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Background: The esophageal tumor genesis mechanisms are not fully understood, but there are various known risk factors that increase the chances of developing carcinoma esophagus. In this context vitamin D deficiency is being linked to the development of cancer esophagus but not established. To assess the vitamin D levels and its association with carcinoma esophagus in our set of patients. Methods: From 2015 to 2017, 165 patients with histologically confirmed carcinoma esophagus (Group A) and 142 healthy individuals (Group B) were enrolled in this prospective study. Patients with any type of co-morbidity were not included in the study. Blood samples were taken from both the groups at the same time and vitamin D levels calculated by Elisa Method. Results: Majority of the cases were above 50years of age (79.5%) and (72.9%) in Group A and Group B respectively. Males were slightly more in group A (50.3%). Vitamin D deficiency was seen in (58.2%) and (66.2%) in Group A and B respectively. Sufficient vitamin D levels was seen in (30.9%) and (15.5%) in Group A and B respectively. Which was statistically significant (p<0.018). Conclusion: Substantial deficiency of vitamin D was observed in healthy individuals as compared to patient's. Thus no consistent association was made between vitamin D and cancer of esophagus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metastasis from prostate cancer to sigmoid colon without direct extension is rarest of rare finding. Patients of ca prostate presenting with lower gastro-intestinal symptoms needs complete evaluation to rule out metastasis to colorectal region from prostatic adenocarcinoma. As the primary management of primary colorectal carcinoma is surgery, whereas in case of metastatic lesion from ca prostate requires hormonal and/or chemotherapy. Therefore, distinction is essential to tailor proper treatment. As many as 20% of patients of ca prostate are diagnosed to have distant metastases at the time of presentation. We are reporting a patient of ca prostate who presented with metastatic polyps in sigmoid colon without any intra-abdominal disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primary adrenal Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma is rare. The symptoms of the disease and response to treatment are variable depending on the type of lymphoma, tumor size, and presence of adrenal insufficiency. We report two cases of primary adrenal lymphoma who had varied presentations. One presenting with abdominal pain and weight loss was documented to have unilateral disease without any adrenal insuficiency and showed a good response to combination chemotherapy, while the second one had bilateral adrenal involvement with adrenal insufficiency and died after second chemotherapy. Functional adrenal involvement in lymphoma depends on the extent of involvement; patients with bilateral involvement almost always have adrenal insufficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Primary adrenal lymphomas (PAL) are rare occurrences with only less than 150 cases reported in the literature. Two-thirds of these cases were reported in the last decade due to the advancements in imaging techniques and immunohistochemistry. The non-specific signs and symptoms have resulted in a delayed onset of symptoms and diagnosis of these tumors. Reports of the results of chemotherapy are not gratifying, and most patients die within one year of the diagnosis. We report a 65-year-old male with adrenal non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL), who presented with hypercalcemia and renal failure. We reviewed all adrenal NHL cases presented with hypercalcemia and attempted to comprehend its etiology and overall survival effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: To study the clinical and demographic profile of HIV/AIDS patients diagnosed at a tertiary care centre., Methods: The study was conducted on a group of 1141 patients suspected of having HIV/AIDS on clinical grounds. Screening was done using different Elisa's as advised by NACO and those confirmed as HIV positive were studied for their clinical spectrum and different demographic parameters., Results: Out of 1141 patients tested, 26 proved to have HIV 1 infection with no case of HIV 2 detected. Mean age of presentation was 40.04 +/- 7 years, main age group affected 31-40 years and a male: female ratio of 4.2:1 was observed. More than 42% were non Kashmiris with armed forces outnumbering all other occupational classes. Heterosexual transmission was the commonest with married out numbering unmarried. Fever, asthenia and weight loss were the predominant symptoms and pulmonary tuberculosis and oropharnygeal candidiasis commonest opportunistic infections., Conclusion: The clinical and demographic profile of HIV/AIDS patients in Kashmir is largely similar to the rest of India. Kashmir no longer stands immune to the menace of HIV/AIDS. With increasing globalization, frequent travel and change in social values the state is likely to witness an alarming rise in new cases unless a multipronged approach is undertaken to control the spread.

The CYP1A1 category of enzymes plays a central role in the metabolic activation of major tobacco carcinogens. Several polymorphisms within the CYP1A1 locus have been identified and have been shown to be associated with lung cancer risk, particularly in Asian populations. Here we focused on the influence of three polymorphisms on lung cancer in ethnic Kashmiris, genotyping 109 lung cancer cases and 163 healthy controls by PCR-RFLP methods. While no polymorphic alleles in CYP1A1m4 (exon 7 thr to asn) site were detected in our population, the allele frequency of CYP1A1m1 (Msp1) and CYP1A1m2 (exon 7 ile to val) were 30.1 and 26.6 in controls and 44.5 and 38.9 in cases. The CYP1A1m1 and CYP1A1m2 variants were significantly associated with lung cancer susceptibility (ORs; 2.65, CI 95% = 1.562-4.49 and 2.24,CI 95%= 1.35-3.73).This risk was prominent in case of SCC compared with AC or other types of lung cancer. Stratified analysis showed a multiplicative interaction between tobacco smoking and variant CYP1A1m1 genotype on the risk of SCC. The ORs of SCC for non-smokers were 2.08 and 3.15 for smokers. When stratified by pack years, effect was stronger in the heaviest smokers (ORs= 6.00,95% CI= 1.672-21.532).The interaction between tobacco smoking and variant CYP1A1m2 genotype followed similar pattern. Our findings thus support the conclusion that CYP1A1m1 and m2 polymorphisms are associated with the smoking related lung cancer risk in Kashmiri population.