Search

Today, power systems are operated close to their stability limits for economic reasons. On the other hand, with the occurrence of outage, the stability of the system has a problem that there are various solutions to compensate. The last and safest way to control and maintain system stability is load shedding. In this paper, under voltage load shedding is presented considering voltage dependent feeders load and also using the improved discrete particle swarm optimization algorithm (IDPSO). Since the load model is particular importance in the real load analysis, the decisions will be applied by considering voltage dependent load modeling. To ensure proper operation, the proposed method has been implemented using MATLAB software on the IEEE 30-bus test system by considering related constraints. For this purpose, two critical loads for the test system are considered and the results are examined. The results show that the proposed method provides the best location and amount of load shedding and indicates its effectiveness.

Abstract Background Women turn to Kolberi for various reasons, which cause numerous challenges for them. Thus, it is imperative to identify these causes and problems. Since no study has ever been undertaken to deal with this participant, the present research aims to identify the causes and consequences of Kolberi among Kurdish women in Iran. Method The present research uses the grounded theory approach to investigate 28 female Kurdish Kolbers. To achieve several participants, purposive, snowball, and theoretical sampling methods were used, while face-to-face semi-structured interviews were used to gather data. The process of data collection and analysis took 10 months, from April to December 2022. The data were analyzed using the Strauss and Corbin method and MAXQDA-20018 software. The Guba and Lincoln criteria were also met to increase the trustworthiness of the results. Findings Analysis of the data led to 143 initial codes, 31 subcategories, and 9 main categories: Causal condition (individual characteristics and economic factors); predisposing conditions (social and cultural factors, familial factors); intervening conditions (advantages and characteristics of Kolberi); strategies (strengthening compatibility with Kolberi); and consequences (individual problems, social problems and positive consequences). Conclusion Measures such as training occupational skills for women and providing employment conditions for them, increasing social, financial, and mental support for women without guardians, creating border markets, and expanding women's handicrafts can help prevent female Kolberi.

IntroductionBladder cancer is one of the most important diseases that threatens oral and dental health due to its nature and side effects of chemotherapy. Therefore, the present study was conducted to investigate the relationship between oral health literacy and oral health-related quality of life in patients with bladder cancer.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted on patients with bladder cancer in Ahvaz, 2023. Subjects were selected randomly from the patients those were registered in Cancer Registry Center in Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical sciences and invited to Golestan Hospital for data collection through clinical evaluation, the Oral Health Literacy Adult Questionnaire (OHL-AQ), and the Oral Health Impact Profile-14 (OHIP-14PER) questionnaire. The data were analyzed using Pearson correlation coefficient, independent t-test, and analysis of variance.ResultsThe number of participants was 194. The mean oral health literacy in patients with bladder cancer was 9.74 ± 2.39, indicating insufficient oral health literacy. A significant association was observed between OHL-AQ and DMFT index, but no significant association was found between OHIP-14PER and DMFT index. Furthermore, a significant correlation was found between OHL-AQ and OHIP-14PER (r = −0.68) in patients with bladder cancer.ConclusionBased on the findings of the present study, all dimensions of oral health literacy have correlation with the oral health-related quality of life in patients with bladder cancer. Therefore, adopting oral health behaviors and increasing oral health literacy can be the best way to improve the oral health-related quality of life to among patients with bladder cancer.

The nickel-bearing laterites of Noorabad area are seen in the high Zagros zone along with Kermanshah ophiolitic complex. The ophiolitic complex in the studied area includes serpentinized peridotites, isotropic gabbros, plagiogranite, sheeted dykes, basaltic lavas, andesite, and radiolarite. The peridotites of this ophiolitic complex include dunite, harzburgite, and lherzolite. The tectonic activities have caused tectonization in these rocks in such a way that it has facilitated their alteration process and created laterite zones. The alterations of peridotite rocks include serpentine, dolomite, hematite, and silicification. The laterite zone is layered and lens-shaped red horizon on peridotite rocks and is covered by Miocene limestones. Based on XRD analysis, mineralogy of the lateritic zone includes dolomite, quartz, smectite, and serpentine. The ratio of La/Y changes indicates that the studied laterites were formed in alkaline pH. According to the discrimination diagrams of the source rock, the studied laterites are karst bauxites with ultrabasic origin. Introduction Laterites are formed in areas with long tectonic stability and low erosion rates (Brand et al., 1998). Usually, the source rock of these laterites is serpentinites. Nickel is washed from the profile upper parts and concentrates in the lower parts, causing the enrichment and formation of nickel-bearing laterites. Most nickel-bearing laterite profiles have two ore types, an oxide component and a hydrous silicate or clay silicate component (Brand et al., 1998). The richest deposits of nickel-bearing laterite are formed where oxide-rich regoliths rise and nickel is washed down to the new silicates in saprolite (absolute accumulation) to be concentrated (Butt & Cluzel, 2013). This study tried to investigate the field geology, mineralogy, lateritization process, and geochemistry of Noorabad laterites (northwest of Lorestan province, Iran). Materials and methods The field operations were carried out in several rounds and led to the collection of 30 samples from serpentines and laterites of the studied area. Then, by preparing 25 thin and polished sections, the geological characteristics of ores, especially their texture and associated minerals, were discussed. Then three soil laterite samples, for mineralogical study by XRD method were sent to the central lab of Lorestan University and 10 rock and soil samples from the laterites of the studied area were sent to the Canadian SGS laboratory for determining the amount of major and minor elements by ICP-MS method. Results The peridotite rocks of Noorabad ophiolite complex in the northwest of Lorestan province include dunite, harzburgite, and lherzolite, which have been strongly affected by alteration. The tectonic activities have caused crushing in these rocks in a way that has facilitated their alteration process and created laterite areas. As a result of different alteration processes such as serpentinization, carbonation, hematitization, and silicification, primary minerals such as olivine, pyroxene, and spinel have been altered and secondary minerals such as serpentine, dolomite, quartz, hematite, and smectite have been formed. The laterite zone is a layered red horizon and in some areas is lenticular, which is located on peridotite rocks. In some areas it is covered by Miocene limestones. In some areas, the secondary fractures of laterites formed by tectonic and diagenesis activities are filled by dolomite and silica. According to XRD analysis, there are dolomite, quartz, hematite, smectite and serpentine group minerals in the laterite section. The chemical analysis of the studied samples shows the nickel content of 381-2660 ppm for Noorabad laterites. According to the discrimination diagrams of source rock, the studied laterites are derived from ultramafic rocks. Moreover, the investigations carried out on the La/Y ratio showed that the formation environment for the studied laterite samples is alkaline. Discussion The peridotite rocks of Kermanshah ophiolite are related to suprasubduction ophiolites (Kiani, 2011). Due to the multi-stage replacement mechanism, these types of peridotites undergo the most serpentine alteration, so that their severe crushing during replacement and their migration on the margins of the continents facilitate the intensity of the altered. The peridotites of northwestern of Lorestan province were altered into serpentine during these alterations in the initial stages, and then underwent carbonate, hematite, and silicification alterations. During these changes, the primary minerals of these peridotites, such as olivine, pyroxene, and spinel, have become secondary minerals. The serpentine minerals are the first group of secondary minerals that were formed. Then, the secondary minerals of the second stage replaced the serpentines in such a way that the minerals of the smectite group can directly replace the serpentine (Dixon, 1989; Nahon et al., 1989; Gaudin et al., 2005). Other minerals are formed by substitution and saturation of other elements and form minerals with simple chemical formula such as quartz, dolomite, and hematite. During the first stages of alteration of peridotite rocks, the main elements Si, Mg, Ca, Fe, and Al were washed from the rock and caused the formation of secondary minerals in the lateritic zone. A significant amount of silica is included in the structure of silicate minerals such as serpentine and smectite, and the rest is filled in fractures in the form of chert and chalcedony. During the weathering process, magnesium-bearing minerals are destroyed and Mg2+ is removed from them, so that some of the magnesium in the serpentine mineral are replaced by Ni2+ (Sagapoa et al., 2011) and nickel-bearing serpentine minerals. The Ca element is removed from the pyroxene group minerals during alteration and enters the structure of smectite minerals or forms dolomite mineral. The Ni element has a positive correlation with the Co, Mg, Cr, and Fe elements, and this correlation can be due to the substitution of nickel instead of these elements in the crystal network of secondary minerals or due to the surface absorption of the mentioned elements by the hematite mineral.

Abstract Background and aim Understanding the characteristics of global policy actors and the political context in which they address diplomatic issues in the field of NCDs can play an important role in advancing NCD-related goals. The purpose of this study was to identify and analyze the network of global health actors in the field of NCDs in Iran. Methods This study was conducted in 2020 using a qualitative methodology and framework analysis. In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with subject-matter experts from all levels of diplomacy, including global, regional, and national, who had managerial, administrative, and academic experience. Findings A total of 21 interviews were conducted with individuals who met the inclusion criteria. Following the framework of the World Health Network, the findings were divided into three general areas: the features of the network and the actors; the policy environment; and the characteristics of the issue. Conclusion A successful and sustainable program to combat NCDs requires the participation of multiple actors from governments, the private sector, and civil society at international, national, and local levels. The Global Network for Prevention and Control of NCDs should enhance the effectiveness of NCDs policies by highlighting the need to simultaneously improve the internal factors of the network, including relationships among the actors; external factors, including the policy environment; and the complex nature of NCDs.

In this study, the results are presented and discussed from laboratory test campaigns specifically designed to investigate the behavior of sacrificial piles as a countermeasure against local scouring at a circular bridge pier and clear-water conditions with flow intensity slightly below the threshold of sediment motion. Sacrificial piles are assessed on the upstream side of the pier in two transverse and triangular arrangements. Piles can reduce scouring by deflecting the flow and creating a low-velocity wake region behind them. The efficiency of the piles against local scouring depends on the diameter of the piles, the number of piles, and the angle of the wedge. The investigation was aimed at evaluating the effectiveness of the sacrificial piles as a function of different dimensionless groups. It was found that the triangular arrangement of sacrificial piles has better results than the transverse arrangement. The results showed that the triangular sacrificial piles reduced the maximum local scour depth at the pier to 37.2% in the best configuration. Combined countermeasures were tested, which were composed of sacrificial piles and a bed sill downstream of the pier; in the best configuration, the scour depth reduction in front of the pier reached 51.1%. The increased efficiency of the combination of bed sill and sacrificial piles (BSSP) is an advantage that can reduce the risk of pier failure when the duration of the flood is short. This last result shows that a combination of BSSP may be a very effective countermeasure against local scouring at bridge piers. Finally, the coherent turbulent flow structure around the best combination of BSSP was investigated, and its effect on the bed scouring pattern was studied. A 3D analysis of the bursting process was used. Turbulence characteristics, as well as the occurrence and transition probabilities of bursting events, were calculated. The obtained results confirmed the quite effective effect of the combination of these two countermeasures in reducing the scour depth.

The COVID-19 pandemic has caused new conditions, problems, and different research platforms for qualitative research. The aim of the present study was to analyse the challenges and opportunities facing qualitative researchers during the COVID-19 pandemic in Iran. This qualitative research was conducted with a conventional content analysis approach with twenty-four Iranian health sciences researchers. The participants were selected by snowball and purposive sampling. Data collection was carried out using semi-structured face-to-face and online interviews until reaching saturation. Data analysis was also carried out using the Graneheim & Lundman approach in MAXQDA-2018 software, and to improve the trustworthiness of the results, Guba and Lincoln’s criteria were used. Data analysis led to the identification of two main categories, 13 subcategories, and 69 primary codes: The challenges were in areas such as data collection methods, access to participants and how to conduct interviews. Opportunities also included formation of new topics for qualitative research, highlighting the importance of qualitative research, strengthening the technological knowledge of researchers, research cost-effectiveness, and presenting further information on sensitive topics. It is also possible to strengthen qualitative research by supporting qualitative researchers at universities and research centres, facilitating the administrative processes, providing communication infrastructure such as suitable Internet in universities, ensuring more diversity in data collection methods, developing an appropriate protocol during the COVID-19 pandemic, and dedicating some university rooms to qualitative researchers to conduct interviews.

Abstract Background and Aims Men face many challenges in their lives with adolescent girls that need to be identified. No research has been conducted in this field in Iran. This research aimed to explore the challenges of men married to adolescent girls in western Iran using a qualitative approach. Methods This research was conducted using qualitative methods and a conventional content analysis approach. Participants were 28 men in western Iran who had the experience of marrying girls under 18 years of age. Semi‐structured interviews were used both face‐to‐face and over the phone to collect data. Also, snowballing and purposeful sampling were used to select the participants. The data were also analysed using Granheim and Lundman's approach. Results From the data analysis, 1 category, 9 subcategories, and 103 primary codes were obtained. The main category was lack of empathy and consensus, which includes the subcategories of sexual dissatisfaction, girls' dependence on the family, inability to fulfill the roles of a wife, not being understood in life, remaining in the world of childhood, emotional divorce, limiting progress and preventing the achievement of goals, betrayal, and chaotic life. Conclusion Young couples problems can be solved by measures such as giving sex education and teaching skills necessary for married life, such as problem solving skills and anger control, to adolescent men and girls, as well as training families on how to properly support adolescent couples.

Background & Aims: The response of the human immune system to the COVID-19 disease is of vital importance in many ways, including determining the place of serological methods in the survival of patients. Therefore, the present study was designed and implemented with the aim of determining the specific antibody titer against SARS CoV-2 during hospitalization and one month after discharge in children hospitalized in Shahid Motahari Hospital in Urmia. Materials & Methods: In this longitudinal study, hospitalized patients with positive RT-PCR test were included in the study due to COVID-19. Inclusion criteria included age less than 15 years and parental consent, and exclusion criteria included immune system disorder or developmental disorder and negative RT-PCR test. Demographic information and severity of the disease along with specific antibody titer of SARS-CoV-2 were evaluated and extracted for all patients. Results: The average age of the 40 studied patients was 2.48 years, and 32.5% of them were girls. The average level of IgG during discharge and one month after discharge was equal to 73.66 and 128.36, respectively, and it was significantly higher one month after discharge than during discharge (p

The most basic axis of a society’s economic and social growth is health, and social capital is a major factor in determining that development. The purpose of this research was to evaluate, among the student body of Iran University of Medical Sciences, the connection that exists between social capital and overall health. This study used a descriptive-analytical approach to cross-sectional research. Students attending the Iran University of Medical Sciences constituted the statistical population. The approach developed by Cochran was used to pick 367 students at random. The demographic information form, two versions of the Delaviz Social Capital Questionnaire (2006), and Goldberg and Hiller’s General Health Questionnaire (1979), served as the data collection tools. Using Cronbach’s alpha test, the reliability of the first two sets of questionnaires was determined to be 0.73 and 0.78, respectively. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, statistical tests, and regression after being loaded into SPSS version 22. It was shown that general health was significantly related to the factors of gender, location of living, and degree of education (p < 0.05). It was shown via the use of regression that there is a statistically significant association between social capital and the two dimensions of group involvement and relationships in networks. These two dimensions had the biggest influence on general health and explained 39% of its variations. The overall health of students was not significantly affected by factors such as age, educational level, or marital status (p > 0.05). It is feasible to improve students’ overall health if social capital is increased, more students are encouraged to participate in group projects, and students’ ties with one another inside and outside their networks are expanded.

Abstract Background Providing rehabilitation services in primary health care (PHC) is associated with numerous health, social, and economic benefits. Therefore, low and middle-income countries, such as Iran, should benefit from the advantages of integrating rehabilitation services into PHC. We conducted a qualitative study to determine policy solutions that could facilitate the integration of rehabilitation services into Iran’s PHC network. Methods Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 38 participants, including health policymakers, rehabilitation managers, faculty members, and rehabilitation practitioners. Purposive and snowball sampling strategies were adopted to recruit participants. The WHO Health System building blocks framework analysis was applied to analyze the collected data. Results Participants’ perspectives and experiences outlined potential policy options including: (1) stewardship: increasing political support, strengthening the leadership of the rehabilitation sector, and promoting inter-sectoral collaborations; (2) service delivery: increasing the knowledge of healthcare professionals, using local volunteers, deploying mobile rehabilitation teams, using telerehabilitation, and improving referral pathways; (3) financing: increasing government funding, preparing a package of rehabilitation services, and using appropriate payment mechanisms; (4) human resources: expanding rehabilitation workforce, training rehabilitation assistants, and enhancing employment and social opportunities; (5) information systems: establishing a comprehensive information system and an effective surveillance system; and (6) technologies: facilitating access to a range of rehabilitation equipment and raw materials, especially for prosthetics and orthotics services. Conclusion Based on the WHO six building blocks framework, this study identified several policy options for integrating rehabilitation services into the Iranian PHC Network. Some of the policy options include increasing political support, promoting inter-sectoral collaborations, increasing the skills and knowledge of healthcare workers, establishing effective referral pathways, strengthening team-working, and increasing government funding.

Objectives: This study aimed to determine the efficacy of the therapeutic use of play on improving the attention span of children with Mild Intellectual Disability (MID) in elementary school. Methods: This was a quasi-experimental study with a pre-test-post-test with a control group so that 30 girls with MID were selected from an exceptional school in Tehran City, Iran, via convenience sampling method and assigned to the experimental and control groups. The attention span of all subjects was assessed by the Toulouse-Pieron test and the Cognitive Diagnostic Battery (CDB) before and after the therapeutic sessions. The experimental group participated in 16 therapeutic play sessions (35 minutes for each session) for 8 weeks, but the control group did not. The analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) was used to analyze the data. Results: The mean±SD age were 9.80±1.32 and 9.73±1.22 for the experimental and control groups, respectively. In addition, the mean attention span in the experimental group varied from 7.60 to 18.78 after the therapeutic sessions. In addition, after the therapeutic sessions, a significant difference (P

In this paper, the electron transport through a zigzag single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) junction consisting of zigzag SWCNT (central region) sandwiched between two semi-infinite metallic zigzag SWCNT leads to the presence of an applied uniaxial strain is numerically investigated. This study is based on a nearest-neighbor tight-binding approximation within the framework of a generalized Green’s function technique and relies on the Landauer-B¨utikker formalism. The results show that the electron transport properties of the system can be well controlled by modifying the uniaxial strain strength and length of the SWCNT junction. Besides, applying compressive strain is more effective than tensile strain in opening a band gap in the system. Furthermore, the current amplitude for the tensile strain is bigger than the compressive strain with the same absolute values of uniaxial strain strength. As the length of the intermediate region increases, the density of states in Fermi energy decreases, and the magnitude of the electron emission function in Fermi energy decreases to zero, leading to the transition of the metal to the semiconductor.

The present study represents the first meta-analytic synthesis of the utility of a widely used early-childhood self-regulation measure, the Head-Toes-Knees-Shoulders task, in predicting children's academic achievement. A systematic review of the literature yielded 69 studies accessed from peer reviewed journals representing 413 effect sizes and 19,917 children meeting the complete set of inclusion and exclusion criteria. Robust variance analysis demonstrated that the Head-Toes-Knees-Shoulders task was a consistent predictor of children's academic achievement across literacy, oral language, and mathematical outcomes. A moderator analysis indicated that in accordance with prior research, the Head-Toes-Knees-Shoulders task was more strongly associated with children's mathematics performance relative to their performance on language and literacy measures. The results of this meta-analysis suggest that the Head-Toes-Knees-Shoulders task demonstrated statistically significant, positive associations with children's overall academic performance. These associations remained stable across different participant and measurement factors and are comparable to meta-analyses examining the self-regulation and academic association with multiple measures of self-regulation and executive function.

Abstract Background The steady rise in noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) worldwide has been a key global health challenge. Governments have the primary responsibility for taking action to prevent and control NCDs. Given the growing importance of globalization of healthcare as well as the increasing use of soft power, governments need to identify challenges and opportunities to enhance global health diplomacy (GHD) for NCD prevention and control. The purpose of this qualitative research was to explain the challenges and opportunities of GHD for NCDs in Iran. Methods This study was conducted in 2020 using a qualitative approach and through in-depth, semi-structured interviews with 21 experts and specialists in related fields such as health policy, healthcare management, epidemiology and other related specialties. The participants were selected from all levels of diplomacy, including global, regional and national levels, with at least 3 years of experience in managerial, executive and scientific activities. Data analysis was performed by content analysis with an inductive approach. Data were analysed using inductive content analysis. Results The identified challenges were categorized into five main themes, including content challenges, structural challenges, process challenges, governance challenges and cultural challenges. Opportunities extracted from the interviews were also categorized into four main themes, including strong political will, utilizing the capacity of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), multisectoral collaborations and a well-developed health system. Conclusions NCD prevention and control requires a multilateral collaboration-based solution. Recognition of the challenges and opportunities in GHD can help draw significant lessons for building the necessary capacities and implementing more effective policies to prevent and control NCDs.

Introduction Considering the wide extent of the Urumieh-Dokhtar magmatic arc and the presence of many intrusive and volcanic rocks in this belt, an important question from scientific and exploration points of view is “Why are some plutons productive whereas others are sub-productive and/or barren?” Barren and productive magmatic systems related to calc-alkaline arc magmatism are identified as normal or non-adakitic (low Sr/Y20) magmas, respectively. Barren magmas are non-mineralized and have a low Sr/Y ratio, while high Sr/Y magmas are responsible for Cu-mineralization and are known as productive magmas that occur in all major orogenic belts worldwide (Cooke et al., 2005). Understanding their origin and petrogenesis is of critical importance to decipher their long-term growth and stabilization of the continental crust, and formation of economically valuable ore deposits (Monecke et al., 2018). Barren granitoid magmas typically form in pre-collisional subduction zone environments (Shahabpour, 1992), which is confirmed by the results obtained in this study. Magmatism in this region began in the Early Eocene and continued until the Pliocene. The volcanic and intrusive barren-type rocks (Eocene) that formed in a subduction-related tectonic setting are characterized by calc-alkaline and tholeiitic geochemical signature (Shahabpour, 2005). The northwest of Saveh magmatic complex is situated at the central part of the Urumieh-Dokhtar magmatic belt. The volcanic rocks of northwest of Saveh are crosscut by Late Eocene-Early Oligocene granitoids that are exposed over an area of about 100 km2. Materials and methods Approximately 70 samples were intrusively collected from Mount Shahpasand and Neivesht volcanic rocks. Subsequently, 9 granitoid rocks and 7 volcanic rocks that showed the least amount of alteration were selected for whole-rock geochemical analysis. The main elements analysis was performed by X-ray fluorescence method using Optima 100V device and the analysis of rare earth elements was performed using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry method and with ICP NeXION 300 device in the Lab West Laboratory of Australia. Results The northwest of the Saveh magmatic complex is situated at the central part of the Urumieh-Dokhtar magmatic belt. The volcanic rocks of this area are crosscut by the Late Eocene-Oligocene granitoids. Whole-rock geochemistry shows that the studied igneous rocks with low to medium potassium calc-alkaline geochemical signatures have strong depletion in Nb and Ti and enrichment in LREE and LILE, which imply formation during normal arc magmatism. Sr/La and La/Yb trace element ratios show that all samples have evidence for slab fluid metasomatism and a mantle source affected by metasomatism. La/Nb and La/Ba ratios also confirms a subduction-modified lithosphere mantle source for the magmatic rocks in the northwest of Saveh. Geochemical evidence shows that these rocks are barren-type igneous rocks that have the same origin and differential crystallization is the dominant process in their petrogenesis. Barren magmatism in the northwest of Saveh is likely a result of partial melting of juvenile lower crust caused by subduction of the Neo-Tethys oceanic lithosphere, whereas productive adakitic rocks within the Urumieh-Dokhtar magmatic belt have formed by partial melting of thickened lower crust. Discussion Granitoids have gabbrodiortite-diorite, Quartz monzonite, granodiorite and granite composition, while volcanic rocks are petrologically classified as basaltic andesite, andesite and dacite-trachydacite. Geochemical studies of whole rocks indicate that they have strong depletions in HFSE (Nb, Ti, Zr) and enrichments in light rare earth elements and large ion lithophile elements compared to N-MORB. Geochemical signature of the igneous rocks in northwest of Saveh (low Sr/Y ratio of almost 56 for productive rocks implies garnet, hornblende, and clinopyroxene minerals in the source, leading to enrichment of LREE/HREE (Castillo, 2012).

Abstract Background and aim The growing globalization has changed the goals and methods of diplomacy. Due to the challenges and complexities of dealing with noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) at the national and international levels, policy makers require global health diplomacy (GHD) to achieve the goals of prevention and control of NCDs. The purpose of this systematic review was to identify the challenges and opportunities in GHD for NCDs. Methods A systematic review of articles was conducted by searching MEDLINE via PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase and by using Google and Google Scholar search engines. Additional articles were identified by reviewing reference lists and a number of special journals. The inclusion criteria include literature published in English from 2007 to 2020, and the exclusion criteria are literature published in any language other than English, absence of full text, dissertations, and duplicates. Overall, 32 articles met the requirements for inclusion in this review and were analyzed using content analysis in MAXQDA 10. Findings There are 32 published articles on GHD for NCDs. Identified challenges were classified into three levels: global (global health governance), national (Governance at the state level, health sector, and civil society), and industry. The progress on global health issues has created opportunities for the development of GHD for the prevention and control of NCDs. These opportunities were divided into three levels: international, national, and individual level. Conclusion Various challenges at the global level, national level, and industry led to less engagement of policymakers in GHD for prevention and control of NCDs and, as a consequence, a less coordinated approach to address prevention and control of NCDs worldwide. So, there is a need for more efforts of collective action and negotiation for tackling NCDs. Policymakers and managers of the health system should increase the advocacy, building a coalition with civil society, use negotiation and diplomacy to engage with other sectors and organizations, manage industry conflicts, and leverage foreign policy to promote health and welfare.

Abstract In this paper, we propose the conditions on which a class of boundary value problems, presented by fractional q-differential equations, is well-posed. First, under the suitable conditions, we will prove the existence and uniqueness of solution by means of the Schauder fixed point theorem. Then, the stability of solution will be discussed under the perturbations of boundary condition, a function existing in the problem, and the fractional order derivative. Examples involving algorithms and illustrated graphs are presented to demonstrate the validity of our theoretical findings.

Recently, the concerns about depletion of fossil fuels and also the environmental pollution arisen from burning of them have driven scientists to quest for clean and sustainable energy resources. Some advantages of hydrogen have made it as an alternative energy resource to fossil fuels. Electrochemically splitting of water is considered as one of the main techniques to produce high-purity hydrogen. Fabrication of cost-effective electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in a water splitting process is vital for large-scale practical applications. Herein, we present an affordable and straightforward method for synthesis of NiO nanoparticles supported on Ni foam for oxygen evolution reaction (OER). A single-step annealing process is carried out at the different temperatures to achieve an optimal temperature, at which an electrocatalyst with a tailored morphology and high electrocatalytic activity is obtainable. The best electrocatalytic activity is showed by the electrode fabricated at 400 °C, which delivers current density of 10 mA/cm2 at 1.59 mV potential versus reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) under alkaline condition. Various material characterization tests accompanied by electrochemical measurements are employed to clarify the cause of the excellent electrocatalytic activity of the electrode fabricated at 400 °C.

BackgroundThe best way to prevent COVID-19 is to observe health protocols. Therefore, identifying the reasons of following these protocols in order to plan and make intervention seems necessary. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to identify the determinants of observing health protocols related to prevention of COVID-19 among the Iranian adult women with a qualitative approach.MethodIn this qualitative study, the conventional content analysis approach was used. saturation was obtained after face-to-face semi-structured interviews with 38 women from Kermanshah who were selected through purposeful sampling and snowball sampling. Guba and Lincoln criteria were used for the strength of the research and Graneheim and Lundman method was used for its analysis.ResultsAfter analyzing the interviews, 5 categories, 12 subcategories and 110 initial codes were obtained. Categories and sub-categories were: 1- Individual factors (personality traits, health literacy about COVID-19); 2- Perceived risk having underlying disease in oneself and family, history of getting COVID-19 and death in close relatives; 3- Fear of the destructive consequences of the disease (concern about the economic consequences of getting the disease, concern about the treatment process); 4- Social and cultural factors (social monitoring, religious insight, ability to properly manage social interactions, impressionability from important others); 5- Environmental factors (supportive living environment, access to health and anti-infective materials).ConclusionIncreasing the adherence of adult women to health instructions related to COVID-19 requires interventions at different levels of individual, environmental and social, and without accurate knowledge of the customs and culture of a society effective interventions cannot be established.

Abstract Background Adequate financing is a crucial function, securing that physical rehabilitation services (i.e., physiotherapy, occupational therapy, prosthetics and orthotics) are available with no financial hardship. Like many other countries, despite the adoption of various policies and strategies in recent decades, Iran enjoys no desirable physical rehabilitation financing (PRF). Accordingly, this qualitative study aimed to explore the PRF-related strategies and issues as well as their impacts on relevant policies in Iran. Methods An analysis of PRF-related policies was conducted in Iran using semi-structured interviews and policy documents review. Purposive and snowball sampling techniques were employed to select key informants, including health-policy makers, civil society, rehabilitation-policy makers, university professors, and practitioners. Thematic analysis was used to analyze the collected data. The analysis was framed within Kingdon’s multiple streams. Results The hindering factors for desirable financing were weak insurance coverage, lack of sustainable financial resources, fragmented financing, lack of split between provider and financer, high-cost of physical rehabilitation services, low engagement of relevant experts in policy-making processes, and corrupt activities. In the policy stream, the following factors were highlighted: involvement of sustainable financial resources, the use of external revenue sources, allocated resources’ earmarking, the integration of the current funds to have better pooling, the use of incentive and timely payment mechanisms, the implementation of strategic purchasing principals, and the employment of effective rationing strategies. Moreover, parliament support, changes in administrations, international effects, pressures from interest campaigns and NGOs, and international sanctions were found as factors affecting the politics stream. Conclusion The study findings revealed that a variety of national and international factors affect PRF-related issues in Iran. The recently enacted laws indicate that the PRF policies have already been on the national health political agenda. The study reflected the multifaceted nature of barriers to optimal PRF in Iran.

Introduction The chemical composition of biotite in mineralization associated with granitoids and copper porphyry deposits is sensitive to several chemical and physical factors. It is also related tomagmatic and hydrothermal activities including water concentration, halogen and metal deposits, oxidation-sulfidation equilibrium, volatility (in melt-fluid-vapor equilibrium), elemental distribution relationships, and temperature and pressure of economic deposits (Webster, 1997, 2004). Material and methods Detailed field studies have been done, and several thin sections and polished thin sections were studied by conventional petrographic methods. Thirty points of biotite grains were selected and analyzed by a CAMECA SX Five electron probe micro-analyzer with 15 kV accelerator voltage and 20 nA beam current (5 μm beam size) at the Institute of Geology and Geophysics in the Chinese Academy of Sciences (IGG-CAS). The results were processed using MICA + software (Yavuz, 2003a, 2003b). Results and Discussion The Geysour granitoid pluton (Lower Cretaceous) consists of granodiorite, mafic microgranular enclaves, and micro-granite sill. The granodioriticrocks are mainly composed of plagioclase, quartz, K-feldspar and biotite along with accessory minerals of zircon, apatite and magnetite. Mafic microgranular enclaves are composed of quartz diorite, granodiorite and biotite granite, with fine-grained to porphyry texture and large eyes of quartz and plagioclase assemblages. The microgranite has porphyry texture with a fine-grained groundmass. Its phenocrysts are plagioclase, quartz and biotite along with accessory minerals of allanite, needle like apatite, epidote and calcite. Biotite is the only ferromagnesian mineral in theGeysour granitoid which falls into the category of real trioctahedral mica. The biotites of granodiorite and enclave samples are in group I and group of ferrous biotites. The biotitesof microgranite samples are in group I and group of magnesium biotites (Tischendorf et al., 1997). In the 10*TiO2-(FeOtot+MnO)-MgO ternary diagram (Nachit et al., 2005) all the analyzed biotites fall into the field of reequilibrated primary biotite. The formation temperatures of biotites in granodiorite, enclave and microgranite are 653-732 oC, 631-724 oC and 689-732 oC, respectively (Luhar et al., 1984; Henry et al., 2005). The mean pressure values are about 4 Kbar ​​for granodiorite and enclave and 2 Kbar for microgranite (Uchida et al., 2007). Biotites of granodioriteand enclave biotites are located on top of the NNO buffer, which correspond to biotite compositions of magnetite series magmas, and biotites ofmicrogranite lie below the NNO buffer line and within the QFM buffer range. Biotite composition based discriminant diagrams cannot be used to determine the tectonic setting of the Geysour granitoids because they are low temperature I-type granites. The mean logarithmic ratios of fH2O to fHF and fHCl, and fHF to fHCl for the rocks studied are as follows: log(fH2O/fHF)fluid=4.56, log(fH2O/fHCl)fluid=4.47 and log(fHF/fHCl)fluid=-0.53. The first two values ​​are much larger than 1 indicating that the fluids are rich in water. Also, all biotites have high angles with linear trends of log(fHF/fHCl), log(fH2O/fHCl) and log(fH2O/fHF) indicating changes in fugacity conditions and halogen content of the fluid due to wall-rock reaction (Boomeri et al., 2009). Hydrothermal fluid fugacity ratio has been calculated for biotites of granodiorite, enclaves and microgranite samples at mean temperature of 661 oC, 654 oC and 703 o C, respectively, which indicate that hydrothermal fluids are of potassic type, because the log(fH2O/fHCl) is high, the log(fHF/fHCl) is slightly negative and the log(fH2O/fHF) is lower than that of phyllic alteration (Selby and Nesbitt, 2000). Meanwhile the magmatic fluid is significantly different from porphyry-type fluids (Baldwin and Pearce, 1982; Mason and Feiss, 1979; Selby and Nesbitt, 2000). References Baldwin, J.‌A. and Pearce, J.‌A., 1982. Discrimination of productive and nonproductive porphyritic intrusions in the Chilean Andes. Economic Geology, 77‌(3): 664–674. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.77.3.664 Boomeri, M., Nakashima, K. and Lentz, D.‌R., 2009. The Miduk porphyry Cu deposit, Kerman, Iran: A geochemical analysis of the potassic zone including halogen element systematics related to Cu mineralization processes. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 103‌(1): 17–29. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2009.05.003 Henry, D.‌J., Guidotti, C.‌V. and Thomson, J.‌A., 2005. The Ti-saturation surface for low-to-medium pressure metapelitic biotites: Implications for geothermometry and Ti-substitution mechanisms. American Mineralogist, 90‌(2–3): 316–328. https://doi.org/10.2138/am.2005.1498 Luhar, J.‌F., Carmichael, I.‌S.‌E. and Varekamp, J.‌C., 1984. The 1982 Eruptions of El Chichon volcano, Chiapas, Mexico: Mineralogy and Petrology of the anhydrite-bearing Pumices. Journal of volcanology and geothermal research, 23 (1–2): 69–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(84)90057-XMason, D.‌R. and Feiss, P.G., 1979. On the relationship between whole rock chemistry and porphyry copper mineralization. Economic Geology, 74(6): 1506–1510. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.74.6.1506 Nachit, H., Ibhi, A., Abia, El.-H. and Ohoud, M.B., 2005. Discrimination between primary magmatic biotites, reequilibrated biotites and neoformed biotites. Comptes Rendus Geoscience, 337‌(16): 1415–1420. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.crte.2005.09.002 Selby, D. and Nesbitt, B.E., 2000. Chemical composition of biotite from the Casino Porphyry Cu-Au-Mo mineralization, Yukon, Canada: Evaluation of magmatic and hydrothermal fluid chemistry. Chemical Geology, 171‌(1–2): 77–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(00)00248-5 Tischendorf, G., Gottesmann, B.‌F. Orster, H.J. and Trumbull, R.B., 1997. On Li-bearing micas: estimating Li from electron microprobe analyses and improved diagram for graphical representation. Mineralogical Magazine, 61‌(409): 809–834. https://doi.org/10.1180/minmag.1997.061.409.05 Uchida, E., Endo, S. and Makino, M., 2007. Relationship between solidification depth of granitic rocks and formation of hydrothermal ore deposits. Resource Geology, 57(1): 47–56. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-3928.2006.00004.x Webster, J.D., 1997. Exsolution of magmatic volatile phases from Cl-enriched mineralizing granitic magmas and implications for oremetal transport. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 61‌(5): 1017–1029. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0016-7037(96)00395-X Webster, J.D., 2004. The exsolution of magmatic hydrosaline chloride liquids. Chemical Geology, 210‌(1–4): 33–48. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2004.06.003 Yavuz, F., 2003a. Evaluating micas in petrologic and metallogenic aspect: I—definitions and structure of the computer program Mica+. Computational Geosciences, 29‌(10): 1203–1213. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0098-3004(03)00142-0 Yavuz, F., 2003b. Evaluating micas in petrologic and metallogenic aspect: Part II—Applications using the computer program Mica+. Computational Geosciences, 29‌(10): 1215–1228. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0098-3004(03)00143-2

Abstract This paper deals with the existence of nonnegative solutions for a class of boundary value problems of fractional q-differential equation D q σ c [ k ] ( t ) = w ( t , k ( t ) , c D q ζ [ k ] ( t ) ) ${}^{c}\mathcal{D}_{q}^{\sigma }[k](t) = w (t, k(t), {}^{c} \mathcal{D}_{q}^{\zeta }[k](t) )$ with three-point conditions for t ∈ ( 0 , 1 ) $t \in (0,1)$ on a time scale T t 0 = { t : t = t 0 q n } ∪ { 0 } $\mathbb{T}_{t_{0}}= \{ t : t =t_{0}q^{n}\}\cup \{0\}$ , where n ∈ N $n\in \mathbb{N}$ , t 0 ∈ R $t_{0} \in \mathbb{R}$ , and 0 < q < 1 $0< q

Background and Objectives: Physiological scoring systems could potentially aid emergency department (ED) trauma triage, and allowed clinicians to focus on treating the most severe patients first. This study aims to compare Modified Early Warning Score (MEWS), Worthing Physiological Scoring System (WPSS), National Early Warning Score (NEWS), and Rapid Emergency Medicine Score (REMS) in predicting inhospital mortality for multiple trauma patients. Methods: This prospective descriptive study was performed on adult multiple trauma patients referred to the ED of Al-Zahra and Kashani hospitals, Isfahan, Iran during 2019-2020. The primary outcome was inhospital mortality. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to evaluate and compare the performances of four scores. Results: Of the 771 patients included in this study, 738 patients (95.7%) survived after 24 h of admission. The mean age of patients was 38.66 ± 18.67 years, and the majority of patients were male (79.1%). To predict inhospital mortality, the area under the ROC curve (AUC) of REMS, MEWS, NEWS, WPSS, and Injury Severity Score (ISS) were 0.944, 0.889, 0.768, 0.754, and 0.869, respectively. Results showed that REMS was more successful than other scores in predicting in-hospital mortality for multiple trauma patients. AUC of REMS was significantly better than NEWS, WPSS, and ISS in predicting inhospital mortality. Conclusions: The findings of this study reveal that REMS is an excellent predictor of in-hospital mortality and MEWS, NEWS, WPSS, and ISS are good predictors of in-hospital mortality.

Abstract Background Although the main aims of sanctions are the political and economic pressures on governments, literature has demonstrated the harsh effects of sanctions on the general public, especially on the patients, poor and disabled people. Since the international sanctions regime negatively affected almost all dimensions of Iran’s health sector, this qualitative study was conducted to investigate the situation of the physical rehabilitation sector after these sanctions. Methods This qualitative study was conducted from January 2019 to June 2019 in Iran using Skype, telephone, and face-to-face in-depth semi-structured interviews. Purposive and snowball sampling approaches were used to identify the participants. Also, framework analysis approach was applied to analyze the collected data. Results In total, 38 individuals including health policy-maker, faculty member, rehabilitation expert, Physiotherapist, Occupational therapist, and Orthotist/Prosthetist, were involved in the study. Based on our findings, a number of challenges facing the Iranian physical rehabilitation sector during the international sanctions period included: 1) socioeconomic challenges (inadequate funding, rising inflation rate, high unemployment rate, catastrophic expenditures, and inappropriate employment status of practitioners); 2) education challenges (decreased international collaboration and shortage of training devices and materials); 3) international challenges (rising issues in accessing services for patients from neighborhood countries); and 4) service delivery challenges (shortage of raw materials for producing the orthoses and prostheses, hardening of the importing the needed equipment, inappropriate infrastructures, and impossibility to use external assistance). Conclusion After international sanctions, the Iranian physical rehabilitation sector has faced considerable multifaceted challenges. Therefore, the international community must be aware of the situation and be concerned about the irreparable consequences.

The aim of this study was to determine the impact of rhythmic motor exercises on executive functions in the components of behavioral inhibition and working memory of high-functioning autistic children. The research method was quasi-experimental with pre-test-post-test design and a control group. The participants of the study were 38 autistic children with the age range of 8 to 12 years in the medical centers of the Markazi province. 20 high-functioning autistic boys (from Rezvan Autism Charity Medical Center in the Markazi Province in 2018) were selected by using available sampling method based on the Autism Spectrum Disorder Scale Questionnaire (ASSQ) (1999). Participants were randomly assigned to the experimental (10 subjects) and control (10 subjects) groups. Both groups were first evaluated using the Heart and Flowers Test (THF) (2006). The experimental group received rhythmic motor exercises in 10 sessions (each 45 minutes) over 6 weeks by two instructors. Data were analyzed using analysis of covariance. Findings showed that rhythmic motor exercises improved executive functions in terms of of behavioral inhibition and working memory of high-functioning autistic children. Therefore, it is suggested that these exercises to be used to improve the executive functions of high-functioning autistic children in behavioral inhibition and working memory components.

Abstract Background Inadequate financing is one of the major barriers in securing equitable access to high-quality physical rehabilitation services, without imposing financial hardship. Despite this, no sufficient attention has been paid to physical rehabilitation services and no specific financial resources have been allocated to such services in many countries including Iran. Owing to the fact that effective decision- and policy-making requires identifying possible stakeholders and actors and their characteristics, in the current study a stakeholder analysis and also a social network analysis (SNA) was conducted to identify the potential stakeholders and also their characteristics involved in physical rehabilitation financing (PRF)-related policies in Iran. Methods The present study was performed in two phases. Firstly, semi-structured interviews and relevant document review were conducted to identify the stakeholders. Then, the position, power, interest, and influence of each stakeholder were determined using a web-based questionnaire. Secondly, SNA approach was utilized to map and visualize the interactions among stakeholders. Results The findings showed that there are different stakeholders in PRF-related decision- and policy-making processes in Iran. In addition, the position, power, interest, and influence level of the identified stakeholders were varied. Moreover, although some stakeholders, like the Ministry of Health and the parliament have the highest level of power and position, they lack sufficient interest to participate in PRF-policies. Furthermore, SNA demonstrated that social network density was low, which indicates the lack of proper collaboration and interaction among the stakeholders. Conclusion As many powerful and influential stakeholders had low interest levels to warrant participate in the FPR-related decision- and policy-making processes in Iran, employing careful and effective strategies, that is ongoing negotiations, receiving advocacy, and making senior managers and policy-makers aware can be helpful.

Introduction Partial melting is an appropriate correlation process between metamorphism and magmatism which plays a key role in the development of migmatites, granulites and S-type granites during crust evolution (Kriegsman, 2001; Alvarez-Valero and Kriegsman, 2008; Sawyer, 2010). In this study, we tried to address the correlation between partial melting process and metapelites migmatization and the formation of adjacent granites through microscopic and field evidence and geochemical data. Materials and methods Petrography and field studies were carried out and in order to identify minerals’ composition and determine temperature and pressure. A few spots of different minerals were analyzed by microprobe electron method with CAMECA device model SX100 at the Geosciences Research Institute of China University. Also, in order to evaluate the geochemical and the correlation between migmatites, leucocratic granite and metapelites, several samples of the mentioned rocks were selected. Their major and minor elements were respectively analyzed by the XRF and ICP-MS methods at Beijing University of China. Results While the pattern of rare earth elements (REE) in migmatite leucosome and adjacent granites shows that leucosome and leucocratic granite do not have the same origin, the leucocratic granite influence has occurred after the migmatization event, geothermobarometric calculations of migmatites and intrusive bodies as well as age measurement of Alvand Plutonic mass and migmatite rocks confirm that anatexis and partial melting do not come from granitic body heat but also heat of older mafic bodies is the cause of partial melting and migmatization in the region. Therefore, migmatites have emerged because of contact metamorphism which itself is the result of injection of the same age mafic bodies with migmatites. Discussion Migmatites of the study area are composed of quartz, plagioclase, potassium feldspar, biotite, andalusite, cordierite, spinel, and sillimanite minerals. Temperature and pressure for metamorphism peak are approximately 700 ° C and 4 kbar, respectively. Based on these data, the formation depth of these rocks is about 11 km. Therefore, their geothermal gradient is 54 °C/km which is located in the contact metamorphism zone and the Buchan type metamorphism series and it is in accordance with high temperature-low pressure metamorphisms. Migmatites are located near the leucocratic granite in some parts of Tuyserkan. However, they do not have any contact with granites in other parts but they have outcrops with hornfels rocks instead. The pattern of rare earth elements (REE) has been used to find out the migmatites protolith in the Hamadan area. Since, the pattern of rare earth elements (REE) of migmatites and metapelites has a similar process, this lithology has been used as a probable protolith. In order to identify the distributed elements inside the molten or in the residual (restite), the average chemical composition of probable protolith (cordierite hornfels) was used as a normalization standard for restite geochemistry in multi-element diagrams. According to spider diagrams pattern (mesosome, leucosome) normalized to the average metapelites based on mass balance, it can be concluded that migmatites have been formed by evolution of cordierite hornfels. In order to investigate the origin and possible relations between leucosome and adjacent granites (leucocratic granite), the chemical composition of these rocks was compared. Leucocratic granite located in the migmatites immediate contact and leucosome which is a few centimeters thick are considered in this comparison. The pattern of rare earth elements (REE) shows a significant difference in the migmatite leucosome and adjacent granites. The most important results of REE patterns is the difference in HFSE value in granites and leucosome. Thermometry has been conducted on intrusive masses (gabbro) through various methods and by Sepahi et al. (2012). The approximate temperatures of 950 ° C for gabbro and 1300 ° C for olivine gabbro are estimated. Also, due to contact metamorphism reactions, the maximum contact temperature of porphyry granites (Alvand intrusive mass) is estimated to be about 530 to 550 ° C (Sepahi and Moein Vaziri, 2001). Such a temperature is not sufficient for migmatization in the region. Shahbazi et al. (2010) have acquired the age of Alvand plutonic rocks to be 166.5 ± 1.8 Ma for gabbro, 163.0 ± 9.9 and 161.7 ± 0.6 Ma for granites and 154.4 ± 1.3 and 153.3 ± 2.7 Ma for leucocratic granite. Jafari (2018) has acquired the age of Hamadan's Migmatites to be about 160 to 180 Ma and an average of 170 million years which is almost equal to the age of Alvand Plutonic body.

Abstract Introduction The prevention and control of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are one of the main challenges of healthcare systems around the world. In addition to the technical level, it requires political negotiations and solutions, such as global health diplomacy (GHD), which involves the participation of a wide range of actors and stakeholders and innovative international health partnerships. This review aimed to draw lessons for strengthening linkages with a wide range of actors and stakeholders from the GHD literature for NCDs, and how policymakers and political leaders can effectively use international health partnerships to beat NCDs. Methods This research was a systematic review of the literature on GHD for NCDs. All relevant articles published in English were identified by searching PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase databases, Google and Google Scholar search engines, and the reference lists of identified articles as well as a number of special journals. 30 articles that met the inclusion criteria were analyzed using content analysis in MAXQDA 10. The Global Health Diplomacy Pyramid and Blouin and Dubé’s (2010) analytical framework for examining negotiations were used to classify the data. Findings 30 articles have been published on GHD for NCDs. Five key themes, i.e. the specific problem requiring global collective action, key actors, their interests in the problem, potential negotiation process, and potential scenarios for collective action and 46 sub-themes were identified. Moreover, given the importance of collaboration on NCDs in the international arena, actors were categorized into three groups based on the GHD Pyramid: (1) core diplomacy, (2) multi-stakeholder diplomacy, and (3) informal diplomacy. Conclusion Development and adoption of a global policy to tackle the rise in NCDs in developed and developing countries require policymakers and political leaders that participate in GHD. Successful developments in global health policy depend on the performance of and respectful relationships among the stakeholders, and global health diplomats need to understand the complexities of the institutional structures and functional relationships of the international institutions involved in health.

Following Chesbrough's statements of open innovation as a spectrum rather than a dichotomy, many studies have been conducted to reflect the dynamics in its implementation in the form of typologies, modes, themes, and mechanisms. In fact, these studies, with consideration of only certain aspects of the innovation process, have tried to develop a method for classifying and providing a model for adoption of open innovation. This paper also attempts to focus on the study of extant literature of implementation of open innovation and, after describing the shortcomings and gaps, present a comprehensive framework for aggregating these studies on considerations of open innovation as a model. Finally, by providing a systematic approach, the open innovation model has been implemented. Research approach is combination of qualitative and quantitative research methods and was applied at the level of the firm and a company active in the printing industry for the packaging of food products. Consequently, the open innovation model was determined in the study company. This model is the result of a chain of decisions in relation to each component of OI model within the phases of the innovation process. The decision chains include: selecting the “pre-print” domain as content of the model, choosing the direction of “market driven –invitational” for actors, and choosing mechanisms for increasing “absorption capacity”, “transformative and connective capacity”, and “desorptive capacity”.

Following Chesbrough's statements of open innovation as a spectrum rather than a dichotomy, many studies have been conducted to reflect the dynamics in its implementation in the form of typologies, modes, themes, and mechanisms. These studies, with considering only some aspects of the innovation process, have tried to develop a method for classifying and providing a model for adoption of open innovation. After reviewing the literature and interviewing with experts, the components and factors in each implementation step were obtained. Finally, to analyze and plot the interrelationships between the various components of the open innovation model DMATELE technique was used. Consequently, the open innovation model was determined in the study company. This model is the result of a chain of decisions in relation to each component of OI model within the phases of the innovation process. The decision chains include: selecting the “pre-print” domain as content of the model, choosing the direction of “market driven –invitational” for actors, and choosing mechanisms for increasing “absorptive capacity”, “transformative and connective capacity”, and “desorptive capacity.”

ObjectiveGetting COVID-19 makes a person confront numerous individual, physical, psychological, family and social challenges. Therefore, the present study was conducted to explain the experiences, challenges and adaptation strategies in patients with COVID-19 in Tehran, Iran.MethodsThe present study was performed with a qualitative approach and phenomenological method among 33 patients with COVID-19. From July 20 to September 21, access to participants and data collection were done in person (15 people) and by phone (18 people) through targeted sampling and snowball and semi-structured interviews. Data management was carried out using MAXQDA-2018 software and its analysis was done by the Colaizzi analysis method. Guba and Lincoln's criteria were also observed to improve the quality of results.ResultsAfter analyzing the data, two main categories and 17 subcategories were obtained, including (1) experiences and challenges (ignoring the disease, blaming, physical health disorders, mental problems, guilt, and remorse, being blamed, living a life of disappointment and ambiguity, emotional challenges, frustrating reactions from others, helplessness and limitation) and (2) disease adaptation strategies (spirituality, learning about COVID-19, doing valuable and fun activities, participating in treatment, strengthening one's spirit and hope, trying to make up for past mistakes and virtual communication).ConclusionsBased on the results, interventions and policies such as increasing people's health knowledge and literacy to get acquainted with the symptoms of the disease and prompt referral for diagnosis and treatment, teaching stress and psychological pressure management techniques, instructing families to continue emotional and social support for patients and strengthening and reproducing the strategies patients use, along with teaching disease coping skills, harnessing the potential of cyberspace and the media can make it easier to tolerate illness and get back to life.

Introduction: In recent years, several scoring systems have been developed to assess the severity of trauma and predict the outcome of trauma patients. This study aimed to compare Rapid Emergency Medicine Score (REMS), Modified Early Warning Score (MEWS), Injury Severity Score (ISS), and Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) in predicting the in-hospital mortality of trauma patients. Methods: This diagnostic accuracy study was done on adult patients admitted to the emergency department (ED) between June 21, 2019, and September 21, 2020, following multiple trauma. Patients were followed as long as they were hospitalized. The REMS, MEWS, GCS, and ISS were calculated after data gathering and comprehensive assessment of injuries. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis was performed to examine the prognostic performance of the four different tools. Results: Of the 754 patients, 32 patients (4.2%) died and 722 (95.8%) survived after 24 hours of admission. The mean age of the patients was 38.54 ± 18.58 years (78.9% male). The area under the ROC curves (AUC) of REMS, MEWS, ISS, and GCS score for predicting in-hospital mortality were 0.942 (95% CI [0.923-0.958]), 0.886 (95% CI [0.861-0.908]), 0.866 (95% CI [0.839-0.889]), and 0.851 (95% CI [0.823-0.876]), respectively. The AUC of REMS was significantly higher than GCS (p=0.035). The sensitivities of GCS ≤ 11, ISS ≥ 13, REMS ≥ 4, and MEWS ≥ 3 scores for in-hospital mortality were 0.56, 0.97, 0.81, and 0.94, respectively. Also, the specificities of GCS, ISS, REMS, and MEWS scores for in-hospital mortality were 0.93, 0.82, 0.81, and 0.85, respectively. Conclusion: It seems that REMS is more accurate than GCS, ISS, and MEWS in predicting in-hospital mortality ≥ 24 hours of multiple trauma patients.

Sediment Bypass Tunnels (SBTs) are deviant channels that convey the current containing sediments from the upstream of the reservoir to the downstream of the dam. In this research, by applying submerged plates on the entrance of a 90-degree diversion channel for sediment transport, the effect of hydraulic parameters of flow and changes in the angle of plates on sediment transport and deviated flow are studied and compared with the state without using submerged plates. The experiments were conducted on a 10-meter-long Laboratory Flume, with a main channel of 60 cm width and a secondary channel of 30 cm width and a height of 75 cm. In this regard, the variables of Froude number and flow depth in three angles of 30, 45 and 60 degrees were considered. The results of this study highlight that an increase in Froude number on average would result in reduction of 22.2% of the channel deviated flow and reduction of 53.3% of the deviated sediment to the secondary channel. The 60-degree angle of the plates is effective in decreasing the deviated flow while the 30-degree angle is responsible for the increased deviated sediments. With a decrease in Froude number and depth along with submerged plates with a 30 degree angle, the optimum condition in conveying sediments is achieved where the maximum amount of sediments are conveyed in the minimum flow rate. Based on prediction results, the best equation to calculate the deviated sedimentation flow using the Genetic Algorithm (GA) is suggested.

Introduction The Urumieh-Dokhtar Magmatic Assemblage (UDMA) forms a distinct NW-SE linear intrusive–extrusive complex Magmatism of the UDMA that occurred from Eocene to Quaternary, although the maximum activity was in the middle Eocene (Berberian and King, 1981; Ghasemi and Talbot, 2006). Collision of Arabian and Iranian plates led to termination of Neo-Tethys crust subduction and magmatism activity was abated in the UDMA, although there is no common agreement on collision timing. The Takht magmatic complex is located in the north of the Hamedan province (west Iran), and it belongs to ‎the UDMA. The assemblage of volcano-plutonic rocks is present in the study area. The volcanic rocks include dacite, rhyodacite and trachyandesite with some tuff and agglomerated and the plutonic rocks are mostly occupied by granodiorite and diorite (containing mafic micro-granular enclaves) with some gabbro. These bodies are mostly intruded in Jurassic schists and are in contact with Cretaceous limestone leading to the formation of a skarn iron-ore deposit. The detailed geochemical and isotopic data is lacking and the age of the Takht granodiorite has not been determined. In the present study, the authors mainly have focused on the geochemistry and Sr-Nd isotopic ratios of the Takht magmatic complex to clarify questions regarding pterogenesis and its geodynamic evolution. We also reported U–Pb zircon ages for Takht granodiorite to study the relationship between its genesis and geological evolution history of the UDMA. Materials and methods A total of about 80 samples from the Takht plutonic-volcanic rocks were collected. 16 plutonic-volcanic samples were selected for whole-rock chemical analysis. Major element oxides were analyzed by the X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) method using an Optima 7300DV XRF instrument in the Lab West laboratory, Australia. Trace elements were also analyzed in this laboratory with the inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) method using a NeXION 300 ICPMS instrument. Three chip samples with equal weight (4.5 kg) were collected from the Takht granodiorite. Then upon mixing, average samples were obtained for U–Pb dating of zircon. Hand-picked zircon crystals were supplied to the ALC (Arizona Laser Chron Center) in Arizona University. The 14 selected samples for Nd-Sm and Rb-Sr isotope analysis were crushed to less than 60µm. All isotope analyses were performed on a Nu Instruments Nu Plasma HR in the MC-‎ICP-MS facility, in the University ‎of Cape Town, Rondebosch, South Africa. Results The plutonic rocks have metaluminous nature and are of calc-alkaline affinity. The Sr/Nd, Nb/La and Th/U ratios of the granodiorite show that its magma was formed mainly by melting of continental crust, and that its enclaves were formed from a mantle derived mafic magma. The samples have negative anomalies in Nb, Sr, Ti, P and Eu and positive anomalies in Th, K, Zr, Yb and Rb thus indicating contribution of mantle and crustal materials in their generation. The Takht granodiorite has geochemical features of I and A-type granites and also shows properties of both volcanic arc and within plate magmatism association granitoids (high levels of LILEs and HFSEs). In order to obtain better results, all the data were plotted on a common 206Pb/238U versus 207Pb/235U diagram. The results show an age of 16.8 ± 0.24 Ma (Middle Miocene) for the Takht granodiorite. Based on the results, the Takht granodiorite was generated in Miocene. In the Takht magmatic complex initial 87Sr/86Sr range from 0.70678 to 0.70778 and εNd also changes from -0.79398 to -5.83370. Nd-Sm isotopic contents and trace element ratios indicate that the Takht magmatic complex has originated from oceanic slab break-off with continental crust mingling in the post-collision stage. The εNd (16.8 Ma) vs. initial 87Sr/86Sr ratios diagram reveals, the role of continental crust materials in the generation of the granodiorite samples, while where the enclaves lie are plotted in the mantle evolution array field. Discussion The Takht magmatic complex has geochemical properties of arc related igneous rocks such as Ba, Nb, Sr, P, Ti and Y negative anomalies and for Rb, Th, U, K, Nd and Zr positive anomalies. Most of the Takht area samples are plotted in the triple junction of volcanic arc granites (VAG), within plate granites (WPG) and syn-collision (syn-COLG) on Y versus Nb and the Y+Nb versus Rb diagrams (Pearce et al., 1984). These data suggest post-collisional tectonic setting for the Takht magmatic complex. Field, microscopic and geochemical evidences indicate that simple fractional crystallization of a mafic magma was not the only processes involved in the generation of the studied rocks. On this basis, continental crust material had extensive contribution in the generation of the granodiorites whereas the enclaves are from mantle derived magmas. Relatively high fractionated REE patterns of the granodiorite samples with high LREE/HREE indicate an amphibole-bearing, garnet-free source for the samples while small to moderate negative Eu anomalies require residual plagioclase in the source. The granodiorite samples basically have geochemical properties of I-type granites and it is confirmed by their Nd and Sr isotopic ratios. However, relatively high HFSE contents make them similar to A-type granites. Melting of a former continental arc crust and contamination with mantle derived magmas led to both volcanic arc and within plate geochemical properties of the granodiorites that make them similar to I-type and A-type granitoids. The age of 16.8 ± 0.24 Ma (Middle Miocene) of the Takht granodiorite is consistent with the other post-collisional igneous rocks of the area and regarding its post-collisional geochemical properties the age of collision and related orogeny must be considered at least before Miocene. References Berberian, M. and King, G.C.P., 1981. Towards a paleogeography and tectonic evolution of Iran. Canadian Journal of Earth Science, 18(2): 210–265. Ghasemi, A. and Talbot, C.J., 2006. A new tectonic scenario for the Sanandaj–Sirjan Zone (Iran). Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 26(6): 683–693. Pearce, J.A., Harris, N.B.W. and Tindle, A.G., 1984. Trace element discrimination diagrams for the tectonic interpretation of granitic rocks. Journal of Petrology, 25(4): 956–983.

Tourmaline occurs in the biotite-muscovite granite of Mashhad as nodule, euhedral tourmalines in pegmatite and aplite, quartz-tourmaline veins, tourmaline-rich veins and radial tourmalines. Compositionally, they all are between schorl and dravite end- members and alkali group tourmalines. The euhedral tourmalines in pegmatite and aplite are Fe - enriched schorl whereas the nodule, quartz-tourmalines, the radial and the vein tourmalines are Mg- rich schorl. The higher Mg concentration in these tourmalines relative to those of the pegmatite and aplite are probably related to the crystallization of Fe -rich minerals including biotite, garnet, and the pegmatite and aplite tourmalines during the evolution of granitic magma. The LA ICP (MS) results indicate that all types of studied tourmalines are characterized by low trace element abundances and have more concentration of Sr, Ga, Li, Be, Sn, Pb as well as some transitional elements. The tourmalines studied show similar REE patterns, LREE enrichment and positive Eu anomalies. The low Ba, Rb, W, Sn، Y, Nb and HREE concentrations can be due to crystallization of some minerals such as garnet, biotite, muscovite and feldspar prior to the tourmalines. The correlation between major and trace elements of the tourmalines is the effects of atomic sites and thermodynamic in the crystal chemistry and the behavior of trace elements in the tourmalines.

Abstract In some applications of statistical process monitoring, a quality characteristic can be characterized by linear regression relationships between several response variables and one explanatory variable, which is referred to as a “multivariate simple linear profile.” It is usually assumed that the process parameters are known in Phase II. However, in most applications, this assumption is violated; the parameters are unknown and should be estimated based on historical data sets in Phase I. This study aims to compare the effect of parameter estimation on the performance of three Phase II approaches for monitoring multivariate simple linear profiles, designated as MEWMA, MEWMA_3 and $${\text{MEWMA}}/\chi^{2}$$ MEWMA / χ 2 . Three metrics are used to accomplish this objective: AARL, SDARL and CVARL. The superior method may be different in terms of the AARL and SDARL metrics. Using the CVARL metric helps practitioners make reliable decisions. The comparisons are carried out under both in-control and out-of-control conditions for all competing approaches. The corrected limits are also obtained by a Monte Carlo simulation in order to decrease the required number of Phase I samples for parameter estimation. The results reveal that parameter estimation strongly affects the in-control and out-of-control performance of monitoring approaches, and a large number of Phase I samples are needed to achieve a parameter estimation that is close to the known parameters. The simulation results show that the MEWMA and $${\text{MEWMA}}/\chi^{2}$$ MEWMA / χ 2 methods perform better than the MEWMA_3 method in terms of the CVARL metric. However, the superior approach is different in terms of AARL and SDARL.

The purpose of this study was to discovering the pathologies of subsystems in families with children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and survey the effectiveness of child parent relationship therapy on discovered problems and empowerment of these families. The present study is a mixed method (qualitative-quantitative). The first part of the research is qualitative in the phenomenological method. The sample consisted of 16 families (27 members) who had the first-hand experience with this phenomenon. The tool was a semi-structured interview, which was analyzed data with Colaizzi method. In the second part of the study, 4 parents (2 mothers and 2 fathers) were selected purposefully and analyzed in a single case method. Qualitative findings included the discovery of pathologies in three subsystems of families and development of an ADHD-based family questionnaire, which included 77 questions with appropriate validity and reliability. Quantitative findings included the significant effectiveness of child parent relationship therapy on family empowerment and the discovered problems in ADHD-based family. The results showed that injuries by ADHD children not only negatively affected each family member but also challenged the family system and confirmed the need of these families to support, supervise, treatment and comprehensive education.

Iran, like many other countries, is experiencing a growing elderly population. In 2016 census in Iran, out of a population of 79,926,270 people, more than 6 million people (8.2% of the population) were 60 years and over. This can be a major challenge for both healthcare providers and senior patients. This study assesses the suitability of the design, safety, physical environment and systems of Iranian hospitals based on age-friendly design principles. In this descriptive research, 26 hospitals in Tehran were selected and examined. Data were collected using a valid and reliable checklist with 50 items assessing the physical environment, accessibility, service delivery, and management systems of the hospitals. The results showed that 96 % of hospitals have wide corridors, 88% have suitable lighting, 85% have ramps for wheelchair users and railings for staircases, but 58% do not have an alarm in each toilet. It can be said that the majority of the hospitals were in a relatively good condition in terms of safety of the physical environment, but resource management and special programs and healthcare systems for the elderly were in a poor condition. Given the rising elderly population in developing countries such as Iran, it is imperative to create elder-friendly environments and programs. The increasing demand for hospital beds necessitates special care be given to elder-friendly principles in the design and construction of new hospitals as well as the renewal of existing ones. It is also vital to carefully consider the health, safety and special needs of older patients in design and construction of new hospitals as well as the renewal of existing ones and developing health policies at the macro, meso and micro level, especially as they relate to inpatient and outpatient services.

IntroductionHealth benefits package (HBP) is regarded as one of the main dimensions of health financing strategy. Even with increasing demands for prosthetics and orthotics (P&O) services to approximately 0.5% of the world's population, only 15% of vulnerable groups have the chance to make use of such benefits. Inadequate coverage of P&O services in the HBP is accordingly one of the leading reasons for this situation in many countries, including Iran.AimsThe main objective of this study was to find and prioritize solutions in order to facilitate and promote P&O services in the Iranian HBP.Study designA mixed-methods (qualitative-quantitative) research design was employed in this study.MethodsThis study was conducted in two phases. First, semi-structured interviews were undertaken to retrieve potential solutions. Then an analytic hierarchy process (AHP) reflecting on seven criteria of acceptability, effectiveness, time, cost, feasibility, burden of disease, and fairness was performed to prioritize them.ResultsIn total, 26 individuals participated in semi-structured interviews and several policy solutions were proposed. Following the AHP, preventive interventions, infant-specific interventions, inpatient interventions, interventions until 6 years of age, and emergency interventions gained the highest priority to incorporate in the Iranian HBP.ConclusionA number of policy solutions were explored and prioritized for P&O services in the Iranian HBP. Our findings provide a framework for decision- and policy-makers in Iran and other countries aiming to curb the financial burdens of P&O users, especially in vulnerable groups.

Objective (s): To assess the incidence of neurodevelopmental disorders in children aged 1 to 3 years with congenital hypothyroidism treated with Levothyroxine. Methods: In a historical cohort study, 122 neonates with congenital hypothyroidism under treatment with levothyroxine and 122 healthy children aged between one and three years were evaluated by the ASQ questionnaire for their neurodevelopmental status. Sampling was done non-randomly. In the exposure group, questionnaires were asked by telephone or they were invited to the clinic for an assessment period after contact with them. In the healthy children group (control group), children who were referred to the clinic for periodic examinations were selected. Results: Overall 17.2% of children with congenital hypothyroidism and 12.3% of health children failed to obtain tershold score for developmental test giving a relative risk of 1.4, but the risk was was not significant. Conclusion: The study showed that children with congenital hypothyroidism would develop normally if diagnosis and initiation of treatment starts at age under one month. The prescribed dose of 10 micrograms per kilogram of baby weight at the start of treatment and adjusting the dosage of the drug correlate with the age and weight of the child and continuing until the age of three, will lead to normal development in children.

Abstract After pubertal, cohort of small antral follicles enters to gonadotrophin-sensitive development, called recruited follicles. This study was aimed to identify candidate genes in follicular cyclic recruitment via analysis of protein-protein interaction (PPI) network. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in ovine granulosa cells of small antral follicles between follicular and luteal phases were accumulated among gene/protein symbols of the Ensembl annotation. Following directed graphs, PTPN6 and FYN have the highest indegree and outdegree, respectively. Since, these hubs being up-regulated in ovine granulosa cells of small antral follicles during the follicular phase, it represents an accumulation of blood immune cells in follicular phase in comparison with luteal phase. By contrast, the up-regulated hubs in the luteal phase including CDK1, INSRR and TOP2A which stimulated DNA replication and proliferation of granulosa cells, they known as candidate genes of the cyclic recruitment.

شخصیت نقشی اساسی در روابط زناشویی دارد. خودشیفتگی به علت رویکرد متمرکز بر خود، فقدان همدلی و خشونت مانع از ایجاد روابط صمیمانه می­شود. درمان خودشیفتگی با موفقیت امکان‌پذیر است، اما نیاز به یک درک کامل از آسیب‌شناسی و روش­های بالینی مناسب دارد. درمان بین فردی فراشناختی (MIT) برای درمان خودشیفتگی فرایندی گام ‌به‌ گام اتخاذ می­کند که منجر به کاهش تدریجی فرایندهای خودشیفتگی می­شود. پژوهش حاضر با هدف بررسی تأثیر درمان بین­فردی فراشناختی بر کیفیت زناشویی مرد خودشیفته انجام ‌گرفته است. به­علت عمیق بودن مشکلات شخصیت و طولانی بودن درمان روش پژوهش حاضر پژوهش موردی است. در این مطالعه، آزمودنی مرد 28 ساله بود که با استفاده از مصاحبه بالینی و پرسشنامه­ی شخصیت خودشیفته (NPI-40) مبتلا به مشکلات زناشویی و خودشیفتگی تشخیص داده شد. درمان بین­فردی فراشناختی بیست ‌و یک جلسه و در طول یک سال انجام شد. نتیجه در ابعاد مختلف کیفیت زناشویی برای مرد و زن یکسان نبود و مسائل فرهنگی نیز نقش مهمی در فرایند درمان داشتند. اما به‌طورکلی، درمان باعث افزایش کیفیت زناشویی فرد و همسرش شد.

Various researches have proved that growth and biochemical content of rotifers can be affected by type and concentration of food. Microalgae as a source of food are essential for the rotifer rearing, especially for its growth, survival, protein, lipid and fatty acids contents. The present study was carried out to compare the effects of dried algae (powdered chlorella) (equivalent weight of fresh algae) on growth factor, and proximate body composition of rotifer Brachionus plicatilis in comparison with fresh algae (Isochrysis galbana and Nannochloropsis oculata) at 5×106 cells/mL. Rotifers were cultured in standard conditions in 500 mL plastic containers with initial density of 30 ind/mL. The results showed that the population growth rate of rotifers fed with I. galbana (5×106 cells/mL) was higher than the treatments fed with the chlorella powder and N. oculata (P

Basic dykes, trending NE-SW and cross cutting the middle Jurassic granodioritic rocksexposed in the Boroujerd area. They are dark green and fine to medium–grained rocksand are characterized by ophitic to subophitic texture. These rocks are dominated bymajor minerals including amphibole and plagioclase as well as minor biotite, apatite,sphene and prehnite. Amphibole is calcic, with magnesia-hornblende to actinolitehornblendecomposition. T = 600-700ºC and P = 3.5-5.2 kbar were calculated forcrystallization of these minerals. The composition of plagioclases ranges from albite tooligoclase. The basic dykes studied are undeformed and the youngest magmatic activityin the area.. The collision of Arabian and Central Iranian plates, gave rise to the pressurein the Central Iranian plate, which expanded the extension fractures in the direction ofthe plate movement. As a result, the dykes in discussion formed in direction of platemovement. Thus, development of basic dykes in the Northeast-Southwest direction withrespect to the convergence zone is justified. The basic dykes, on the discriminationtectonic diagrams, are classified as alkaline series and plotted on within plateenvironment field, which originated from partial melting of an enriched mantle source.

Background: The people involved in food preparation play a major role in contaminating it due to improper food handling. According to a report of the World Health Organization, more than one third of the population in developing countries become ill from food-borne diseases also The European Food Safety Authority report, about 48.7% of food-borne diseases are caused by eating food provided in public places. The goal of this study was to examine the knowledge and practice of 390 food handlers in one of Tehran's district using questionnaires. Methods: The reliability of the questionnaires were measured using Cronbach's alpha and Intra-class correlation obtained from test and re-test in an interval of 10 days. The reliability and validity index of the questionnaires were found to be above 70%, which were acceptable. Results: The results showed that there is a lack of knowledge in the field of thorough cooking of food, storing it at the right temperature, proper defrosting of frozen materials, and hygienic practice. Although the practice of the participants were evaluated to be at a good level, in some cases, such as how to find out the optimal temperature for cooking burgers and chicken, the right way to defrost food, the time needed to reheat the food, and the proper floor on which raw meat should be stored in the refrigerator were found lacking. Conclusions: Appropriate training is needed and essential to promote the level of knowledge and ensure that safety is maintained by food-handlers in dealing with food.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the counseling approach based on acceptance and commitment Therapy (ACT) on marital attribution of women admitted to Isfahan cultural centers. This study was a quasi-experimental method and performed pre-test, post-test, and follow-up with the control group. The sample of this study was inclusive of women referred to cultural centers of the city of Isfahan. Based on cluster sampling, among cultural centers of the city, the Family Center was chosen. Sample of 30 women who volunteered to participate in the workshop were selected and randomly divided into two groups (n = 15) and control (n = 15) groups. The dependent variable in this study was women's marital attributions. The independent variable was counseling approach based on acceptance and commitment Therapy (ACT) which was offered in 10 sessions to the experimental group. The questionnaire was marital attribution from Bradbury & Fincham (1992). Data were analyzed by 19 SPSS software. The results showed that counseling approach based on Acceptance and Commitment Therapy was effective in overall martial document (P 0/05), attribution selfish and altruistic (p>0/05), and the attribution of intentional and unintentional (p>0/05) was not effective and did not cause a significant difference. Therefore, the study concluded that counseling approach based on Acceptance and Commitment Therapy can improve marital attribution.

The effects of mulches on weeds and cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) yield, examined by field experiment at Research Station of Tabriz University in 2012, based on randomized complete block designed with four replications. Treatments included four kinds of mulches such as transparent plastic, black plastic, wheat straw, paper and control (mulch free). Results showed that black plastic was the most successful in weeds control, so that up to one month after sowing time (the first time sampling), some weeds were controled 100 percent, and all traits were reduced in some others. Two monthes after sowing time (the second sampling time), also all traits of weeds presented under black plastic significantly were reduced. After block plastic, paper was very important in weed control. At bigening of the growth season, transparent plastic caused increases in weed growth, but increasing of temperature under this kind of mulch, during season, weeds were bleached. The effects of wheat straw on weeds control was not significant. Cucumber yield in mulch treatments significantly was increased, so that from 21.25 t/h in control were reached to 57.4, 47.7, and 36.65 t/h in transparent plastic, black plastic and paper, respectively. The results of this experiment showed that using of suitable mulch, by controlling of weeds improved cucumber performance.

The Mangavai and Ganjnameh pegmatitic rocks are part of the Alvand granitoid pluton in the Sanandaj-Sirjan zone. The composition of tourmaline in Mangavi is Schorl and that of the Ganjnameh lies in the Schorl- foitite fields. The amounts of aluminum and X-vacancy in the Ganjnameh tourmalines are more than those of Mangavi. But commonly, the main substitution of both types of tourmaline is proton production and Al increase types that Al increase; X-vacancy and Fe reduce occurred. During these substitutions, olenite and foitite, Al-tourmaline and X-vacancy have been formed, respectively. The absence of dravite and the Fe # value over 0.8 in analyzed samples indicate that the tourmalines in pegmatites are related to magmatic types. In addition, the substitution of X-vacancy and Na+Al (olenite) type of tourmaline point to its magmatic nature and so, the required elements (i.e. boron, iron, sodium and aluminum) provided by magmatic fluids. The HREE amount of the Mangavi tourmalines due to accompanied garnet are very low but in the absence of garnet, the Ganjnameh tourmaline have high levels of these elements. Although tourmalines have the extensive substitutions but do not have a tendency to absorb all rare earth elements and the greatest impact on the control of these elements in tourmaline related to paragenesis minerals.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of cognitive-behavioral couple therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy on marital happiness of dissatisfied couples in Isfahan.The method of this research was single subject design. This study was carried out based on a multiple baseline with an initiation of treatment. Sampling procedure of this study was purposeful. Six couples were randomly assigned in two experimental and control groups. Independent variables were cognitive- behavioral couple therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy that were presented in six sessions. The research instrument was Marital Happiness Questionnaire.Results showed that cognitive-behavioral couple therapy and acceptance and commitment therapy both have increased marital happiness. The results revealed a significant difference between the intervention and baseline situations and also the results of the Repeated Measures Anova showed that there are no significant differences between the impacts of these two therapies on dependent variable.considering these results, couple therapist can use the strategies of theses two approaches to enhance marital happiness of couples especially those who have experienced some kind of dissatisfaction in their relations.