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Abstract Background Osteochondromas are the most common benign bone tumors occurring near the end of long bones. In this case report, we demonstrate the successful treatment of a proximal femoral osteochondroma in a pediatric patient excised through a dual medial and anterior approach with no hip dislocation. Case presentation We present the case of a white Arab 14-year-old boy with chronic hip pain and inability to ambulate. He failed conservative treatment and was referred to us after X-rays revealed two osseous masses. He was diagnosed with an intra-articular hip osteochondroma confirmed on magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography scan. He was treated surgically with excision using two incisions: Smith-Petersen approach and Ferguson approach. Conclusion This case presents the successful resection of a symptomatic pediatric proximal femoral osteochondroma, using dual medial and anterior approaches without the need for hip dislocation. This was optimal for both the safety and accessibility of this unusual condition.

HbF induction is an appropriate strategy to ameliorate the severity of β-thalassemia symptoms. Hydroxyurea (HU) is the most common chemical agent introduced as an HbF inducer but responsiveness to HU is variable and the introduction of HbF inducers alternative to HU with low cytotoxicity has been a crucial challenge. Resveratrol is an HbF inducer agent that may have favorable effects on the differentiation of hematopoietic erythroid progenitors (HEPs). The present study aimed to investigate the effect of resveratrol on γ-globin, stress response, and anti-apoptotic gene expression among hydroxyurea (HU)-responders and HU-nonresponders (HU-NR). Four cases of HU-R and four cases of HU-NR were studied. HEPs of the patients were cultured, and the expression of γ-globin, Foxo3, and Bclxl was assessed. Moreover, the differentiation and apoptotic rate of the cells were investigated using flow cytometry analysis. In three cases, the γ-globin gene expression increased after resveratrol treatment. All of the HU-NR patients were also non-responders to resveratrol (Res-NR). The expression of Foxo3 and Bclxl genes was higher in responders to resveratrol (Res-R) compared to non-responders (Res-NR). The rate of apoptosis in Res-R patients was also lower than in Res-NR. Responders to resveratrol also had a higher rate of HEP maturation. The cells of both HU–NR and Res-NR patients could not adapt to stress conditions and proceed to the erythroid differentiation. In conclusion, resveratrol increased the γ-globin expression in HEPs of β-thalassemia patients. The response was observed only in R-HU patients with similar cellular pathways.

Introduction and GoalIn recent years, problems caused by human interference in the Salmas Plain, such as an increase in the irrational use of surface water resources, an increase in the process of groundwater discharge, and a change in land use have caused pressure on the groundwater resources of the region; hence, land subsidence is at least a natural response to the decrease in groundwater level. Therefore, it is important to study and identify subsidence areas in the region.Materials and MethodsIn this research, groundwater information and Sentinel 1 radar images were used. Groundwater information was obtained from the regional water company of West Azarbaijan province. In the present research, the DInSAR algorithm was used to measure the ground surface displacement, and the phase difference of the SAR signals was determined using the repeated-pass interference methods. Finally, by using the manual of differential radar interferometry with synthetic aperture and 52 even numbers of Sentinel 1 image, the subsidence in the Salmas Plain was determined between 2014 and 2015 and 2018 and 2019. Validation of the radar interferometry method using Qareqeshlaq Geodynamic station data, as well as groundwater level changes, underground water drop and field observations was conducted.Results and DiscussionThe results of the subsidence study using the DInSAR method showed that the average annual displacement rate is about 5 cm. Investigation of groundwater changes also indicated a decreasing trend in most of the wells. The wells located in the eastern and southeastern regions (e.g., Kangarlu, Qareqeshlaq, Yushanlu, etc.) have the highest amount of groundwater drop. In the study period (2014 to 2019), where the wells with an increase in groundwater level were affected by their proximity to the Zola dam reservoir and the water supply channels. The wells of Qezeljeh, East Qareqeshlaq, and Maidan Doab have the highest water level reductions, but they do not have sufficient water supply from the dam. Mahlam, West Tazeshahr, and Ian wells, which are in the western part of the plain and close to the dam lake, respectively, have a suitable increase. Checking the subsidence maps of the Salmas plain showed that most of the subsidence is concentrated in the southern areas, especially in the southeast of the plain, in comparison to other parts of the plain the depth of alluvium is also greater in these areas. This subsidence trend continued from 2014 to 2019 and this trend is also prevalent in the final map. During this period, the average water level changes in the Salmas plain aquifer had a downward trend, which was in harmony with land subsidence. By reviewing the groundwater drop map, it was found that the areas with the highest drop coincided with the subsidence areas. More drop in underground water indicated more water extraction. Therefore, the discharge of underground water in the region has caused subsidence.Conclusion and SuggestionsBefore adopting any operational plan and policy for implementation, it is the most important task to identify the exact location of land subsidence in any area, in particular residential areas. Sentinel1 radar images are sufficiently capable of solving this problem at all stages; however, a longer observation time would be more useful for decision making and implementation. Land subsidence in the Salmas plain is fully confirmed by the change of the underground water level and field visits. According to the DInSAR approach, the average displacement rate due to subsidence in the region was 5 cm, which can be fully verified in terms of observations of changes in the groundwater level. The piezometric data show a reduction of in the water level in most wells compared to the past, which depicts the occurrence of excessive extraction of groundwater. In addition, field surveys have been conducted in different areas of the Salmas Plain and the subsidence areas have been recorded. The process of subsidence in the studied area is ongoing, and the attention and care of the relevant authorities is needed to reduce the damage caused by this phenomenon and adjust the possible damages. It is recommended that people should be aware of the consequences of excessive harvesting and recommend alternative crops with a low annual demand for water and early yields.

Objective(s): Exhausted CD8+ T-cells over-express immune checkpoint receptors (ICRs), which interact with their ligands on malignant cells. However, some ICRs have been reported to be expressed on both T-cells and tumor cells, including V-domain immunoglobulin suppressor of T cell activation (VISTA), Galectin-9, and T-cell immunoglobulin mucin-3 (TIM-3). We aimed to evaluate the mRNA expression of VISTA, Galectin-9, and TIM-3 on CD8+ T-cells and leukemic cells in B-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL).Materials and Methods: Samples were obtained from 26 untreated B-ALL patients and 25 control subjects. CD8+ T-cells were isolated using Magnetic Activated Cell Sorting (MACS). Relative gene expression was then evaluated by qRT-PCR with specific primers for VISTA, Galectin-9, and TIM-3. Also, the mRNA expression profile and clinical data of 154 B-ALL patients were obtained from the TARGET.Results: mRNA expression of Galectin-9 on CD8+ T-cells in B-ALL patients was significantly lower than those in the control group (P=0.043), while VISTA expression was not significantly different between the two study groups (P=0.259). Besides, TIM-3 expression was significantly higher in B-ALL patients than in the control group (P

Background: Thymocyte selection-associated high mobility group box protein (TOX) and members of the nuclear receptor 4A (NR4A) are known as transcription factors involved in T cell exhaustion.Objective: To evaluate the mRNA expression of TOX and NR4A1-3 in CD8+ T cells in acute leukemia.Methods: Blood samples were obtained from 21 ALL and 6 AML patients as well as 20 control subjects. CD8+ T cells were isolated using MACS. Relative gene expression of TOX and NR4A1-3 was then evaluated using qRT-PCR.Results: Comparison of mRNA expression of TOX in CD8+ T cells showed no significant difference among the study groups (p>0.05), while the expression of NR4A1 was significantly lower in AML patients than in the control group (p=0.0006). Also, the expression of NR4A2 and NR4A3 was significantly lower in both ALL (p=0.0049 and p=0.0005, respectively) and AML (p=0.0019 and p=0.0055, respectively) patients.Conclusion: NR4As expressions were found to be lower in CD8+ T cells from patients with AML and ALL compared to controls, whereas the mRNA expression of TOX showed no significant difference. Although TOX and NR4As are associated with CD8+ T cell exhaustion in solid tumors, they might play different roles in acute leukemia, which requires further investigation.

This study explores the capacity and kinetics of microbially-induced calcium carbonate precipitation (MICCP) using BioFibers—endospore-laden polymeric fibers. Innovatively developed as a delivery system, BioFibers incorporate a bio-self-healing feature into quasi-brittle composites like concrete. Constructed with a load-bearing core fiber, a bio-compatible hydrogel sheath, and an outer protective shell layer, BioFibers represent a novel approach to enhancing material healing properties. BioFibers have been engineered to provide the matrix with three functionalities: autonomous self-healing, crack growth control, and damage-induced activation. The primary goal of this study was to focus on the self-healing functionality of BioFibers and evaluate the biomineralization performance through advanced material characterization techniques. In this context, we conducted quantitative and qualitative experiments to study bio-self-healing kinetics and precipitates material characterizations using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy equipped with energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD). TGA results revealed that the self-healing kinetics based on calcium carbonate precipitation were mainly exhibited by three stages: (i) endospore germination lag phase, (ii) ureolytic activity, and (iii) saturation degree of carbonate, resulting in precipitations of calcium carbonate per one activated BioFiber (with an average mass of 56.9 ± 1.4 mg) equal to: (i) 3.35–30.30 mg, (ii) 31.08–140.91 mg, and (iii) 381.39–620.08 mg, respectively. SEM imaging revealed growing calcium carbonate crystal formation, primarily vaterite, during the progression of MICCP. EDS data in the initial stage indicated traces of phosphorus, potassium, nitrogen, sodium, and sulfur, signaling the endospore germination phase. In subsequent stages, carbon, calcium, and oxygen elements dominated, confirming calcium carbonate precipitation. XRD phase analysis showed that amorphous content was the primary residue in the first stage, with 85.5% associated with organic matter and 5.6 wt% due to amorphous calcium carbonate. As the MICCP process continued, the amorphous content, mainly organic matter, decreased, reaching 23.5 wt% in the last stage. Conversely, the crystalline phase increased, with calcite accounting for 21.4 wt% and vaterite accounting for 51.7 wt% in the final stage.

Introduction. Longitudinal extensive transverse myelitis (LETM) has four main causes: inflammatory, malnutrition, vascular, and infectious causes. Among the commonly described viral causes leading to LETM are the Herpesviridae family, HIV, and HTLV-1. Case Presentation. A 43-year-old man presented with asymmetric weakness of the lower limbs (the left side was weaker), urinary retention, and flank pain. The symptoms began five days after shingle eruption and progressed over twelve days. He was diagnosed with longitudinal extensive transvers myelitis extending from T4 to T6, which corresponded to the same dermatome involved in shingles. The PCR result of cerebrospinal fluid was positive for varicella-zoster virus with a viral load of 500 copies/ml. Additionally, the initial HIV enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test was positive, and his CD4 count was 72 cells/mm3. Other lab results were normal. Based on the appearance of LETM in the thoracic MRI at T4-T6, VZV myelitis was diagnosed, and treatment was initiated with acyclovir (30 mg/kg divided daily for twenty-one days), methylprednisolone (1 g/day for three days), prophylactic antibiotics (trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, rifampin, and isoniazid), and antiretroviral therapy (dolutegravir and Truvada). After 2-month follow-up, he was nearly free of symptoms. Conclusion. Infection is one of the critical causes of transverse myelitis. When a patient presents with skin shingles along with myelopathy, varicella-zoster myelitis should be considered, and the patient should be evaluated in terms of immune system dysfunction. Treatment with acyclovir has been shown to be effective in reducing clinical symptoms in such cases.

Background and Objectives: Because of the controversial aspects of the CMV virus during pregnancy, it should be considered a serious health threat, especially in developing countries. The present seromolecular study aimed to determine cytomegalovirus prevalence in pregnant women referred to health centers in the north of Iran. Materials and Methods: One hundred and twenty-five pregnant women who were referred to health centers in Mazandaran province for regular health checks were randomly selected from Jan 2022 to Oct 2022. To detect the presence of the CMV genome and specific IgM and IgG antibodies against cytomegalovirus, the conventional PCR and ELISA tests were applied respectively. Results: All 125 pregnant women that attended the study were from Mazandaran province with a mean age of 30 years ranging from 20 to 42 years. The result showed that 2 (1.6%), 92 (73.6%), and 2 (1.6%) of the cases were positive for IgM, IgG, and IgM/IgG, respectively. The PCR test results indicated that the CMV DNA was present in 10 (8%) pregnant women. Our study shows that all PCR-positive cases were negative for the IgM test. Of the 10 PCR-positive samples 3 were positive and 1 was suspicious for the IgG test. Conclusion: Our study revealed that there is an urgent need for vaccination or other strategies to prevent and treat congenital CMV infection. Reducing the burden of congenital CMV infection requires global awareness. Further studies are recommended to obtain accurate estimates of the risk of congenital CMV infection.

In this paper, we introduced a green method for the preparation of pure and 1, 3, 7, and 10 % cobalt doped zinc oxide (Co-doped ZnO) Nanowires through the application of Salvadora persica aqueous extract. The synthesis of nanorods was confirmed by the results of PXRD, UV–vis, FESEM, EDX, and Raman analyses. The existence of well doped cobalt within the structure of zinc oxide was affirmed by the results of PXRD, EDX, and UV–vis. The FESEM analysis displayed the length and diameter of pure ZnO Nanowires to be 500 ± 0.2 nm and 25 ± 5 nm, while an enlargement was observed in the length and diameter of doped Nanowires due to the doping of cobalt into ZnO. The photocatalytic activity of synthesized samples indicated the culmination of doped cobalt into ZnO in increasing the rate of photocatalyst performance. The optimum sample was 1 % Co-doped ZnO Nanowires that eliminated 89 % of MB with a concentration of 20 mg/Lit in pH = 7. The toxicity effect of synthesized Nanowires on brain glioblastoma cells (U87) was investigated by the means of WST-1 test. Accordingly, the doped ZnO Nanowires induced a more toxic impact on U87 cells when compared to the case of pure zinc oxide Nanowires. Thus, performing a doping process on the nanostructure of ZnO led to increasing its inhibitory effect against U87 cells and intensifying its photocatalytic activity on MB dye.

Nowadays, not only the lack of water sources but also water pollution by industrial wastewater has become a major challenge. One of the pollutants of water resources, which threatens water resources, is phenol that enters the environment through wastewater from various industries such as petrochemicals, refineries, pharmaceuticals, etc. This compound, due to its toxicity, high stability and solubility in water caused many problems and it is very important to remove it from industrial wastewater. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to remove phenol from wastewater by using catalytic oxidation. Fe-ZSM-5 catalyst was synthesized by precipitation method and its characteristics were determined by XRD, FTIR, SEM and BET analyses. The results of XRD analysis showed that the iron ions are in the MFI structure and the catalyst has a good crystallinity phase, so that it retains its MFI structure. BET analysis showed the specific surface area of the synthesized catalyst is 293g/m2. The catalytic activity of Fe-ZSM-5 was investigated in degradation of phenol and the results showed that the mentioned catalyst had the highest removal percentage (85.82%) in 90 min at pH = 4.25 and T= 70 °C. The effect of various parameters such as ultraviolet radiation, initial pollutant concentration, catalyst loading and H2O2 concentration on the catalytic activity were also investigated.

The study aims to identify the degree to which students of earth and environmental sciences at Yarmouk University represent Islamic educational environmental values, and to detect whether there are differences in the degree of representation due to the variables of gender and academic year. To achieve the objectives of the study, the descriptive survey approach was used; a questionnaire consisting of (50) items was prepared and distributed to a sample of (110) male and female students chosen by the stratified random method. The results showed that the degree of students’ representation of Islamic environmental educational values is high and that there are statistically significant differences at the level (0.05) in the students’ representation of Islamic environmental values due to academic level in favor of students in the second and fourth years, while there are no significant differences in the degree of representing students for environmental values attributable to the student's gender, or to the interaction between gender and academic level. The study recommends the adoption of environmental values stemming from the Noble Qur’an and the Sunnah of the Prophet in the plans and courses of university programs, and for all educational and community institutions to play their role in spreading environmental awareness among community members..

In this research, novel CuO-ZnO/ZiF-8 metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) photocatalyst with different mass percentages of ZiF-8 were prepared for water purification applications under visible light. The precipitation method was used to synthesize CuO-ZnO/ZiF-8 photocatalysts. Some techniques, including XRD, FESEM, EDX, BET-BJH, FTIR, DRS, and pHpzc, were performed to determine the structural, chemical, and optical properties of the prepared samples. DRS analysis represented that CuO-ZnO/ZiF-8(20) had narrower band gap energy compared to CuO-ZnO and ZiF-8. Also, BET-BJH analysis results showed that CuO-ZnO had a low surface area that impeded the absorption of pollutant molecules. In contrast, the CuO-ZnO/ZiF-8(20) sample, due to the presence of ZiF-8, had a high specific surface area which enabled higher pollutant adsorption on the photocatalyst surface.Moreover, the synthesized samples were evaluated for the solar-light-driven removal of different organic dyes, such as Acid Orange 7, Methylene blue, and Malachite green. The tremendously enhanced photocatalytic activity under the simulated solar light with 98.1% removal of AO7 was observed over CuO-ZnO/ZiF-8(20) sample. Then, the effect of initial solution pH as an essential factor on photocatalytic activity was investigated. Finally, the reaction mechanism of AO7 degradation over CuO-ZnO/ZiF-8(20) was proposed.

In this research, experimental and theoretical method are used to improve and optimized the thermo-mechanical properties of hybrid Epoxy/TiO2/SiO2 nano-Composites. For investigation of the influence of weight percentage of Silica toward Titana in TiO2–SiO2 hybrid nanoparticles on tensile properties of epoxy, the composite was optimized by surface methodology. Thirteen experiments were designed by using design expert commercial software totally. The TiO2–SiO2 hybrid nanoparticles were synthesized by sol-gel method. Then, epoxy/TiO2–SiO2 nanocomposites were prepared by direct mixing method. Four factors as elongation at break (EAB), yield strength (σy), ultimate strength (σu) and elastic modulus (E) were investigated by using tensile test device. The optimization results showed that the best (EAB), (σy), (σu) and (E) outcomes are 29.3, 17.72, 17.43 and 4.34% respectively with 14.64% weight percent of Silica in total amount of TiO2–SiO2 0.73% hybrid nanoparticles. In order to investigate the chemical and thermo-mechanical properties of nanocomposite as tensile tests, TGA, XRD, FT-IR, SEM, EDX and DRS analysis were performed. In addition, due to the high reliability in predicting the reaction among different materials and comparing with the results of experimental work, which is based on polymer-nanoparticle interaction energy, molecular dynamics simulation (MD) were used. The simulations were performed by using materials studio (MS) software. The numerical and analytical results show that the presence of small amount of Silica beside Titanium creates a strong interaction between fillers and epoxy resin.

Background and Aim: Carbonated diet soda is the most common etiologic factor for dental erosion, and fluoride products have been proposed as an option for the preven-tion of that problem. This study evaluated the effect of Remin Pro and neutral sodium fluoride on the prevention of dental enamel erosion using profilometry. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted using an experimental-laboratory method on 20 extracted premolars with no corrosion, abrasion, crack or hypocalcification. For a proper evaluation, the buccal aspect of each specimen was polished using 800- to 1200- and 2500-grit silicon carbide papers. Enamel was analyzed by surface profilometry. Samples were randomly allocated into two groups of Remin Pro and neutral sodium fluoride for pretreatment. After pretreatment, the surface rough-ness of enamel was measured. In the third stage, the samples were exposed to cola, rinsed with deionized water, and stored in artificial saliva, and surface loss and rough-ness were measured. Independent samples t-test and repeated measures analysis of var-iance (ANOVA) were used to analyze the data. Results: According to the results of this study, neutral sodium fluoride foam and Remin Pro reduced enamel erosion. The mean surface roughness after pretreatments with Remin Pro and neutral sodium fluoride foam was less than that after polishing (P=0.004) and exposure to acid (P=0.026). Conclusion: Neutral sodium fluoride foam and Remin Pro have the same effect on preventing dental erosion.

Background: The 4T1 cells tumor growth and metastatic pattern in BALB/c mice very closely mimic human breast cancer. These herbal remedies used in traditional folk medicine have been the source of many medically beneficial drugs. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the anti-proliferative activity of the asafoetida, ginseng and fennel ethanolic extracts on mouse breast cancer 4T1 cell-line invitro.Method: in this experimental study, Asafoetida, gensing and fennel were extracted; 4T1 mouse mammary tumor cell line were cultured in 48-well flat bottom plate in density of 50x103 per well in 100 µl RPMI1640 medium then different dilutions of each extract (25 , 50, 100, 200, 500, and 2000 μg/ml) were added to cell culture. Cells then were incubated at 37 oC for 24 hours. After 24 h, cell Proliferation was determined by the BRDU assay . dataset of experiments were collected and analysed with SPSS19 software. Significant level of Data was Examined with one-way ANOVA method and P

Introduction: Progress in medical technology requires medical libraries to promote based on the references standards. The aim of this study was to evaluate the status of hospital libraries of Mazandaran and Babol University of medical sciences, on the basis of references standards. Methods: This descriptive and cross-sectional study has been done on 11 education hospital libraries of Mazandaran and Babol University on 2013. Data collection was through census and the assessment tool was the researcher questionnaire. It`s reliability and validity was confirmed approval by opinions of masters of science and the Chronbach`s alpha (r=0.74), respectively. Data analyzed by descriptive statistics (Frequency distribution) and excel software. Results: Findings showed that 60 percent of libraries were managed by librarians with Bsc. and Msc. degree. None of the libraries were standardized in view of number of books (at least 40000 references). Among the libraries just Buali in Sari and Amircolah`s children in Babol deliver services to patients. All libraries were opened only 6 days a week. Ayatollah Rouhani Hospital in Babol with an area of ​​565 Sq had the most space between other libraries and with 91/63% had the more facilities. Conclusions: Inappropriate condition of the libraries can indicate a lack of obey of library standard and less attention from authorities particularly senior managers to hospital libraries. Keywords: Libraries; Hospitals; Reference Standards; Universities

Background: Failures such as marginal discoloration and composite chipping are still the problems of tooth-colored restorations on the substrate of enamel and porcelain, which some of these problems are consequently as a result of failures in the bonding layer. Using filled resin has been recently introduced to increase the bond strength of this layer. The aim of this study was to compare the microshear bond strength (μ-SBS) of composite resins to enamel incubated in periods of 24 h and 9 months and porcelain with unfilled resin and flowable composites (filled resin). Materials and Methods: In this in vitro study, two groups of 75 enamel samples with different storage times (24 h and 9 months) and a group of 75 porcelain samples were used. They were divided into 5 experimental groups of 15 samples in each. Composite cylinders in tygon tubes were bonded on the surface of acid-etched enamel and pretreated porcelain. Wave, Wave MV, Wave HV, Grandioflow and Margin Bond were used as bonding agents. The μ-SBS was measured at the speed of 1.0 mm/min. The bond strengths were analyzed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test followed by Tukey test. P < 0.05 was selected as the level of statistical significance in this study. Results: The results showed that for enamel (24 h), the μ-SBS of the Wave MV and Wave HV groups were significantly lower than the Margin Bond group. Tukey test indicated the absence of a significant difference between the μ-SBS of the Wave group and the Margin Bond group. However, the μ-SBS of the Grandioflow group was significantly higher than the one for the Margin Bond as a bonding agent. In enamel (9 months), there was a significant difference between the Grandioflow and Margin Bond groups. Regarding bonding to the porcelain the one-way ANOVA test did not show a significant difference among the groups. Conclusion: This study revealed that flowable composites (filled resins) can be used instead of unfilled resins in bonding composite resins to enamel and porcelain substrates.

Objectives: The aim of this in-vitro study was to assess the thermal effect of light emitting diode (LED) light curing unit on the enamel etching time. Materials and Methods: Three treatment groups with 15 enamel specimens each were used in this study: G1: Fifteen seconds of etching, G2: Five seconds of etching, G3: Five seconds of etching plus LED light irradiation (simultaneously). The micro shear bond strength (µSBS) of composite resin to enamel was measured. Results: The mean µSBS values ± standard deviation were 51.28±2.35, 40.47±2.75 and 50.00±2.59 MPa in groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. There was a significant difference between groups 1 and 2 (P=0.013) and between groups 2 and 3 (P=0.032) in this respect, while there was no difference between groups 1 and 3 (P=0.932). Conclusion: Simultaneous application of phosphoric acid gel over enamel surface and light irradiation using a LED light curing unit decreased enamel etching time to five seconds without compromising the µSBS.

Validity and extent of the influence of people′s opinion in the decisions made by the political system run under the guardiance of the jurisprudent sometimes have confused the Muslim nation due to extremist views. Claiming human rights for the purpose of creating relationship between the Islamic government and western liberal democracies on the one hand, and marginalizing peoples opinion under the pretext of defending the authority of infallible Imams and outstanding jurisprudents on the other hand motivated the author to analyze the presence or absence of such a right , determine the borders of vindication of such a right, and the duty of the Islamic ruler to recognize it relying on Quranic proofs, and prophetic and Alid Sunna which have generally dealt with this issue under the institution of Council(Shura) . The origin of right in Islamic thought refers to the divine will and is not inspired by the vote of the majority. Thus wherever public opinion is sought, its original existence and its extent must be authorized by the divine legislator in advance.

We aimed to evaluate the color stability of bulk-fill and conventional composite resin with respect to thickness and storage media. Twenty specimens of a conventional composite resin (6 mm diameter and 2 mm thick) and 40 specimens of the bulk-fill Tetric EvoCeram composite resin at two different thicknesses (6 mm diameter and 2 mm thick or 4 mm thick, n=20) were prepared. The specimens were stored in distilled water during the study period (28 d). Half of the specimens were remained in distilled water and the other half were immersed in coffee solution 20 min/d and kept in distilled water between the cycles. Color changes (ΔE) were measured using the CIE L⁎a⁎b⁎ color space and a digital imaging system at 1, 7, 14, and 28 days of storage. Data were analyzed using Two-way ANOVA and Tukey’s HSD post hoc test (P conventional; P