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IntroductionCoronavirus transmission is strongly influenced by human mobilities and interactions within and between different geographical regions. Human mobility within and between cities is motivated by several factors, including employment, cultural-driven, holidays, and daily routines.MethodWe developed a sustained metapopulation (SAMPAN) model, an agent-based model (ABM) for simulating the effect of individual mobility and interaction behavior on the spreading of COVID-19 viruses across main cities on Java Island, Indonesia. The model considers social classes and social mixing affecting the mobility and interaction behavior within a sub-population of a city in the early pandemic. Travelers’ behavior represents the mobility among cities from central cities to other cities and commuting behavior from the surrounding area of each city.ResultsLocal sensitivity analysis using one factor at a time was performed to test the SAMPAN model, and we have identified critical parameters for the model. While validation was carried out for the Jakarta area, we are confident in implementing the model for a larger area with the concept of metapopulation dynamics. We included the area of Bogor, Depok, Bekasi, Bandung, Semarang, Surakarta, Yogyakarta, Surabaya, and Malang cities which have important roles in the COVID-19 pandemic spreading on this island.DiscussionOur SAMPAN model can simulate various waves during the first year of the pandemic caused by various phenomena of large social mobilities and interactions, particularly during religious occasions and long holidays.

Purpose: Microscopic examination is the main diagnostic method in countries with a high TB burden. Microscopic examination has an important role in TB case detection. The purpose of this study was to examine the quality of TB microscopic sputum examination at the level of the Public Health Center of Kulon Progo District, Indonesia. Method: This research was a cross-sectional study with 21 Health Center subjects. A Structured questionnaire is used to record HR and logistical availability. Blinded rechecking was done for nine public health centers; data were analyzed to evaluate smear quality indicators and examine the error. Results: The majority of laboratory workers were women (88.1%), aged 36-45 years (42.86%). Most laboratory staff had 11-20 years of work of length (42.86%). Logistical availability was good, but there were shortages of stock boxes, filter paper, and lens paper. A total of 762 slides from 9 health centers were rechecked. The positivity was 1.57%, error was 1.57% (FP= 41.7% FN= 58.3% sensitivity= 75% specificity= 98.9%). Major errors found 33.37% and 66.73% minor errors from 12 errors. Quality issues found were thickness (38%), salivary specimens (27%), and size (26%). Conclusion: The performance of TB microscopic examination at The Health Center level in Kulon Progo was quite good, but it needs efforts to get better quality sputum to improve case detection

Background: Leptospirosis is serious problem in various countries. Boyolali Regency have implemented one health concept for leptospirosis control program since 2017. Leptospirosis cases increased every years. It had reported 34 cases and 9 deaths in 2017. The study aims to evaluate the control of leptospirosis in Boyolali Regency.Method: This study was descriptive observational. Samples were conducted with purposive sampling technics for Boyolali District Health Office, Boyolali District Animal Husbandry Office, Boyolali District Agricultural Service, and 9 health centers with findings of leptospirosis cases in 2017-2018. Variables that evaluated included inputs (human resources, funds, facilities, and tools), planning, implementation, output (number of cases, the scope of management, reported, of accuracy. Data were collected throught Observational and interviews.Results: Seventy percent of health workers have received training. Rapid diagnosis tests (RDTs) are not available at the primary health care, case were diagnosed with RDTs in Health Office. Data collection is reported passively. Animal husbandary office did not have objective finding cases livestock. Examination of leptospirosis cases in livestock if there are findings in humans. However, the main reservoir (rat) was not inspected by the Agriculture Office. Rats control were implemented through killed, burned, arrested and given drugs. Every case that found was reported to the Boyolali District Health Office and received treatment.Conclusion: Leptospirosis control in Boyolali Regency has not successful. It was depicted by cases of death in a year after the adoption of the one health concept. Improving both quality of human resources on a regular basis and increasing collaboration between various sectors such as community leaders, religious leaders, the Livestock Service Office, the Agriculture Service, and other relevant agencies were needed., Evaluation of leptospirosis control management based on one health in Boyolali DistrictPurpose: The study aims to evaluate the control of leptospirosis in Boyolali Regency. Method: This study was a descriptive observational. Samples were conducted with purposive sampling techniques for Boyolali District Health Office, Boyolali District Animal Husbandry Office, Boyolali District Agricultural Service, and 9 health centers with findings of leptospirosis cases in 2017-2018. Variables that evaluated included inputs, planning, implementation, output. Data were collected through Observational and interviews. Results: Seventy percent of health workers have received training. Rapid diagnosis tests (RDTs) are not available at the primary health care but available in the Health Office. Data collection is reported passively. Examination of leptospirosis cases in livestock if there are findings in humans. However, the main reservoir (rat) was not inspected by the Agriculture Office. Every case that found was reported to the Boyolali District Health Office and received treatment.Conclusion: Leptospirosis control in Boyolali Regency has not successful. It was depicted by cases of death a year after the adoption of the one health concept. Improving both quality of human resources on a regular basis and increasing collaboration between various sectors such as community leaders, religious leaders, the Livestock Service Office, the Agriculture Service, and other relevant agencies were needed.