, distance from the earthquake epicentre, number of faults, flood, talus creep, landslide, land subsidence, tide, hurricane and tidal wave, dust storms with external source, wind erosion and sea level fluctuations are considered to quantify inputs of the model. The outputs of this study indicate that one region, among three assessed regions, has the maximum potential occurrence of natural hazards, while it has been urbanized at a greater rate compared to other regions. Furthermore, based on Delphi method, the earthquake frequency and the landslide are the most and the least dangerous phenomena, respectively.

Rainfall-runoff relationship is very important in many fields of hydrology such as water supply and water resourcemanagement and there are many models in this field. Among these models, the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) wasfound suitable for processing rainfall-runoff and opened various approaches in hydrological modeling. In addition,ANNs are quick and flexible approaches which provide very promising results, and are cheaper and simpler toimplement than their physically based models. Therefore, this study evaluated the use of ANN models to forecastdaily flows in Bar watershed, a semi-arid region in the northwest Razavi Khorasan Province of Iran. Two differentneural network models, the multilayer perceptron (MLP) and the radial basis neural network (RBF), were developedand their abilities to predict run off were compared for a period of fifty-five years from 1951 to 2006. The bestperformance was achieved based on statistical criteria such as RMSE, RE and SSE. It was found that MLP showed agood generalization of the rainfall-runoff relationship and is better than RBF. In addition, 1-day antecedent runoffaffected river flow, such that the statistical criteria decreased but the 5-day antecedent rainfall remained unaffected.Furthermore, considering MLP, RE and RMSE, the best model produced the values 46.21 and 0.75 while the RBFmodel recorded 177.60 and 0.82, respectively.

Application of provenance method by tracers or fingerprinting has been demonstrated as a successful and effective way to determine the sediment sources. According to this method, physical, geochemical and biogenic features of sediment are used to determine the sediment sources and their importance. The main aim of this research is determining the contribution of different facies using the hybrid model in sediment supply for sand dunes of Ashkzar erg. For this aim, 65 surface samples from the sources region facies and 8 samples from the sand dunes were collected and the particles less than 62.5 micron, as the target, were tested. In order to measure the geochemical elements including rare earth elements (REE) and trace element, the ICP-AES was used. Then, ICP-MS was used to measure Strontium (87Sr & 86Sr) and Neodymium (143Nd & 144Nd) isotopes. The indices of rare earth elements were calculated and the elements, REE indices and isotopes were used as tracer. Then, initial choice and optimal combination of tracers were done by the statistical methods including one-way ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis and discrimination analysis. Finally, contribution of the various facies on sediments supply was determined using hybrid models. The results showed that Rubidium (Rb), Cerium (Ce) and Strontium (Sr) were determined as the optimal combination. Moreover, the results of hybrid models showed that the distribution facies of fine sandy plains & dry river bed, fans & dry river bed, Kelot, farmlands, Neogene marl hills and Sebkha were 27, 22.7, 24.4, 13.26, 6.4 and 6.24 % respectively. Performance of the model was 0.999 indicating it's accurate and appropriate results.

A major part of ground water resources is used for irrigation of farm lands. So appropriate management should be applied considered for application of these limited resources. In this research, 30 wells were selected over three time steps 1998, 2002 and 2009 in Mosafer Abad plain of Hormozgan province and some chemical properties such as Na, Cl, EC, pH, TDS, TH and SAR were analysed for zoning at the mentioned time steps. The purpose of this study is to determine the most appropriate interpolation method to analyze the spatial variability of landscape characteristics of groundwater quality of Mosafer Abad plain using Kriging, IDW (Inverse Distance Weighting and RBF (Radial Basis Functions) methods. Result shows that Kriging method with RMSE values ​​ lower than other methods is more acceptable approach for the study area. Meanwhile, the results revealed that average depletion of water table levels in at 1998, 2002 and 2009 are -0.152, 0.629 and -0.384 meter, respectively. This Represents a decreasing trend in groundwater level in wells and indicates a meaningful warning for more attention to ground water resources in Mosafer Abad plain.

وضعیت سیمای سرزمین، یکی از عوامل کلیدی انتخاب محل سکونت و فعالیت و رضایت‌مندی مردم است. کاربریِ/پوششِ زمین در سال‌های گذشته بۀ واسطۀ رشد جمعیت و تغییر نگرش مردم تغییرات زیادی داشته است. این تغییرات در استان گیلان به علت شرایط اقلیمی، مرز دریایی، نرخ به طور نسبی بالای رشد جمعیت، مهاجرپذیری و در نهایت تراکم جمعیت و تراکم ساخت‌وساز بسیار محسوس و مستمر است. تغییرپوشش سرزمین منجربه ایجاد پهروشدگی، سوراخ‌شدگی، بریدگی، فرورفتگی، سائیدگی و به همآمیختگی سیما شده است. روند تغییرات محیطی با افزایش پراکنش جوامع انسانی و تسلط بیشتر بر محیط زیست در مقیاس وسیع‌تر و سرعت بیشتری صورت می‌گیرد. بنابراین داده‌های سیمای سرزمین برای مدیریت و برنامه‌ریزی و برقراری نظم طبیعی پایدار اکوسیستم‌ها ضروری است. سنجه‌های سیمای سرزمین به‌عنوان ابزار کمّی، می‌تواند خصوصیات ترکیب و پیکره‌بندی سیمای سرزمین را مشخص کنند. در این تحقیق، سنجه‌های توزیع مکانی و ترکیب‌بندی تکه‌ها، در سطح کلاس و سیمای سرزمین استفاده شده است. هدف از این مطالعه، بررسی ساختار سیمای سرزمین و تفسیر شرایط موجود منطقه است؛ بنابراین، ابتدا نقشه‌های پوشش زمین ارائه و طبقه‌بندی‌ شده‌اند، آنگاه 16 سنجه، از سنجه‌های ترکیب و پیکره‌بندی سیمای سرزمین بر اساس تجربیات و مطالعات پیشین انتخاب و مورد تجزیه و تحلیل قرار گرفته است. نتایج نشان ‌داده است که در اثر دخل و تصرف انسان، ساختار سیمای سرزمین ریزدانه شده ؛ تعداد تکه‌های انسان‌ساخت مصنوعی و نیمه‌طبیعی افزایش یافته و عوامل مزبور منجر به هضم کاربری جنگل و بیشه‌زار متراکم شده است. اتصال و پیوستگی سیمای سرزمین نیز به واسطۀ افزایش تکه‌های کاربری‌های متنوع، کاهش پیدا کرده و چشم‌انداز منطقه با هضم تکه‌های جنگل در میان پوشش‌های انسان ساخت، به‌ویژه یکپارچه‌سازی زمین‌های کشاورزی دچار تحول شده است.