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Enzymes are biologically active complex protein molecules that catalyze most chemical reactions in living organisms, and their inhibitors accelerate biological processes. This review emphasizes medicinal food plants and their isolated chemicals inhibiting clinically important enzymes in common diseases. A mechanistic overview was investigated to explain the mechanism of these food bases enzyme inhibitors. The enzyme inhibition potential of medicinal food plants and their isolated substances was searched in Ovid, PubMed, Science Direct, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Cholinesterase, amylase, glucosidase, xanthine oxidase, tyrosinase, urease, lipoxygenase, and others were inhibited by crude extracts, solvent fractions, or isolated pure chemicals from medicinal food plants. Several natural compounds have shown tyrosinase inhibition potential, including quercetin, glabridin, phloretin-4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, lupinalbin, and others. Some of these compounds' inhibitory kinetics and molecular mechanisms are also discussed. Phenolics and flavonoids inhibit enzyme activity best among the secondary metabolites investigated. Several studies showed flavonoids' significant antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, highlighting their medicinal potential. Overall, many medicinal food plants, their crude extracts/fractions, and isolated compounds have been studied, and some promising compounds depending on the enzyme have been found. Still, more studies are recommended to derive potential pharmacologically active functional foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cytochrome P40 (CYP) enzymes dominate the metabolism of numerous endogenous and xenobiotic substances. While it is commonly believed that CYP-catalysed reactions result in the detoxication of foreign substances, these reactions can also yield reactive intermediates that can bind to cellular macromolecules to cause cytotoxicity or irreversibly inactivate CYPs that create them. Mechanism-based inactivation (MBI) produces either irreversible or quasi-irreversible inactivation and is commonly caused by CYP metabolic bioactivation to an electrophilic reactive intermediate. Many drugs that have been known to cause MBI in CYPs have been discovered as perpetrators in drug-drug interactions throughout the last 20–30 years. This review will highlight the key findings from the recent literature about the mechanisms of CYP enzyme inhibition, with a focus on the broad mechanistic elements of MBI for widely used drugs linked to the phenomenon. There will also be a brief discussion of the clinical or pharmacokinetic consequences of CYP inactivation with regard to drug interaction and toxicity risk. Gaining knowledge about the selective inactivation of CYPs by common therapeutic drugs helps with the assessment of factors that affect the systemic clearance of co-administered drugs and improves comprehension of anticipated interactions with other drugs or xenobiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The discovery of anti‐retroviral (ARV) drugs over the past 36 years has introduced various classes, including nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors, non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors, protease inhibitor, fusion, and integrase strand transfer inhibitors inhibitors. The introduction of combined highly active anti‐retroviral therapies in 1996 was later proven to combat further ARV drug resistance along with enhancing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) suppression. As though the development of ARV therapies was continuously expanding, the variation of action caused by ARV drugs, along with its current updates, was not comprehensively discussed, particularly for HIV‐1 infection. Thus, a range of HIV‐1 ARV medications is covered in this review, including new developments in ARV therapy based on the drug's mechanism of action, the challenges related to HIV‐1, and the need for combination therapy. Optimistically, this article will consolidate the overall updates of HIV‐1 ARV treatments and conclude the significance of HIV‐1‐related pharmacotherapy research to combat the global threat of HIV infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present research, oleuropein (OLE) contents from two Saudi Arabian wild olive trees (Olea europaea L.) leaves (O1 and O2), were collected from two nearby geographical sites differing in altitudes, and were determined via UHPLC-MS analysis. Moreover, total bioactive contents, antioxidant, and cytotoxicity (against MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells) potential were also evaluated. The sample (O2) was found to contain significantly (p < 0.05) higher OLE content (4.13 ± 1.0 mg/g DW) compared with the sample (O1) having OLE content (3.63 ± 1.1 mg/g DW). A similar trend was observed regarding total bioactive contents and antioxidant potential. However, both samples exhibited low cytotoxicity against tested cell lines. Furthermore, with hierarchical cluster analysis that compared the results of our samples (O1 and O2) to other samples reported in the literature, it was found that the variance in OLE content and biological activities from Al Baha region leaves had a resemblance to other reported superior cultivars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article, titled "Editorial: Plant derived bioactive compounds in the management and treatment of metabolic syndrome," discusses the use of plant-derived bioactive compounds in the management and treatment of metabolic syndrome. Metabolic syndrome is a group of conditions associated with cardiovascular diseases, type 2 diabetes, cognitive decline, and abnormal renal function. The article emphasizes the importance of lifestyle changes, such as modifying food choices and increasing physical activity, as the first line of treatment for metabolic syndrome. It also highlights the potential benefits of incorporating bioactive substances from certain foods or food supplements in the diet to help prevent and manage metabolic syndrome. The article includes several research papers that explore the therapeutic significance and translational value of bioactive compounds in metabolic and related disorders. These papers investigate the effects of specific bioactive compounds on glucose uptake, glucose transport, obesity, gout, coronary heart disease, and diabetes mellitus. Overall, the article suggests that bioactive substances can contribute to weight loss, improved cardiovascular health, lower blood pressure, and enhanced glucose metabolism, thereby aiding in the treatment and management of metabolic syndrome. [Extracted from the article]