Search

The mean circulation and volume budgets in the upper 1200 m of the Maluku Sea are studied using multiyear current meter measurements of four moorings in the Maluku Channel and of one synchronous mooring in the Lifamatola Passage. The measurements show that the mean current in the depth range of 60–450 m is northward toward the Pacific Ocean with a mean transport of 2.07–2.60 Sv (1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1). In the depth range of 450–1200 m, a mean western boundary current (WBC) flows southward through the western Maluku Sea and connects with the southward flow in the Lifamatola Passage. The mean currents in the central-eastern Maluku Channel are found to flow northward at this depth range, suggesting an anticlockwise western intensified gyre circulation in the middle layer of the Maluku Sea. Budget analyses suggest that the mean transport of the intermediate WBC is 1.83–2.25 Sv, which is balanced by three transports: 1) 0.62–0.93 Sv southward transport into the Seram–Banda Seas through the Lifamatola Passage, 2) 0.97–1.01 Sv returning to the western Pacific Ocean through the central-eastern Maluku Channel, and 3) a residual transport surplus, suggested to upwell to the upper layer joining the northward transport into the Pacific Ocean. The dynamics of the intermediate gyre circulation are explained by the potential vorticity (PV) integral constraint of a semienclosed basin. Significance Statement The Indonesian Throughflow plays an important role in the global ocean circulation and climate variations. Existing studies of the Indonesian Throughflow have focused on the upper thermocline currents. Here we identify, using mooring observations, an intermediate western boundary current with the core at 800–1000-m depth in the Maluku Sea, transporting intermediate waters from the Pacific into the Seram–Banda Seas through the Lifamatola Passage. Potential vorticity balance suggests an anticlockwise gyre circulation in the intermediate Maluku Sea, which is evidenced by the mooring and model data. Transport estimates suggest northward countercurrent in the upper Maluku Sea toward the Pacific, supplied by the Lifamatola Passage transport and upwelling from the intermediate layer in the Maluku Sea. Our results suggest the importance of the intermediate Indonesian Throughflow in global ocean circulation and overturn. More extensive investigations of the Indo-Pacific intermediate ocean circulation should be conducted to improve our understanding of global ocean overturn and heat and CO2 storages.

Tiga bahaya yang diakibatkan oleh listrik, yaitu kesetrum (sengatan listrik), ledakan, dan panas atau kebakaran. Tidak jarang masyarakat cenderung lalai akan antisipasi bahaya yang disebabkan oleh listrik. Hal ini dikarenakan kurangnya pemahaman masyarakat tentang kelistrikan, khususnya penanganan listrik ketika terjadi bencana. Konsleting listrik merupakan hal nyata yang akan dihadapi saat banjir terjadi. Di mana banjir yang terjadi di Desa Dringu beberapa tahun terakhir ini menjadi perhatian khusus. Karenanya, dibutuhkan kesigapan serta kerjasama antar warga dan pemerintah serta PLN sebagai perusahaan penyedia listrik. Melalui kegiatan Kuliah Kerja Nyata (KKN), mahasiswa Universitas Panca Marga Probolinggo mengadakan kegiatan sosialisasi kelistrikan. Kegiatan penyuluhan ini dihadiri oleh RT, RW, dan Kader PKK Desa Dringu dengan jumlah peserta sebanyak 25 orang. Melalui kegiatan ini diharapkan dapat mengedukasi masyarakat sekitar tentang pemasangan instalasi listrik rumah tangga dengan prosedur pemasangan yang benar sesuai standar SNI dan PUIL, dan pencegahan serta penanganannya agar meminimalisir kecelakaan dan dampak yang dapat ditumbulkan pra dan pasca bencana banjir terjadi. Melalui kegiatan penyuluhan ini juga dilakukan pengukuran tingkat pemahaman masyarakat menggunakan metode System Usability Scale (SUS). Didapatkan hasil yaitu sebelum dilakukan penyuluhan, rata rata tingkat pemahaman masyarakat sebesar 63,6 dan dapat dikategorikan kurang paham dan kurang tanggap. Sedangkan hasil pengukuran pasca penyuluhan, rata-rata tingkat pemahaman masyarakat meningkat menjadi 94,5. Kata Kunci: Banjir, Konsleting, Keamanan Listrik, System Usability Scale (SUS) The Measurement of Electricity Understanding for Flood Prone Area Society in Dringu Village Using System Usability Scale Method Three hazards caused by electricity, namely electrocuted (electric shock), explosion, and heat or fire. Not infrequently people tend to ignore the anticipation of the dangers caused by electricity. This is due to the public's lack of understanding about electricity, especially handling electricity when a disaster occurs. Electrical short circuit is a real thing that will be faced when a flood occurs. Wherein the flood that occurred in Dringu Village in the last few years has received particular concern. Therefore, it takes alertness and cooperation between citizens and the government as well as PLN as an electricity supply company. Through Kuliah Kerja Nyata (KKN) activities, the student of Panca Marga University of Probolinggo has held electricity socialization program. The program was attended by RT, RW, and PKK Cadres of Dringu Village with total 25 participants. This program is expected to be able to educate the surrounding community about the installation of household electrical installations in accordance with the correct procedures according to SNI and PUIL, and prevention as well its handling in order to minimize the accident and the impact that can be caused before and after the flood disaster occurs. This program also measuring the level of public understanding using System Usability Scale (SUS) method. The result obtained that before the socialization was carried out, the average level of public understanding was 63,6 and could be categorized as less understanding and less responsive. While after the socialization, the average level of public understanding increased to 94,5.

Bandung is one of the most popular tourist destinations in Indonesia and offers a wide variety of architectural styles and types. Although Bandung offers many different architectural styles that attract tourists, unfortunately not all tourist attractions in Bandung offer the same experience in discovering the beauty of the existing architecture. The purpose of this research is to improve the quality tourism attraction and experience of tourist attractions in Bandung by focusing on aspects such as comfort, safety, and accessibility. With the aim to create unique and memorable buildings in the long term, such as building facades, to maintain tourists' interest and encourage more tourists to visit the area regularly. In addition, to investigate how architectural features affect tourism in Bandung City by using qualitative descriptive method to increase tourists' interest. Data was collected through a qualitative open-ended questionnaire from aged respondents who live in Indonesia and have visited Bandung city. The results showed that most respondents were very satisfied with their tourism experience in Bandung City, with the majority visiting tourist attractions to seek new experiences or for healing purposes. The majority of respondents also found it easy to find information about tourist attractions in Bandung and recommended Bandung as a tourism destination to others. However, there were still some respondents who were dissatisfied with public facilities at tourist attractions, such as cleanliness and comfort, as well as the management of rundown tourist spaces.

Ocean Wave conditions play a crucial role in the coastal region, influencing coastal communities and human activities. In this study, a 42-year data with the period of 1980-2021 from ERA-5 Reanalysis has been employed to investigate the various temporal scale of significant wave height (Hs) variability in the surrounding seas of Korean Peninsula. The signal decomposition of long-term data has been done using Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD). In the seasonal scale, the highest (lowest) Hs occurs in the winter (summer) season with the averaged value of 1.1 (0.4) meter. These variations were related to monsoonal winds, with the stronger winds during winter season leading to the higher Hs. Year-to-year variation displays the contribution of ENSO events; the appearance of El Nino could significantly reduce the Hs by weakening the magnitude of winter monsoon in which are statistically found in the East Sea and East China Sea. The long-term changes of Hs in the region show a clear trend in which summer (winter) season have increased (decreased) trend, owing to the enhanced typhoon activities and weakened winter monsoon respectively.

Selat Sunda merupakan selat dengan kondisi fisik dinamis yang menjadi menjadi jalur sirkulasi massa air di perairan Indonesia petemuan Armondo dan Arlindo. Perairan ini didominasi dari Samudera Hindia dengan dinamika perairan yang sebagian besar dipengaruhi oleh angin musim, hal ini dapat memicu percampuran massa air. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui karakteristik massa air di Selat Sunda dan perairan lepasnya. Pengambilan data dilakukan pada bulan November 2019 dan data model diperoleh dari situs CMEMS (2015-2019). Pengolahan data menggunakan software Ocean Data View (ODV) dengan metode sebaran vertikal, melintang dan diagram TS. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan temperatur di Selat Sunda relatif lebih tinggi dengan kisaran 29-30,2oC. Sebaran salinitas dan densitas di Samudera Hindia lebih tinggi dengan nilai masing-masing 35-35,2 ‰dan 22,20 kg/m3. Tipe massa air didominasi dari Samudera Hindia terdiri dari Bengal Bay Water (BBW), South Indian Central Water (SICW), Antartic Intermediate Water (AAIW) dan Indonesian Upper Water (IUW). Dua jenis massa air berasal dari Samudera Pasifik yakni Pacific Equatoral Water (PEW) dan Western North Pacific Central Water (WNPCW). Variabilitas massa air menunjukkan pola yang relatif serupa. Sebaran temperatur tertinggi terjadi pada musim peralihan 2 (30,2oC) dan terendah di musim timur (29,2oC). Sebaran salinitas permukaan tertinggi terjadi pada musim peralihan 2 (32,87‰) dan terendah pada musim peralihan 1 (31,74‰). Sunda Strait is a strait with dynamic physical condition that crossed by Armondo and Arlindo. These waters are dominated by Indian Ocean with dynamics of waters which are largely influenced by monsoons, its condition give an example of mixing water mass. This research aims to determine characteristics and variability of water mass. This study was carried out in November 2019 and satellite data was obtained from CMEMS website (2015-2019). Processing data was performed using software Ocean Data View (ODV) by methods scatter distribution, cross section and TS diagram. The result show that temperature in the Sunda Strait was relatively higher with a range 29-30.2oC. The distribution of salinity and density in the Indian Ocean is higher with values of 35-35.2 o/oo and 22.2 kg/m3. TS diagram shows that water mass dominated by the Indian Ocean consists of Bengal Bay Water (BBW), South Indian Central Water (SICW), Antartic Intermediate Water (AAIW) and Indonesian Upper Water (IUW). Two type of water mass from Pacific Ocean are Pacific Equatorial Water (PEW) and Western North Pacific Central Water (WNPCW). Variability of water mass shows a similar pattern. The highest temperature distribution occurred in transitional season 2 (30.2oC) and the lowest in east season (29.2oC). The highest distribution of salinity occurred in transitional season 2 (32.87 o/oo) and the lowest in transitional season 1 (31.74 o/oo).

The currents and water mass properties at the Pacific entrance of the Indonesian seas are studied using measurements of three subsurface moorings deployed between the Talaud and Halmahera Islands. The moored current meter data show northeastward mean currents toward the Pacific Ocean in the upper 400 m during the nearly 2-yr mooring period, with the maximum velocity in the northern part of the channel. The mean transport between 60- and 300-m depths is estimated to be 10.1–13.2 Sv (1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1) during 2016–17, when all three moorings have measurements. The variability of the along-channel velocity is dominated by low-frequency signals (periods > 150 days), with northeastward variations in boreal winter and southwestward variations in summer in the superposition of the annual and semiannual harmonics. The current variations evidence the seasonal movement of the Mindanao Current retroflection, which is supported by satellite sea level and ocean color data, showing a cyclonic intrusion into the northern Maluku Sea in boreal winter whereas a leaping path occurs north of the Talaud Islands in summer. During Apri–July, the moored CTDs near 200 m show southwestward currents carrying the salty South Pacific Tropical Water into the Maluku Sea.

Rasmussen’s aneurysm is a pulmonary artery pseudoaneurysm, secondary to the invasion of granular tissues to the pulmonary artery wall, causing massive hemoptysis. A 39-year-old male, with a history of pulmonary TB presented with massive hemoptysis, persistent cough, and dyspnea. Chest X-ray and Chest CT depicted active pulmonary tuberculosis and a co-infection with aspergillosis in the form of aspergilloma. Chest CT angiography (CTA) showed narrow-necked Rasmussen’s aneurysm with the feeding artery coming from the pulmonary artery of the apicoposterior segment and the systemic artery from the left thyrocervical trunk branch and left bronchial artery. Fluoroscopy-guided transarterial embolization with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and gel foam was performed from the left bronchial artery and thyrocervical trunk branch followed by transcatheter embolization with glue insertion via the pulmonary artery in the aneurysmal site. After the procedures the embolic agent completely filled the aneurysm and there were no complaints of hemoptysis during the follow-up. Appropriate chest CT angiography procedures can help diagnose Rasmussen’s aneurysm and become a road map for embolization. Transarterial catheter embolization from bronchial or non-bronchial systemic artery and pulmonary artery can be used as the treatment modality of choice for Rasmussen’s aneurysm in pulmonary tuberculosis with aspergillosis co-infection in the form of aspergilloma.

Background: Haemoptysis is one of vascular lesions in TB sequelae, with incidence of 28% from 919 cases. It may be recurrent, massive and might cause mortality if left untreated. Embolization procedure with glue and coil can be an alternative to treat patient with recurrent hemoptysis.Case Report: We reported a case report in Saiful Anwar Malang Hospital, Indonesia, a 34 years old male with intermittent massive haemoptysis. Chest X-ray examination showed Lung Tb far advanced lesion with no acid bacilli found on microbiological examination. Transthoracic FNAB revealed chronic suppurative inflammation, with Cytology sputum Class II. Chest CT Angiography showed Lung TB Far advanced lesions accompanied by mediastinal lymphadenopathy with unsuspecting complications of left supreme intercostal artery aneurysm dd pseudoaneurysm, suggestion embolization. Examination results confirmed the diagnosis of recurrent massive haemoptysis and intercostal artery aneurysm with the history of TB. Embolization procedure was then performed.Conclusion: Angiography CT Scan has better detail in evaluating condition, source, amount, and tract of artery in chest cavity. Bronchial artery embolization as an alternative therapy was found to give better effect of occlusion.Keywords: Massive haemoptysis, chest CT angiography, embolization.

The ocean currents in the Halmahera Sea are studied using a subsurface mooring deployed in the Jailolo Strait from November 2015 to October 2017. The subtidal currents of the mooring measurements are characterized by a two-layer system, with the current variability below about 200 m in opposite phases to that in the upper layer. The mean along-strait velocity (ASV) is toward the Indonesian seas in the whole water column, producing an estimated mean transport of 2.44 ± 0.42 Sv (1 Sv ≡ 106 m3 s−1). The errors of the transport calculation based on the single mooring measurements are estimated to be less than 15% using simulations of high-resolution ocean models. A weak current is observed to flow northward during 2017 at the bottom of the strait. The ASV variability is found to be dominated by an annual cycle both in the upper and lower layers. The total transport, however, is dominated by semiannual variability because of the cancelation of the annual transports in the upper and lower layers. The variability of the transport is suggested to be driven by the pressure difference between the Pacific Ocean and the Indonesian seas, as evidenced by the agreement between the satellite pressure gradient and the two-layer transports. The transport of the Jailolo Strait during the 2015/16 super El Niño is found to be nearly the same as that during the 2016 La Niña, suggesting that the interannual variability of the transport is much smaller than the seasonal cycle.

Saat awal monsun Asia musim panas (onset summer of Asia monsoon) di bulan Juni-Juli-Agustus, perairan sekitar Pulau Simeulue, Aceh, terpengaruh oleh kejadian upwelling di Samudra Hindia. Hal ini diduga mempengaruhi siklus gas karbondioksida antara laut dan udara di perairan sekitar Pulau Simeulue, Aceh. Pada kegiatan survei Ekspedisi Widya Nusantara (EWIN) 2017 #coastal chapter yang dilaksanakan bersama Pusat Penelitian Oseanografi (P2O) LIPI bulan Juli 2017 didapat data temperatur, salinitas dan tekanan parsial gas CO2 (pCO2) di laut. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk melihat interaksi laut-atmosfer dan menentukan serapan atau luaran karbon di sekitar Pulau Simeulue. Untuk data pendukung berupa kadar CO2 di udara didapat dari Stasiun Pemantau Atmosfer Global Bukit Kototabang, Sumatra Barat. Dengan melakukan perhitungan flux CO2 antara laut dan udara, didapatkan hasil bahwa perairan di wilayah barat pulau berperan sebagai penyerap karbon (sink) dengan nilai fluks -0,05 mol C/m2 hari hingga -0,25 mol C/m2 hari. Sementara itu pada wilayah timur pulau memiliki peran sebagai sumber karbon (source) dengan nilai fluks 0,05 mol C/m2 hari hingga 0,2 mol C/m2 hari. Nilai fluks positif berarti laut melepaskan karbon ke udara dan sebaliknya nilai negatif berarti laut menyerap karbon.

Chest pain is a common clinical presentation in daily practice. Musculoskeletal origin is a rare etiology of chest pain, compared to a cardiorespiratory problem and often underrecognized. Fork-rib or bifid-rib is a rare anomaly which uncommonly present with clinical symptoms since in most cases fork-rib incidentally found during cadaveric dissection. Here we report a 27 years old man presenting with chest pain and radiographic examination showing bifid rib of the fifth left rib, without any abnormalities from physical examination and electrocardiography. The patient treated with intravenous painkiller and anticonvulsants. Fork-rib should be considered as a differential diagnosis for chest pain of musculoskeletal origin especially in young adults or chest pain precede with minor trauma.Â

THE UNCERTAINTIES IN CLIMATE CHANGE MODELING. Climate in the Earth has changed over the periods and will be estimated to give the a significant impact for environment in the future. Climate prediction using a simulation model, as a tool to predict the future climate and it requires the high quantitative skills and technology, has showed the significant improvement. However, the climate model depends on the input variable and the result may be inaccurate because its biases and uncertainties. Information of the uncertainties in the climate model can determine the modification in climate change mitigation and show the way how to adapt with the inevitable changes.

Consisting of semi-circular body, coastal region in the Banten Bay holds a significant role for both marine ecosystem and human activities. The change of its coastline due to the erosion/sedimentation process may affect the ecosystem and economic purposes. This study aims to figure out the evidence of coastline changes in Banten Bay using remote sensing and numerical model. The recording satellite data from Landsat 5 TM, Landsat 7 ETM+ and Landsat 8 OLI during 1990 - 2019, are employed to examine the coastline changes using Normalized Different Water Index (NDWI). Besides, applying the Langevin equation in the particle tracking model, the sediment data from observation in April 2016 are utilized to simulate the trajectory of sediment movements to understand the hydrodynamic processes which cause the changes of coastline. Over 30 years, satellite imageries showed the significant changes with the average of 0.8 (sedimentation) and 0.5 (erosion) km for the western and eastern part respectively. The simulation of sediment movements illustrates the dominant westward direction with the maximum 247.88 m3/day supporting the sedimentation in the western part. Moreover, the distribution of suspended sediment demonstrates the highest concentration in the eastern part with the range 9.47 - 249.54 mg/L indicating the evidence of intense erosion in the eastern part. HIGHLIGHTS Analysis based on satellite imageries and sediment transport model simulation have been carried out to give the evidence of coastline changes in Banten Bay Satellite imagery confirmed that the dominant change occurred in the western and eastern part of the Bay with the average of 0.8 km and -0.5 km, suggesting sedimentation and erosion respectively Model simulation results revealed that the sediment moves westward with the maximum 247.88 m3/day in the western part and high suspended sediment concentration with the range 9.47 - 249.54 mg/L in the eastern region GRAPHICAL ABSTRACT

The baseline observations of water current in the southeastern Mentawai waters using Shipboard Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (SADCP) of the RV Baruna Jaya VIII in April 2013 were presented study. This study aims to reveal the current subsurface system in the internal western Sumatra waters, the southeastern Mentawai Islands waters. We found unique hydrodynamics in this region where the southeastward flows were observed in the upper 50 m yet persistent northwestward flow below. We suggest that the southeastward flows in the upper layer were the remaining Southeast Monsoon-driven circulations. The northwestward flows below were likely acting as counter-current due to continuity processes in this semi-enclosed sea. This counter-current exceeds 1 m s−1 at a depth of>125 m, a localized jet-like current. We propose to name this high magnitude current as Mentawaian Jet as it feeds the western Sumatra internal waters.

Submarine groundwater discharge (SGD), the direct discharge of groundwater to the sea, is a ubiquitous phenomenon worldwide. While SGD is defined as “any and all flow of water on continental margins”, this review focuses on the terrestrial fraction, also known as fresh SGD Jakarta Bay, which started from the late 1980s have had greatest impact on mangrove areas and coastal water quality due to the expanding of the city. In such an environment, inputs of nutrients will play an important role in sustaining primary productivity. Atmospheric deposition and riverine runoff have been traditionally considered the main external sources of nutrients to the bay, whereas the role of submarine groundwater discharge has been largely ignored. . In this study, we used radon tracers and salinity to investigate SGD and associated nutrient inputs to Jakarta Bay especially from Citarum Estuary as the main river. The result shows that SGD becomes an important role in understanding the nutrient cycle at Jakarta Bay.

As one of the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) outflow passages, the Sumba Strait is a meeting point for the Pacific and the Indian Ocean water mass. In order to study the long-term variability of ITF flowing via Sumba Strait, this research uses observational data from the Ekspedisi WIdya Nusantara (EWIN) research cruise conducted in August 2016 to validate the altimetric geostrophic surface current by referencing the shear velocity. Stating the referenced level to 700 m, geostrophic transport is calculated using the Monthly Isopycnal/Mixed-Layer Ocean Climatology (MIMOC) data. Over the period of 1993-2016, the results demonstrate a dominant seasonal pattern for the geostrophic variability. While the total geostrophic transport shows a main westward direction towards the Indian Ocean, the Sumba Strait provides only a small portion (less than 0.1 Sv) for westward ITF geostrophic current. Intraseasonally, the maximum transport occurs during the southeast monsoon. The reversal of South Java Current (SJC), which flows with the eastward direction heading to the Savu Sea, is observed as the intrusion for westward ITF in almost every monsoon season. Despite having an unclear year to year cycle, climate mode of the Indian Ocean may have more influence on the surface geostrophic variability at the Sumba Strait. On the other hand, ocean-atmosphere coupling in the Pacific Ocean has a role in regulating geostrophic transport variation within the Sumba Strait. Using a statistical approach, the findings emphasize that the throughflow may well be impacted as well as feedback on both ENSO and IOD since there is robustness in those variables.

The spatial current patterns in the Indonesian seas were mapped based on a wide range of snapshot observations during the Expedition of Widya Nusantara (EWIN 2014) Leg 1 in November 2014. The current profiles were measured using the Shipboard Acoustic Doppler Current Profiler (SADCP) of the RV Baruna Jaya VIII. This study is aimed to reveal the current system in the Indonesian seas from observation. Remarkable current patterns of the Indonesian throughflow (ITF) were observed penetrating via the Mindanao Strait, southern Makassar Strait, and Lifamatola Passage, including its recirculation in the northern Maluku Sea and in the Sulawesi Sea. These results suggested that during the late Southeast Monsoon (SEM), the upper layer ITF is still significantly penetrating the Indonesian seas. The indication of anticyclonic and cyclonic circulations in the upper 50 m and lower 75 m, respectively, was also observed in the western Banda Sea

Current pattern in Java Sea highly depends on monsoonal cycles, which create alternating conditions according to the seasons throughout the year and potential impacts on eddy currents variability. Using the surface geostrophic current data from satellite altimetry during 2013-2017, this study aims to understand the variability of eddy currents and its relations to the physical condition of the Java Sea such as sea surface temperature (SST), sea surface height (SSH), and chlorophyll-a concentration (CHL). Results showed 60 occurrence of eddy currents in the study area, 40 cyclonic and 20 anticyclonic. The largest cyclonic eddy observed in April 2013 (112.05, -5.37) with a diameter of 134.07 km, while the largest anticyclonic eddy observed in October 2017 (114.54, -6.24) with a diameter of 159.69 km. Cyclonic eddy has lower SSH and cold core while anticyclonic eddy has higher SSH and warm core. Despite having an unclear pattern during the five years period, the occurence of Eddy current has a potentially indirect influence on Chl-a concentration.

The Maluku Sea acts as the east gate for the Pacific transport going to Indian Ocean via internal Indonesian Seas. The observational measurement using RV Baruna Jaya VIII, which was conducted during the second transitional monsoon in the respective years 2015,2016 and 2017, aims to figure out a snapshot condition of waters including in the Maluku Sea. The results emphasize a dominant southward current in the surface layer during the period. Despite having a variation of the meridional current pattern, a greater southward transport during 2016 and 2017 (La Niña years) with the maximum –1 Sv indicates that the air-sea interaction may have influence in the subsurface layer. While three type of water mass are observed in 2015 (El Niño year) such as North Pacific Subtropical Water (NPSW), North Pacific Intermediate Water (NPIW) and South Pacific Subtropical Water (SPSW), there is an isopycnal mixing which triggers a fluctuation of the salinity value in the 200-700 m during 2016 and 2017(La Niña years). In addition, the temperature shifting during El Niño and La Niña events contributes to the discrepancy of nutrient concentration. The higher orthophospate and nitrate are observed during El Niño event associated with the warmer temperature.

Hydrodynamic condition of Java sea as a part of Indian-Pacific throughflow system influenced by monsoon will affect the condition of Banten Bay such as tidal current. Bordered by Java Sea makes Banten Bay preoccupied with fisheries and shipping activities, so the information regarding current pattern that is tidal current is very necessary. This study aims to simulate the tidal current pattern using flow model fm as a numerical approach. Two-dimensional hydrodynamic model was employed to perform the simulation of tidal current. Model was validated by using current and tidal observation data which was taken on September 2015 and April 2016. The result shows that the current moves southwestern toward the land during high neap and high spring tidal conditions ranged 0 - 0.142 m/s at the first transitional monsoon and 0 - 0.153 m/s at the second transitional monsoon respectively. During low spring tidal condition for both transitional monsoons, the current flowed northwestward on west side and northeastward on east side within the bay ranged 0 - 0.137 m/s and 0 - 0.127 m/s respectively. The hydrodynamic conditions of Banten Bay are slightly different between 2 transitional seasons, especially for the current speed and direction. Those conditions induce a different transport mechanism, resulting in unstable accretion and abrasion along Banten Bay coast.

Strong El Nino and positive Indian Ocean Dipole (pIOD) events in 2015/2016 followed by relatively strong negative Indian Ocean Dipole (nIOD) and weak La Nina in 2016 events have affected hydrography conditions in the Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) region. Two research cruises were conducted using RV Baruna Jaya VIII in August and November 2016. These cruises aim to evaluate possible impact of those two climate mode events on the water mass characteristic in the outflow region of the ITF. Hydrographic data from those two cruises were combined with the sea surface temperature (SST) from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) and surface wind data from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF). The results showed that in the 2016 anomaly year, the cooler sea surface temperature was observed during the negative IOD (nIOD) event while the warmer temperature was found in the post of nIOD event. The observed water mass characteristics in the outflow region of the ITF revealed that the upper layer was dominated by the Indian Ocean water mass, while the Pacific Ocean water mass was observed in the deeper layer. The observed current data across the Sumba Strait showed that the South Java Coastal Current (SJCC) was observed in the upper layer, propagating eastward toward the Savu Sea. A few days later, the observed currents in the upper layer of the Ombai Strait revealed the ITF flow towards the Indian Ocean. Meanwhile, the lower layer showed an eastward flow towards the Ombai Strait.

Surface Current Pattern and Physics Condition of Waters Around Selayar Island in the First Transitional and Southeast Monsoons. Seasonal observations of the flow of surface water and physics conditions around Selayar Island adjacent to Arlindo throughflow pathways of Makassar Strait have been conducted with a focus on the first transitional season and the southeast monsoon season. The purpose of this research is to obtain the pattern of seasonal surface current and physics characteristics of water column, i.e. temperature and salinity in Selayar Island waters during those seasons. The observations conducted on 22–27 May 2015 and 7–10 August 2015 illustrated the successive periods of the first transitional season and the southeast monsoon season. The methods used for taking oceanographic data such as temperature, salinity, and current were the stationary oceanographic measurement using CTD and currentmeter at 29 stations located in surrounding waters of Selayar Island. The surface current pattern generated from the interpolation process of the overall observation stations indicated that during the first transitional season the current moved eastward with an average velocity of 0.25 m/s. During the southeast monsoon season, the same pattern was still observed with a slightly higher average velocity of 0.26 m/s. The temperatures and salinity of Selayar Island waters during the southeast monsoon season were 2°C lower and 0.5 psu higher than during the first transitional season. Differences in mean current velocity values tended to be more affected by local tidal conditions. Different salinity was thought to be influenced by upwelling phenomena and local climatic factors such as rainfall, wind, and river flow discharge.