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Full comprehension of precipitation patterns is crucially needed, especially in Pekan, a district in Pahang, Malaysia. The area is renowned for its elevated levels of precipitation, making it imperative to precisely categorize and enhance the analysis of rainfall patterns to facilitate effective resource allocation, agricultural productivity, and catastrophe readiness. The variability of rainfall patterns is contingent upon geographical location, necessitating the collection of a comprehensive data set that includes several characteristics that influence precipitation to make reliable predictions. Data were collected from the Vantage Pro2 weather station, which is located on the UMP Pekan campus. This study used the RT method to classify rainfall and T-Method 1 to determine the degree of contribution of each parameter. Significant parameters were validated using a data set from the same type of weather station but in a different district. The results showed that the Mahalanobis-Taguchi Bee Algorithm (MTBA) is more effective than the Mahalanobis-Taguchi System (MTS) in finding the significant parameters, but the parameters were a subset of MTS Teshima. Finally, the validation with T mean-based error (Tmbe) using Mean Absolute Error (MAE) revealed a pattern of errors to provide insight to find the significant parameters of MTS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Processed spent bleaching earth (PSBE) is the end product derived from the processing of de-oiled spent bleaching earth (SBE) after the oil is recovered. Bleaching earth is very fine powder clay, and its main component is silicon dioxide used for refining process of palm oil and its by product is known as SBE is commonly disposed to landfill. The bleaching earth that is used for decolouring during the palm oils refining process form a solid sludge called the SBE. The SBE is generated in large quantities and it is becoming increasingly difficult to ignore the disposal of SBE when production of palm oil increases rapidly. Hence, the problem can be overcome by reusing solid waste as construction materials. In this study, the effect of using PSBE as a partial cement replacement in foamed concrete on durability resistance sulphate attack is investigated. Sulphate resistance in terms of expansion, loss in mass and loss in compressive strength after 52 weeks immersed in 5% sodium sulphate was evaluated. On the other hand, the microstructure changes in the specimens were analysed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and thermogravimetry analysis (TGA). Comparisons are made between two mixtures which main ly control foamed concrete (FC) and foamed concrete containing 30% PSBE (PFC). Major findings show that when 30% PSBE added in a concrete mixture, after 52 weeks samples being immersed in 5% sodium sulphate, it will be more durable compared to control specimen (FC). It was recorded that change in mass, in expansion and loss in strength was 1.32%, 0.98% and 7.5% respectively. The microstructure study has confirmed that inclusion of PSBE in foamed concrete is known to improve the internal structure of PFC to be denser than control FC specimen with the visible image of crowded tiny of cotton shaped (CSH) and few hexagonal plates (CH) contributing to enhanced strength and durability. Conclusively, the foamed concrete containing 30% PSBE as partial cement replacement which exhibits enhanced strength and durability than plain foamed concrete has the potential to be used in construction application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]