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In the pursuit of sustainable and innovative food production, the utilisation of plant by-products have emerged as a promising frontier. Plant by-products have an inherent value that can be utilised to address both environmental concerns and the growing demand for food resources. This review provides a critical review of the environmental impact caused by the disposal of plant by-products and waste that are not being reutilised or repurposed to benefit other products. The multifaceted applications of agricultural residues, traditionally deemed as waste, in the creation of diverse and nutritionally enriched food products, were also presented in this review. The exploration encompasses a broad spectrum, from reducing waste through innovative utilisation to enhancing nutritional profiles and fostering culinary innovation. Through a detailed examination of specific instances, challenges, and prospects linked to this paradigm shift, we provide insights into the transformative potential of agriculture by-products in shaping a more sustainable and resilient food system.

This work provides a thorough comparative analysis of the green extraction process, viz. supercritical carbon dioxide and subcritical water extraction methods for Sabah Coffea canephora. Rigorous experiments were conducted using supercritical carbon dioxide (temperature ranging from 40 °C to 80 °C and pressure from 10 to 30 MPa) and subcritical water (temperature ranging from 120 to 180 °C with extraction times from 5 to 15 min). The optimum conditions for supercritical carbon dioxide extraction were obtained at 79 °C and 30 MPa at the maximum extract yield (8.549%), total phenolic content (4.563 mg/g gallic acid equivalent), total flavonoid content (0.763 mg/g quercetin equivalent) and antioxidant activity (63.34%). Meanwhile, subcritical water extraction is the best extraction method for Coffea canephora, which was obtained optimum conditions at 180 °C and 15 min of extraction time with a maximum extract yield of 44.477%, total phenolic content of 6.481 mg/g gallic acid equivalent, total flavonoid content of 13.816 mg/g quercetin equivalent and 77.586% of antioxidant activity. In conclusion, this understanding contributes to developing optimized conditions for green extraction methods, expanding the potential applications of Sabah Coffea canephora in industries, including pharmaceuticals and functional foods.

This work is centred on an eco-friendly method of preserving fruits via chitosan and aloe vera gel coating reinforced with plant-based essential oils. It analyzes the correlation of physicochemical properties, structure, composition and biological activity of chitosan, aloe vera gel and plant-based essential oil. Extensive understanding on this particular topic shows that edible coatings, specifically their physicochemical properties, structure, composition, play an important role in postharvest quality maintenance of fruits. The research looks into the binding mechanisms and interaction modes of such coatings and this gives evidence about their effectiveness in preserving fresh produce, slowing down food spoilage and implying the overall nutritional value of fresh produce. The article deals with the development of sustainable coatings in the process of which fruit shelf-life and quality are improved, and resources are made more efficient while generating as little waste as possible. It highlights the value of putting the wastes to work in bioactive chitosan and essential oil production, promoting an environmentally conscious as well as less costly approach in food processing. The findings of this study therefore represent a very timely contribution to existing practices and future directions in environmentally friendly processes of fruit preservation, which may eventually usher in an innovative and sustainable alternative to the conventional thinking about food packaging and preservation.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of incorporating okara and jackfruit seed into biscuit production. A control biscuit made with wheat flour was contrasted with five formulations, each with various proportions of okara flour and jackfruit seed flour. Compared to wheat flour, okara and jackfruit seed flour had significantly higher levels of ash, crude protein, and crude fiber (p

Dragon fruit (Hylocereus spp.) is a tropical fruit known for its vibrant colours and unique flavour. While the fleshy pulp is widely consumed, the peels are often discarded as waste, leading to environmental concerns. However, recent studies have shown that dragon fruit peels possess various bioactive compounds that can be extracted and utilized for multiple applications. This study aims to explore the valorization of dragon fruit peels through extraction methods, thereby turning waste into valuable resources. Different green extraction techniques, such as microwave-assisted extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction and supercritical fluid extraction, can be employed to optimize the extraction efficiency and yield. Furthermore, additional purification steps, such as filtration or chromatography, may be employed to obtain highly pure and concentrated extracts. The bioactive compounds from dragon fruit peels have shown promising potential in various fields. They exhibit antioxidant properties and antimicrobial activity and have been found to possess anti-inflammatory and anticancer properties. Additionally, these extracts can be used as natural food colourants, functional ingredients in food and beverages, or additives in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Utilizing this waste material can reduce dependence on synthetic chemicals and promote sustainable practices in industries.

Abstract The purpose of this work was to establish the best particle size for recovering high yields of total phenolic compounds (TPC), total anthocyanin compounds(TAC) and total flavonoid compounds (TFC) from roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) by applying supercritical carbon dioxide (ScCO2). The extraction rate, diffusivity and solubility of yield in ScCO2 were also studied and calculated utilizing models. Pressure (10 and 30 MPa), temperature (40 and 60 °C), and particle size (250 µm

BackgroundPrimary Immunodeficiency Disease (PID), also known as Inborn Errors of Immunity (IEI), comprises a group of rare genetic disorders that impair the body’s immune responses. These conditions result from monogenic germline mutations that affect the function of genes governing the innate and adaptive immune system. Therefore, individuals with PID are more susceptible to infectious diseases, allergies, and autoimmune and autoinflammatory conditions. The prevalence of PID has been on the rise, with the number of classified diseases reaching 404, and 430 genetic defects reported to cause these conditions. However, in Malaysia, genetic testing for PID is currently limited and needs to be outsourced to overseas laboratories, posing financial challenges for families. Moreover, limited research has focused on the knowledge and awareness of genetic testing among parents of children with PID in Malaysia. This study aims to address this gap and provide valuable insights into the knowledge, awareness, and perception of genetic testing among this specific population.MethodThis qualitative cross-sectional study utilised online open-ended, semi-structured focus group interviews to explore the perceptions and experiences of parents of children with Primary Immunodeficiency (PID). Participants were recruited through convenience sampling from the Malaysian Patient Organisation for Primary Immunodeficiencies (MyPOPI), a non-governmental organisation dedicated to providing support and raising awareness about PID. The study spanned from May 2023 to July 2023 and included participants from diverse regions of Malaysia who had undergone different diagnostic journeys in various hospitals.ResultThe focus group discussions yielded 11 sub-themes that highlighted the experiences, understanding and challenges of the participants regarding genetic testing based on the semi-structured questions. These sub-themes were then grouped into four main themes that are awareness and understanding of genetic testing, the journey towards diagnosis and treatment, emotional impact and psychological factors, and the importance of medical experts in diagnosing and managing PID, as well as public perception and awareness.ConclusionIn conclusion, this study highlights the diverse knowledge, awareness, and perception surrounding genetic testing for PID. Factors such as access to services, family history, and personal circumstances shape individuals’ understanding of genetic testing. The importance of healthcare professionals, along with the need for improved accessibility and targeted communication strategies, is underscored to enhance understanding and reduce stigma surrounding genetic testing for rare diseases like PID.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a significant public health concern. Globally, TB is among the top 10 and the leading cause of death due to a single infectious agent. Providing standard anti-TB therapy for at least 6 months is recommended as one of the crucial strategies to control the TB epidemic. However, the long duration of TB treatment raised the issue of non-adherence. Non-adherence to TB therapy could negatively affect clinical and public health outcomes. Thus, directly observed therapy (DOT) has been introduced as a standard strategy to improve anti-TB medication adherence. Nonetheless, the DOT approach has been criticized due to inconvenience, stigma, reduced economic productivity, and reduced quality of life, which ultimately could complicate adherence issues. Apart from that, its effectiveness in improving anti-TB adherence is debatable. Therefore, digital technology could be an essential tool to enhance the implementation of DOT. Incorporating the health belief model (HBM) into digital technology can further increase its effectiveness in changing behavior and improving medication adherence. This article aimed to review the latest evidence regarding TB medication non-adherence, its associated factors, DOT’s efficacy and its alternatives, and the use of digital technology and HBM in improving medication adherence. This paper used the narrative review methodology to analyze related articles to address the study objectives. Conventional DOT has several disadvantages in TB management. Integrating HBM in digital technology development is potentially effective in improving medication adherence. Digital technology provides an opportunity to improve medication adherence to overcome various issues related to DOT implementation.

A scientific investigation on the optimization and solubilization of anthocyanin from roselle by subcritical ethanol (SE) has not yet been conducted. Consequently, the purpose of this work is to evaluate the parameter influences on anthocyanin recovery by SE, followed by the identification of the solubilization behavior by semi-empirical modelling. The best conditions were 8.74 MPa, 383.51 K and 5.21 mL/min with responses of global yield of 0.765 g/g, anthocyanin of 921.43 mg/100 g, TPC of 40.57 mg/100 g and TFC of 559.14 µg/g. High pressure and temperature conditions are conducive to global yield, anthocyanin, flavonoid and phenolic recovery. The Del Valle Aguilera model fits the solubility of global yield and anthocyanin in SE effectively instead of Chrastil model since it has the lower average absolute relative deviation (AARD), which is 11.54 % and 7.15 %, respectively. The most influenced parameters were found to be the temperature, which gave a significant impact in enhancing the solubization power of global yield and anthocyanin.

Introduction:Primary nasopharyngeal tuberculosis (NPTB) is a rare disease but should not be missed as one of the differential diagnoses for cervical lymphadenopathy or nasopharyngeal mass. Case Report:We describe a case of a 38 year old lady, who presented with bilateral cervical lymphadenopathy associated with intermittent fever. Nasoendoscopy examination and computed tomography scan of the neck revealed a centrally located mass predominantly at the left posterior nasopharyngeal wall without obliteration of both fossae of Rosenmuller. Typical histopathological features of necrotizing granulomatous lymphadenitis together with the common clinical presentation of cervical lymphadenopathy and nasoendoscopy findings of nasopharyngeal mass conclude the diagnosis of nasopharyngeal tuberculosis. With anti-tuberculous therapy, the cervical lymphadenopathy and nasopharyngeal mass were completely resolved.Conclusion:Nasopharyngeal tuberculosis is an uncommon disease with great diagnostic challenges and with early diagnosis and adequate treatment, NPTB carries a good prognosis with complete disease resolution.

A strong association presents between excessive amyloid-β (Aβ) buildup and oxidative stress with Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In view of the multifaceted neuroprotective effects of some dietary elements, the beneficial effect of germinated brown rice was investigated using a high fat/cholesterol diet (HFCD)-induced sporadic rat model of AD. Seven groups, including normal control, HFCD, and HFCD treated with Donepezil, Simvastatin, Probucol, and germinated brown rice ethyl acetate extract (GBR-EA; 100 and 200 mg/kg bw) were included in the present study. Biochemical assays, brain lipid peroxidation, mRNA and protein levels involved in Aβ processing and metabolism pathways were analyzed. HFCD-fed rats exhibited increased brain lipid peroxidation and Aβ levels, as well as altered expressions of proteins involved in Aβ generation, degradation and clearance. GBR-EA treatment groups showed significant reduction in lipid peroxidation and Aβ levels when compared to HFCD group. The effects of GBR-EA on Aβ levels are likely through the modulation of BACE1 and Presenilins, as well as induction of Aβ clearance and degradation. The findings revealed the potential use of germinated brown rice to attenuate HFCD diet-induced neurodegenerative alterations, likely due to reduced brain inflammation, as well as modulation of Aβ processing and metabolism pathways.

Valorizing natural resources through sustainable and eco-friendly processes is a cornerstone in pursuing a greener and more sustainable future. This study focuses on the green extraction of valuable compounds from rubber seed trees (Hevea brasiliensis). This underutilized resource has the potential to yield bioactive compounds of economic and ecological significance. We explore the application of environmentally friendly extraction techniques, including supercritical fluid extraction (SFE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE) and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), to harness the bioactive potential of rubber seeds. Our research encompasses a comprehensive analysis of the extracted compounds, including their characterization and quantification using state-of-the-art analytical techniques. Environmental and economic sustainability aspects are evaluated, shedding light on the green extraction processes’ ecological footprint and economic feasibility. The paper also delves into these extracted compounds’ diverse applications and utilization prospects, ranging from pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals to cosmetic and industrial products. We discuss the commercial potential, market opportunities, and emerging trends these sustainable endeavours may shape. In conclusion, this study paves the way for a more sustainable path in harnessing valuable compounds from rubber seed trees, exemplifying the potential for green extraction techniques to play a pivotal role in the journey toward environmental stewardship and economic prosperity.

Piper betle leaves, which contains a high level of eugenol, is abundantly grown and distributed in many Asian countries. Eugenol is an important principal phytochemical found in betel leaves. This study proposed to determine the solubilization studies of eugenol in supercritical carbon dioxide from piper bettle leaves. The variables were pressure of 10 MPa–30 MPa, temperature of 40 °C–70 °C and flow rate of 4 mL/min to 8 mL/min. In solubility study, the Chrastil model offered the best fitting to correlate the solubility data of Piper betle leaves extract with the lowest average absolute relative deviation (AARD) of 6.20%. The coefficient values of k for solubility of extract at flow rate of 4, 6 and 8 mL/min were −0.27, 0.17 and 0.16, respectively. Furthermore, the coefficient values of k for solubility of eugenol at flow rate of 4, 6 and 8 mL/min were −0.25, −0.15 and −0.05, respectively. It is hence believed that the solvation power of SC-CO2 was higher at high flow rate to increase the solubility of Piper betle leaves extract and eugenol.

Peanuts (Arachis hypogea) can be made into various products, from oil to butter to roasted snack peanuts and candies, all from the kernels. However, the skin is usually thrown away, used as cheap animal feed, or as one of the ingredients in plant fertilizer due to its little value on the market. For the past ten years, studies have been conducted to determine the full extent of the skin’s bioactive substance repertoire and its powerful antioxidant potential. Alternatively, researchers reported that peanut skin could be used and be profitable in a less-intensive extraction technique. Therefore, this review explores the conventional and green extraction of peanut oil, peanut production, peanut physicochemical characteristics, antioxidant activity, and the prospects of valorization of peanut skin. The significance of the valorization of peanut skin is that it contains high antioxidant capacity, catechin, epicatechin resveratrol, and procyanidins, which are also advantageous. It could be exploited in sustainable extraction, notably in the pharmaceutical industries.

More than 58 million metric tonnes of oranges were produced in 2021, and the peels, which account for around one-fifth of the fruit weight, are often discarded as waste in the orange juice industry. Orange pomace and peels as wastes are used as a sustainable raw material to make valuable products for nutraceuticals. The orange peels and pomace contain pectin, phenolics, and limonene, which have been linked to various health benefits. Various green extraction methods, including supercritical carbon dioxide (ScCO2) extraction, subcritical water extraction (SWE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), are applied to valorize the orange peels and pomace. Therefore, this short review will give insight into the valorization of orange peels/pomace extraction using different extraction methods for health and wellness. This review extracts information from articles written in English and published from 2004 to 2022. The review also discusses orange production, bioactive compounds in orange peels/pomaces, green extractions, and potential uses in the food industry. Based on this review, the valorization of orange peels and pomaces can be carried out using green extraction methods with high quantities and qualities of extracts. Therefore, the extract can be used for health and wellness products.

Current gluten-free food development trends tend to favour pigmented rice flour. Bario Merah Sederhana is a type of red-pigmented rice that is indigenous to Sarawak, Malaysia. This research investigates the nutritional, texture, and sensory properties of gluten-free rice bread produced from a composite of BMS rice flour and potato starch, producing samples referred to as F1 (100:0), F2 (90:10), F3 (80:20), and F4 (70:30). The gluten-free rice bread formulations demonstrated higher ash and crude fibre content and lower carbohydrate content than wheat bread. However, the crude protein content of the bread decreased significantly (p < 0.05) with a decreased amount of rice flour, owing to wheat flour containing greater protein. The crumb of rice bread appeared to be darker due to the red pigment of rice flour; in contrast, the crust was lighter than the control sample, possibly due to a lower Maillard reaction. Among rice bread formulations, F4 demonstrated the lowest hardness in dough and bread, as well as the highest stickiness and springiness in dough and bread, respectively. The wheat bread received the highest rating (p < 0.05) in the sensory test; nonetheless, among the rice breads, F4 was considered to be an acceptable formulation owing to its high score in colour (7.03), flavour (5.73), texture (6.03), and overall acceptability (6.18). BMS has potential in gluten-free rice breads; the formulation of 70% rice flour combined with 30% potato starch was indicated to be acceptable.

Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.) is a source of anthocyanins as red pigments that is extensively farmed in tropical and subtropical regions, including Indonesia, Malaysia, China, Thailand, Egypt, Mexico, and West India. The roselle plant contains a variety of nutrients, including anthocyanins, organic acids, pectin, etc. Due to the toxicity and combustibility of the solvents, traditional extraction methods for these compounds are restricted. Obtaining pure extracts is typically a lengthy procedure requiring many processes. Supercritical carbon dioxide (ScCO2) extraction as a green technology is rapidly improving and extending its application domains. The advantages of this method are zero waste production, quicker extraction times, and reduced solvent consumption. The ScCO2 extraction of natural pigments has great promise in food, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and textiles, among other uses. The ScCO2 technique for natural pigments may also be advantageous in a variety of other contexts. Due to their minimal environmental risk, the high-quality red pigments of roselle rich in anthocyanins extracted using ScCO2 extraction have a high sustainability potential. Therefore, the objective of this review is to increase knowledge related to the natural colorant of roselle as a substitute for chemically manufactured colorants using ScCO2 as a green method. This article covers ScCO2 extraction, particularly as it relates to the optimization of pigments that promote health. This article focuses on the high extraction efficiency of ScCO2 extraction. Natural colorants extracted via ScCO2 are regarded as safe compounds, especially for human consumption, such as novel functional food additives and textile and pharmaceutical colors.

Peanut skin as an agriculture waste has poor economic value. Utilizing subcritical methanol extraction (SME) to recover catechin and epicatechin as interest compounds from peanut skin is one of the solutions to valorize the agriculture waste into more valuable products. Therefore, the objective of this research is to examine the parameter impacts on peanut skin extract recovery by subcritical methanol. Extraction was conducted under three independent variables—pressure (6 to 10 MPa), flow rate (2.5 to 7.5 mL/min) and temperature (70 to 100 °C)—with the responses of catechin and epicatechin recovery. The optimum conditions were 8 MPa, 4.39 mL/min and 79.6 °C, with catechin responses of 178.66 µg/g and epicatechin responses of 336.41 µg/g. Conditions of high pressure and temperature are optimal for epicatechin and catechin enhancement. The Chrastil model fits the solubility of catechin and epicatechin in SM effectively since it has the lowest average absolute relative deviation (AARD), which is 4.97% and 5.97%, respectively. Consequently, this method (SME) may substitute for the standard technique in extracting catechin and epicatechin.

Gluten-free grains have been intensively studied as alternatives to wheat flour. Bario rice, an indigenous crop from Sarawak, Malaysia, is noted for its excellent aroma and taste. This research examined the nutritional and physicochemical properties of Bario rice flour variations. Four Bario varieties—Bario Adan Halus (white), Bario Tuan (brown), Bario Celum (black), and Bario Merah Sederhana (red)—were analysed against the reference sample. The results revealed Bario samples containing moisture contents from 8.35% to 8.69%, ash contents from 0.27% to 1.25%, crude protein contents from 6.89% to 9.43%, crude fat contents from 0.16% to 2.45%, crude fibre contents from 0.21% to 0.87%, and carbohydrate contents from 79.17% to 82.13%. All Bario rice flour contains high amylose contents (26.67% to 36.52%), which positively impact loaf volume. The water absorption capacity (1.20 g/g to 1.26 g/g) of all samples shows no significant difference (p > 0.05). The swelling capacity was significantly (p < 0.05) high in non-pigmented rice flour. In contrast, pigmented Bario rice flour presented a greater water solubility index than non-pigmented Bario rice flour. The Bario rice flour gelatinisation onset (71.43 °C to 76.49 °C) and peak (77.03 °C to 79.56 °C) temperature were lower than those of the control sample. Higher gelatinisation enthalpy was presented by Bario rice flour (1.23 J/g to 2.59 J/g) than by the control (0.79 J/g). Retrogradation onset (42.65 °C to 50.79 °C), peak (53.64 °C to 56.15 °C) temperatures, and enthalpy (0.19 J/g to 0.87 J/g) were greater in Bario rice flour compared with those in the control. The research suggests that Bario rice flour has potential for use in gluten-free bread mainly due to the relevant carbohydrates, crude proteins, amylose, and swelling capacity.

Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is an herbaceous plant and is recognised for its numerous medicinal and culinary properties, and it is used in diverse food preparations for its characteristic flavour and aroma. High alliin content increases the formation of allicin, a bioactive compound of garlic. Therefore, this research aimed to compare different extraction methods for garlic (Allium sativum L.) between subcritical water extraction (SWE) and Soxhlet extraction to obtain a high extraction yield and alliin content. The SWE conditions were 120 °C and 180 °C temperatures and 2 mL/min and 6 mL/min flow rates at a constant pressure of 15 MPa for a 10 min extraction time, respectively. In the meanwhile, the extraction time for Soxhlet extraction with various solvents, namely, distilled water, ethanol–water (1:1), and 100% ethanol, was two hours. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to analyse alliin. Soxhlet extraction had the best yield (1.96 g) using ethanol–water (1:1) as the solvent in comparison to SWE extraction (1.28 g) at 180 °C and 6 mL/min. In contrast, SWE yielded a greater concentration of alliin (136.82 mg/g) at 120 °C and 2 mL/min than the Soxhlet method when using distilled water as the solvent (65.18 mg/g). Therefore, SWE may replace Soxhlet extraction as the conventional method for extracting alliin from garlic at a high concentration, and SWE has advantages that favour garlic extracts.

Rosmarinic acid (RA) is present in a broad variety of plants, including those in the Lamiaceae family, and has a wide range of pharmacological effects, particularly antioxidant activity. To extract RA from Orthosiphon stamineus (OS) leaves, a Lamiaceae plant, a suitable extraction process is necessary. The present study used a green extraction method of supercritical carbon dioxide (SCCO2) extraction with the addition of ethanol as a modifier to objectively measure and correlate the solubility of RA from OS leaves. The solubility of RA in SCCO2 was determined using a dynamic extraction approach, and the solubility data were correlated using three density-based semi-empirical models developed by Chrastil, del Valle-Aguilera, and Gonzalez. Temperatures of 40, 60, and 80 °C and pressures of 10, 20, and 30 MPa were used in the experiments. The maximum RA solubility was found at 80 °C and 10 MPa with 2.004 mg of rosmarinic acid/L solvent. The RA solubility data correlated strongly with the three semi-empirical models with less than 10% AARD. Furthermore, the fastest RA extraction rate of 0.0061 mg/g min−1 was recorded at 80 °C and 10 MPa, and the correlation using the Patricelli model was in strong agreement with experimental results with less than 15% AARD.

Despite the reduction in the number of cases of human malaria throughout the world, the incidence rate of knowlesi malaria is continuing to rise, especially in Southeast Asia. The conventional strategies for the prevention and control of human malaria can provide some protection against knowlesi malaria. Despite the numerous studies on the risk factors and the innovative methods that may be used to prevent and control the vectors of Plasmodium knowlesi, the incidence rate remains high. An integrated approach that includes environmental intervention should be adopted in order to ensure the successful control of zoonotic malaria. A combination of personal-level protection, vector control and environmental control may mitigate the risk of Plasmodium knowlesi transmission from macaques to humans and, ultimately, reduce the incidence rate of knowlesi malaria.

(1) Background: Vaccine hesitancy is recognized as an important issue globally and healthcare workers (HCWs) have a powerful influence on the public. Recent studies have reported that there are increasing numbers of vaccine hesitancies among HCWs. This study was conducted to assess the knowledge and attitudes on childhood vaccinations among HCWs in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (HUSM). (2) Methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted among one hundred and ninety-eight HCWs in HUSM, Kubang Kerian, Kelantan who were selected via convenient sampling. Data on their socio-demographic details, working experience, and main source of information regarding childhood vaccination were collected. A validated, Malay version of the knowledge and attitude on childhood vaccination (KACV) questionnaire was used during the study. (3) Results: Female (OR (95% CI):3.15, (1.39, 7.12), p < 0.05) and a higher education level (degree and above) (OR (95% CI): 2.36 (1.14, 4.89), p < 0.05) are significantly associated with good knowledge. Respondents with a history of side effects of the vaccines among their relatives were about 66% less likely to have good knowledge (OR (95% CI): 0.342 (0.16, 0.73), p < 0.05). A positive attitude towards childhood vaccination was significantly associated with a higher level of education participants, who had significantly better knowledge than participants with a lower education level (OR (95% CI): 3.81, (1.92, 7.57), p < 0.001). On the contrary, participants having direct contact with patients were less likely to have a good attitude towards childhood vaccination (OR (95% CI): 0.207 (0.043, 0.10), p < 0.05), and those with a history of severe side effects of the vaccines among their relatives were also significantly associated with a poor attitude towards childhood vaccination (OR (95% CI: 0.342 (0.16, 0.76), p < 0.05).; (4) Conclusions: The survey findings showed a good level of knowledge and a good attitude of participants towards childhood vaccination. Good knowledge is important for the HCWs to have a favourable attitude to educate the general population on childhood vaccination.

Management of esophageal stricture requires comprehensive medical aspect to fulfill adequate nutritional needs with non-surgery or surgical therapy. Endoscopy has an important role in diagnostic and therapy in this case. Its use can facilitate dilatation, intralesional corticosteroid injections, stent implantation and as a guide for tumor resection. Farsighted decision is needed to choose one of those alternative therapies for each case to reach the recovery of esophageal stricture to return its natural use as a part of the human alimentary system.

Industrialised Building System (IBS) is the term coined by the government and industry in Malaysia to represent the construction industry and the application of prefabrication method in building construction. The purpose of this exploratory research paper is to highlight business strategy being pursued by large Malaysian contractors in adopting IBS. The paper uses case study as research method. The analysis is based primarily on cross-case analysis and pattern matching technique. The paper observes contractors which involved in IBS are part of larger holding companies in a corporate set-up include design and manufacturing subsidiaries. The companies positioned themselves as one-stop total solution provider for IBS and offer a wider range of services from design, production, and installation to clients. To become competitive and able to create total solution, contractors need to establish cluster and consortium of integrated project team by creating a partnership when and where it is needed. A vendor development programme modelled along the lines of the development of automotive industry should also be established. Future empirical studies should extensively examine these areas, especially the development of business model for contractors. The availability of this model could help to accelerate the uptake of IBS among contractors.

The study aims at : • Setting a social intelligence measure for freshman students in the college of sports education in Mosul university . • Expounding the level of social intelligence measure for 1st grade students in the college of sports education in Mosul university . • Establishing standards for freshman students in the college of sports education in Mosul university in the social intelligence measure . The researchers used the descriptive method by the means of survey. The study population consisted of freshman students in the college of sports education in Mosul university consisting of (230) student in which (204) were males and (26) were females . The study sample was divided into a setting group (138) students representing (60%) of the sample and an implementation group of (92) students representing (40%) . The social intelligence measure prepared by the researchers was used as a mean for data acquisition and the setting of the measure included ( determining the measure axis , determining the method of formulating of measure items , expressing the items of each axis in its primary form ) besides, adopting scientific steps and in setting the measure in included ( content validity , face validity , validity of setting represented by ( statistical analysis of items ) using the method of two opposite groups , internal consistency and half-wise validity . The statistical means including : arithmetic mean , pattern, standard deviation , Carl Pearson curvature coefficient , simple correlation coefficient , hypothetic average of measure , and percentage . The researchers concluded the following : • constructing of a social intelligence measure scale freshman students in the college of sports education in Mosul university was achieved . • freshman students in the college of sports education in Mosul university have positive social intelligence that motivates them and drives them to achieve the goals and aspirations and can be used in the field of sports . • Standard levels for the study sample in the measure of social intelligence was achieved .

This work provides a thorough comparative analysis of the green extraction process, viz. supercritical carbon dioxide and subcritical water extraction methods for Sabah Coffea canephora. Rigorous experiments were conducted using supercritical carbon dioxide (temperature ranging from 40 to 80 °C and pressure from 10 to 30 MPa) and subcritical water (temperature ranging from 120 to 180 °C with extraction times from 5 to 15 min). The optimum conditions for supercritical carbon dioxide extraction were obtained at 79 °C and 30 MPa at the maximum extract yield (8.549%), total phenolic content (4.563 mg/g gallic acid equivalent), total flavonoid content (0.763 mg/g quercetin equivalent) and antioxidant activity (63.34%). Meanwhile, subcritical water extraction is the best extraction method for Coffea canephora, which was obtained optimum conditions at 180 °C and 15 min of extraction time with a maximum extract yield of 44.477%, total phenolic content of 6.481 mg/g gallic acid equivalent, total flavonoid content of 13.816 mg/g quercetin equivalent and 77.586% of antioxidant activity. In conclusion, this understanding contributes to developing optimized conditions for green extraction methods, expanding the potential applications of Sabah Coffea canephora in industries, including pharmaceuticals and functional foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This review explores the versatility of K. alvarezii in various food applications, including bakery, meat, snacks, jams, and prebiotics. Abundant in vitamins, minerals, antioxidants, and bioactives, seaweed enhances texture, reduces fat, and provides nutritional benefits. In meat products, seaweed acts as a gelling and binding agent, improving texture, moisture retention, and allowing for salt and fat reduction. Seaweed snacks offer both health benefits and a pleasant aroma, while K. alvarezii's prebiotics support gut health by promoting beneficial bacteria. Additionally, seaweed serves as a natural gelling agent, stabilizing jam and jelly textures, and exhibits promise in sustainable food packaging through edible films. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research focused on the comparison of extractability and physicochemical properties of barracuda (Sphyraena barracuda Edwards, 1771) skin collagens prepared using pepsins from bovine (PSC-B) and porcine (PSC-P). The PSC-P sample had a significantly higher (p<0.05) collagen extractability (31.16%) compared to the BCPB (19.48%). Based on the Sodium dodecyl-sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) profiles, all hydrolyzed collagens were identified as a type I collagen with two different alpha chains (α1 and α2). The Infrared spectra showed that the collagen's triple-helical structure was maintained in the PSC-B and PSC-P samples, as mostly reported from other literatures. In terms of the thermal stability, the Tmax value of BCP-B (43.63°C) was greater than that of BCP-P (Tmax = 37.49°C), and their values were comparable to other literatures related on marine fish skin collagens. Overall, the by-product skin of barracuda (S. barracuda Edwards, 1771) can be utilized for alternative collagen products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]