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In the present study, the histological effect of melatonin (MEL) on pinealectomized (PINx) and normal rats’ testes was investigated. Thirty six adult male rats were used in this study. The rats were divided into six experimental groups as follow: 1­­st control group; 2nd sham-operated surgery rats group; 3rd PINx rats group, 4th PINx rats+MEL (60 mg / Kg diet) group; 5th control rats+MEL (60 mg / Kg diet) group; and 6th control rats+MEL (120 mg / Kg diet) group and the treatments were continued for six weeks. The result showed mild histological changes in testicular tissue of sham-operated surgery rats, like shrinkage and atrophy of seminiferous tubules (STs) and weakness in spermatogenesis. While, in PINx rats revealed regressive changes in testicular tissue, like sever degeneration, vacuolation and necrosis in germinal epithelium and no spermatogenesis. But as PINx rats were given MEL 60 mg/kg diet, the testicular structure and function were recovered, whereas, in normal rats were given MEL 60 and 120 mg/kg diet, the result show sever vacuolation and sloughing of spermatocytes inside STs lumen and no spermatogenesis at rats+60 MEL and mild edema with well development of germinal epithelium and spermatogenesis at rats+120 MEL. In conclusion, the deficiency of MEL level leads to change in histology and physiological activities of rat testes

The Effect of Own Capital and Foreign Capital on the Remaining Results of Operations in Cooperatives in Kupang City (under the guidance of Mr. Pius Bumi Kellen and Mr. Mahmud Ahmad). This study aims to determine the effect of the independent variables on the dependent variable, namely whether own capital affects the remaining results of operations and whether foreign capital affects the remaining results of operations. This research was conducted on cooperatives registered with the Office of Cooperatives and SMEs in Kupang City. The types and approaches in this study are associative quantitative with data analysis techniques namely panel data regression analysis and classical assumptions. The results of this study indicate that the variable own capital has a positive and significant effect on the remaining results of operations by increasing the savings of each member, so you can increase the cooperative's own capital and invite outside members to join the cooperative, so that capital increases and can be used for other business capital that can bring profit to the cooperative. And the foreign capital variable has a positive and significant effect on the remaining business results. Foreign capital has a smaller effect compared to own capital. With large interest rates, cooperatives open new businesses so they can manage their finances and increase the remaining operating results of cooperatives, so that cooperatives increase their business volume

Chemical fertilizers are crucial in the production of cost-effective agricultural crops. However, long-term usage of chemical fertilizers will deteriorate the soil quality and it is hazardous to human health. Scientists and researchers across the globe are seeking the help of nanotechnology as a possible solution to combat the hazardous effect of chemical fertilizers. Nanotechnology is a branch of science and engineering concerned with the matter at the nanoscale or one billionth of a meter. Nanofertilizers are modified fertilizers that are synthesized using techniques of nanotechnology involving various physicochemical and biological methods. These methods aid in enhancing their attributes and composition, which leads to a positive effect on crop productivity. Nanofertilizers are far more beneficial when compared to chemical fertilizers as the former are cost-effective, less toxic and show controlled and regulated release of nutrients to plants. This chapter is primarily concerned with the various methods employed in nanofertilizer synthesis, the economic importance of nanofertilizers and their advantage over conventional chemical fertilizers.&nbsp

Progressive illegal artisanal mining activities threaten public health without functional law enforcement on pollution control and proper management practices. This is not an exception of Zamfara State, Nigeria, where a large portion of the populace participates in artisanal mining. The study was conducted to assess the level of health risk associated with heavy metals contaminated soils of Zamfara state, Nigeria. Soil samples were collected from five mining locations (Abare, Bagega, Dareta, Sunke, and Tungar Kudaku) and Anka-town (control site) with no record of mining activities. In each place, bulked soil samples were collected from three sites (mining site, processing site, and village), and the concentration of six heavy metals (Fe, Pb, Cd, Cr, Zn, and Ni) in all the samples were analyzed. The result of the principal component analysis and correlation analysis revealed that Pb, Zn, Cr, and Ni originated from the same source, i.e., anthropogenic/mining activities. While Fe and Cd originated from the geogenic processes because of their high abundance in the soil of the study area, as Anka-town (control site) also recorded high concentrations of Fe and Cd. Health risk assessments were carried out in two groups of population (adult and children) through three exposure pathways (i.e., ingestion, dermal contact, and inhalation). The results showed that ingestion dominated dermal contact and inhalation pathways, and Fe is the riskiest metal while Cd and Ni have the lowest risk of exposure for daily intakes. The non-cancer hazard quotient (HQ) values were all recorded below 1. For the total hazard index (THI), all the adult's exposure pathways were negligible, while for children, only Bagega has ingestion of heavy metals exceeding one (1.10), indicating that non-cancer health risks for children exist. The other four mining locations, Abare, Sunke, Tunga, and Dareta, have values approaching one (i.e., 0.71, 0.60, 0.50, and 0.74, respectively). While for Anka town, which is the control site, it has a value far less than one (0.16). These indicate that all the study locations have the potential for children's health risk through ingesting food produced from contaminated soils. Therefore, there is an urgent need to apply remediation measures immediately to combat complications raised due to heavy metal contaminations.

The lost products found in the production process should be considered as having a positive impact on obtaining a basic price, which will later affect selling and profiting. Production cost control is needed to get a high profit margin rate. The study aims to know basic pricing calculations and selling prices, to lose product impact on base prices, and to know how efficiency the cost of production is on profit margin. This type of research is a survey conducted on Se'i Producers in The Naikoten Market of Kupang City. The research approach is quantitative and qualitative. The data-gathering techniques used are interviews, observations, and documentation. Data analysis runs a descriptive method of observing the cost of production, lost products to get the underlying price and selling price and then linked them to profits and sales to generate profit margin. The study found that: the basic price per unit calculated by the method full value is greater because the raw materials used dwindles by 40% during the production process. The resulting selling price according to the full costing calculation is higher than the selling price set by the producers, because in setting the selling price, the producers only pays attention to aspects of the raw materials and the conditions of competitors in the market. The measure of efficiency by using the net profit margin produces a 23% value which means cost control has not been done efficiently.

The economic development of a country or region cannot be separated from the influence of the development of transportation facilities. Progress in terms of transportation is increasingly visible with the emergence of various public transportation facilities and the ease of obtaining transportation. The purpose of this research is to find out how the opinions differ between Pangkalan motorcycle taxis and driver grabbike. This study uses a descriptive method with a quantitative approach. The data used in this study is primary data using descriptive analysis hypothesis testing and independent sample t-test. Based on the output of the Free Sample Difference Test, it was found that the calculated t value was greater than the t table (-4.844 < 2.002) and the P value was smaller than alpha 0.05 (0.000 < 0.05) which means that there is a significant difference between the two types of income, where GrabBike Drivers have a higher income than Pangkalan Ojeks.

This study aims to determine the effectiveness of working capital management, the factors that influence it, and its relationship with liquidity and profitability. This research is a case study research with a quantitative descriptive approach. The author conducted research at PT. Bosowa Berlian Motor Kupang Branch, Timor Raya Street Number 51, Oesapa Barat Sub-District, Kelapa Lima District, Kupang City. Data collection techniques in this study were interviews and documentation. The results show that the amount of working capital needed shows that the cash side of 20172018 is said to be unhealthy, the 2017-2020 receivables are healthy and the 2020 supplies are said to be unhealthy. The factors that affect working capital include the nature or type of the company, which is an industrial company (automotive) which requires a large amount of working capital, the time required to obtain the goods sold and the price of the goods unit is very influential, the terms of credit given for credit sales are very influential. impact on high turnover rates, and high inventory turnover rates. The effectiveness of working capital management is based on Working Capital Turnover ratio in 2017-2020 meet industry standards. The level of company liquidity in 2017-2020, which is described in Current Ratio, Quick Ratio, and Cash Ratio, meets the industry standards used. The level of company profitability in 2017-2020 which is described in Net Profit Margin, Return on Assets, and Return on Equity still meets the industry standards used except that Net Profit Margin the 2020 does not meet industry standards. The relationship between the effectiveness of working capital management on liquidity and profitability is directly proportional to the level of liquidity and profitability when viewed from the ratio used.

Aim. To study the features of lipid peroxidation of biological membranes and accumulation of toxic metabolites in the body of patients with psoriasis, depending on the presence of concomitant chronic viral hepatitis C.Materials and methods. In the survey, participated 56 patients with a vulgar form of psoriasis who received in-patient treatment at the Nalchik skin clinic in 2016–2017, divided into 2 groups, depending on the presence of concomitant chronic viral hepatitis C. In patients, the content of malonic dialdehyde in blood was determined as an indicator of the state of the prooxidant system, ceruloplasmin and erythrocyte catalase, as indicators of antioxidant protection, and also for the evaluation of the Intoxication Syndrome; the level of substances of low and medium molecular mass and oligopeptides in the biological environments of the organism in different periods of the disease.Results. It was found that the presence of concomitant chronic viral hepatitis C in patients with psoriasis was characterized by a more pronounced increase in the concentration of lipid peroxidation products than in the group of patients with hepatitis without psoriasis, accompanied by a decrease in the activity of antioxidant enzymes in the blood plasma and an increase in the activity of catalase in erythrocytes. Simultaneously, the presence of chronic hepatitis C led to a significantly higher content in the body fluids of patients with low and medium molecular weight substances and oligopeptides.

High food demand for the world's teeming population necessitates the intensification of crop production in modern agriculture, which requires the extensive use of synthetic fertilizers for higher crop yield. The excessive use of chemical fertilizers, despite the high nutrients contents and ability to grow crops faster, discovered to be dangerous to the health and environment besides polluting the groundwater and atmosphere in the future. The alternative to these, biofertilizers arose today due to their attributes towards eco-friendly, cost-effective, and easy to apply in the agricultural field. Biofertilizers are a batch of diverse microorganisms, which can induce plant growth-promotion activities along with soil health, even under abiotic stress conditions. Biofertilizers maybe plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, and as well as the consortia of other beneficial microbes. Biofertilizers can sustain plant growth performance, even in a challenging environment. The performance of perfect-candidate-biofertilizer in the agricultural field depends on crop type, properties of inoculants, technical background, and environmental condition. Biofertilizers can, directly or indirectly, help in attaining food security compared to the harmful effect of chemical fertilizers. A direct mechanism of Biofertilizers refers to phyto-stimulation and nutrient mobility, while an indirect mechanism poses bio-control activity. Direct mechanisms involve phytohormone production and phosphate, potassium, zinc, etc. solubilization. While, indirect-mechanism is HCN production, siderophore production, antibiotic production, etc. The present review elucidates the diversity of microbial inoculants (biofertilizers), their impacts on agricultural production through rising soil fertility, and overall crop yield. In line with related literature worked out by different researchers.

Fixed offshore structures has predominantly been installed via the conventional crane barge, no matter whether it is small or a big structure. Utilization of a crane barge has resulted in a significant installation costs as the mobilization cost and the Daily Charter Rates (DCR) for the vessel is very high. Supporting the innovation agenda in an effort to better control project costs, the rig-installed platform concept is one of the option chosen to install small lightweight structure due to the cheaper cost of Jack-up Rig (JUR) day rates compared to a conventional crane barge. The savings in material, schedule and mobilization could be realized as the jack-up rig can proceed with the drilling of the wells (which are also the main piles of the structure) directly after the structure installation. As JUR is primarily used to drill oil/gas wells, some minor modification may be required to the JUR before it can be utilized to install small and lightweight offshore structures, both jacket and topsides, with some degree of limitations due to the drilling envelope and derrick lifting capacity. This ‘know-how’ has been around for quite some time in the industry by niche service providers, but was not regularly exploited in this part of the world as it has been a norm for the field development team to manage an installation contractor whilst the wells team manage a drilling contractor. This paper shares the learnings of a wellhead platform for a marginal field that was successfully engineered, fabricated and offshore installed using a JUR and eventually achieved 1st Oil within 9 months of contract award at an installed cost below USD 29 Million. This paper will mainly discuss on the pre-requisites of JUR installed platforms, case for change, concept select and potential value creation to the overall project. The project referenced above has exemplified to the industry that JUR installed platform is a feasible option in this part of the world, with significant cost savings, contributing to a better economics for a marginal field project.

There are various types of sensors to detect the presence of human available today. However, the implementation of sensors only is not enough to detect human presence accurately. This occupancy aspect is important as it is one of the factors that affect energy consumption in the building which had been neglected. In order to increase the accuracy of human presence, the machine learning method needs to be applied. The main objective of this study is to develop a better system to detect the presence of human in the smart buildings based on sensor and machine learning methods. Since this study used two different types of sensors, a comparison of accuracy between collected data need to be performed. Then, average every hour from the most accurate collected data sensor used to train the model by using a decision tree, k-nearest neighbour and hybrid classification. The accuracy between the classifiers has been compared but it is not satisfactory to prove which classifier is better. Hence, performance evaluations such as receiver operating characteristics curve and root mean square error were applied. The results showed that bagged trees have the highest accuracy which is 67.6% with the lowest root mean square error values and 0.98 area under the receiver operating characteristics curve.

In this paper, the dynamical behaviours and mathematics of the fractional order atmosphere-soil-land plant carbon cycle system involving the time dependent variable of carbon flux in atmosphere, the carbon flux of soil, and the carbon flux of animals and plants are qualitatively and numerically investigated. Explicit solutions in terms of the Mittag-Leffler functions to the terrestrial carbon cycle system around the equilibrium point are first time reported by applying Laplace transform of Caputo fractional derivative. The graphs of obtained solutions the time dependent variable of carbon flux in atmosphere, the carbon flux of soil and the carbon flux of animals and plants are plotted against each other. Explicit solutions to original system and stability of the fractional order linearized system around the equilibrium point are graphically compared as well.

Recent trends show diversified usage of container that usually intended as mobile transportation case for trading industry and now applied as building materials especially for commercial building such as hotel. However, as new material, it should comply with basic fire safety requirement which spelled out in the Uniform Building By-Laws (UBBL) 1984. In the construction laws of a building in Malaysia, the characteristics of building must comply with the requirement and regulations before it is being approved in the Certificate of Completion and Compliance (CCC). Thus, this study is focusing on the container materials and its compliance of fire safety requirements and strategies for multi-storey container hotel building. Literature review and case study are used in order to get the information and to compare the ability of the materials and construction to comply with UBBL 1984 in terms of passive design. The results of the evaluation show the possibilities of Multi-Storey Container Hotel to be built and used complied with passive fire safety requirement.

A Smart Home Concept is often referred to the application of smart system technology into residential typology of building. It is a system in which provide home automation that used by the home owner in order to adjust the condition of the house either they are home or away from home. In Malaysia, typical single-storey terrace houses builds according the specifications through a conventional construction complied with Universal Building By-Laws 1985 that help occupants to live in safe and comfort. However, with the introduction of new concept and new technology of Smart Home, Malaysian residential building is upgraded. Thus, aim of this study is to identify the aspects of Smart Home Concept that will inform its usage and application into existing typical Malaysian single-storey terrace houses in terms of device installation. Three major Smart Home system providers were interviewed in order to gain information for the analysis. The analysis is basically to test the applicability of the system in terms of its ideal positioning and installation construction. At the end of this paper, the objective of the study is achieved, in which, smart home concept requires proper planning of home furnishing for them to work effectively. In terms of installation construction, there is no needs to do major renovation or hacking of the existing houses.