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Fruit flies are one of the essential pests on horticultural crops. The presence of this fruit fly causes farmers in the fruit sector to experience crop failure. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of methyl eugenol as a more environmental-friendly fruit fly attractant. The methyl eugenol used was obtained from the main fraction by fractionation vacuum using a methylation reaction. High concentrations of methyl eugenol were obtained in the range of 98.29% at 6 hours produced. Field trials of fruit flies using an attractant were conducted in mangosteen gardens in Leuwisadeng Village, Bogor Regency. Fruit flies were captured by using a trap made of used mineral water bottles and hanging cotton wool moistened with methyl eugenol inside. This study used a completely randomized design (RAL) method. The parameters observed in this study were the effectiveness of the formulation of methyl eugenol concentration with petrogenol as a comparative commercial attractant, the height of the traps, the time of trapping, and the number of fruit fly imagos caught. The results showed that the performance of methyl eugenol proved to be more effective than commercial attractants as evidenced by the number of fruit flies that were caught. Its effectiveness has been shown to increase the number of fruit fly catches by 20% even with a 50% concentration of methyl eugenol. Meanwhile, at a 100% concentration of methyl eugenol, its effectiveness increased to 145%. This study can be used as information on fruit fly control strategies, especially in controlling fruit flies using sex-pheromone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacterial growth is one of the important factors in food safety. Fresh food such as fruits, vegetables, and meat are vulnerable to pathogen microbes such as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtillis. To keep the good quality of food, the preservative is commonly used as a food additive. One of the natural antibacterial substances comes from citronella oil and its fraction. However, direct usage of citronella oil only lasts for a short time because of diffusion or interaction with the food product. To overcome this limitation, citronella oil can be incorporated into polymer packaging such as Polylactic Acid (PLA). This research aims to investigate the antibacterial activity of citronella oil and its fractions namely rhodinol, citronellal, and limonene on PLA as food packaging and understand its ability to inhibit bacterial growth on fresh and processed meat, as well as analyze its biodegradability. Antibacterial activity was evaluated through the zone inhibition method against S. aureus, B. subtillis, and E. coli. PLA/Citronella oil film was made through solvent casting using chloroform, and the biodegradability test was conducted qualitatively using Aspergillus niger according to ASTM G21-96. The bacterial growth on fresh and processed meat was tested using the total plate count (TPC) method. The rhodinol and limonene fractions in chloroform showed the highest antibacterial activity at a concentration of 5-10%. PLA films with 10% rhodinol and limonene respectively inhibited bacterial growth in both fresh and processed meat, with TPC<10000 CFU/cm2 for fresh meat and TPC<2500 CFU/cm2 for processed meat. The films also showed biodegradability in a 30-day test period, with the limonene film showing higher biodegradability than rhodinol. The PLA film with the addition of citronella oil especially rhodinol and limonene showed favorable antibacterial activity and was able to preserve the meat sample against microbial growth in ambient temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to determine the characteristics of biochar from the pyrolysis of solid waste hydrodistillation of cardamom fruit oil. Pyrolysis temperature conditions 250-450°C for 1 h. At a temperature of 450°C, the optimum conditions for biochar from cardamom seeds and husk yields 38.55 wt.% and 34.27 wt.%, water content of 5.72 wt.% and 8.7 wt.%, respectively. The calorific value of seed and husk biochar was 6201.15 cal/g and 4343.19 cal/g. The results of the CHN test showed significant changes after pyrolysis of cardamom seeds and husk, where C content was 64.43 wt.% and 48.94 wt.%, H content was 3.98 wt.% and 2.97 wt.%, and N was 2.96 wt.% and 1.29 wt. %. The FTIR analysis resulted in a new peak in the wavelength range of 1919 cm−1 to 2170 cm−1 (the functional group of organic compounds C≡C (alkynes)). From SEM-EDX, it was observed very significant differences were obtained at 1500 x magnification for cardamom seeds (C changed from 62.73 wt.% to 67.10 wt.%) and husk (C changed from 48.25 wt. % to 68.18 wt.%) waste biochar. From these results, the carbon content is abundant which is the active side of biochar, which allows cardamom waste biochar to be applied as bio briquettes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Free fatty acids can be converted into biodiesel through an esterification reaction. The esterification activity can be enhanced by using a catalyst such as pillared bentonite. In this study, bentonite was modified through the pillarization method using Al-Fe and Al-Cr metals with a metal mole ratio of 1:1, 1:9, and 9:1 to prepare the solid acid catalysts and to determine the mole ratio of Al-Fe and Al-Cr metals that can produce maximum conversion in the esterification process of free fatty acids into biodiesel. The prepared catalysts were characterized using TPD, XRD, SAA, and XRF. The esterification reaction was conducted in an autoclave reactor at 150 0C with 20 bar in N2 gas for 3 hours. The reaction product was analyzed by free fatty acids analysis. The XRD results showed an increase in the basal spacing of Al-Cr/PILC (1:9) and Al-Fe/PILC (9:1) catalysts were19.63 Å and 16.61 Å after the pillarization. XRF analysis showed an increase in the metal composition of Al2O3, Cr2O3, and Fe2O3, in the Al-Fe and Al-Cr pillared bentonite. The results of the TPD analysis showed an increase in the acidity value of Al-Cr/PILC (1:9) and Al-Fe/PILC (9:1) catalysts were 0.43 and 0.38 mmol/g. The SAA results also showed an increase in surface area on Al-Cr/PILC (1:9) and Al-Fe/PILC (1:9) catalysts were 90.23 and 149.95 m2/g. It is concluded that the pillarization process was successfully obtained. Al-Cr/PILC (1:9) catalyst contributed the best results in the esterification of free fatty acids into biodiesel with a conversion value of 70.41%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodiesel is a type of liquid fuel which is produced from fatty acid using trans-/esterification reaction through a catalyst. Bentonite is one of clay minerals that can be used as a catalyst. However, bentonite has several disadvantages such as low thermal stability, small surface area and pore volume. To overcome these disadvantages, structural modifications are needed, using a pillarization method. In this study, bentonite was pillarized using a mixture of titanium (Ti) – zirconium (Zr) with a molar ratio of 1:1 to obtain a solid acid catalyst that was tested for its catalytic activity in the reaction of biodiesel production from waste cooking oil in an autoclave reactor with operating pressure between 20-60 bar and temperature between 50-150 °C for 3 hours of reaction. This study was also carried out an optimization of the reaction conditions for biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using the Response Surface Methodology-Chemistry Informatics (RSM-CI) method. This method can be used as an efficient chemical approach to present the optimum condition as a mathematical model which was able to predict fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) produced from a pre-determined range of reaction conditions. The Ti-Zr-pillared bentonite catalyst was analyzed using X-ray Fluorescence (XRF), N2 gas adsorption and Temperature-programmed Desorption Ammonia gas (TPD-NH3). Meanwhile, the composition of FAME in biodiesel products was analyzed using GC-FID based on the EN 14105 method. The analysis showed that the surface area of the Ti-Zr-pillared bentonite catalyst increased significantly from 13.4913 m2/g to 188.4393 m2/g, and the acidity level of pillared bentonite reached 0.7158 mmol/g. Furthermore, the RSM-CI analysis showed that, the optimal reaction conditions were achieved at a pressure of 43 bar and a temperature of 150 °C with a methyl ester yield of 19.538% per mg of product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ultrasonication technique has been used to synthesize Titanium pillared Clay (Ti-PiLC) from bentonite. The effect of ultrasonication time (10, 30, 50 minutes) was investigated and compared with the conventional method to prepare Ti-PiLC. Nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms, temperature-programmed ammonia desorption, and X-ray Fluorescence were used to characterized the produced samples. The results indicated that the surface area of all Ti-PiLC enhanced 4-6 times as compared to the parent Ca bentonite. The surface area, pore volume, acidity, and Ti content of Ti-PiLC increase with increasing the sonication time where sample prepared for 50 min contained 20.86%wt of Ti and displayed surface area of 204.061 m2/g, pore volume of 0.2621 ml/g, and acidity of 0.598 mmol NH3/g. Ultrasonication technique requires much shorter pillarization time to produce samples having large higher surface parameters than the conventional mechanical stirring technique. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluates the antibacterial activity of Amomum cardamomum oil extracted with ultrasound-assisted hydrodistillation (UAHD), compared to conventional hydrodistillation (HD). HD and UAHD were carried out by Clevenger-type apparatus with SFR 1:20 for 6 h. UAHD was conducted in various energy outputs (30%, 60%, and 90%) as pre-treatment. The results showed that the power used by UAHD increases oil volume with the highest yield is 6.97% using 90% of energy. The chemical composition analysis was determined by GC-MS and showed that 1,8 cineole dominates up to 60% of total oil compositions. Antibacterial activity was determined by zone of inhibition (ZOI) using disk diffusion and minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) using microdilution method against Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Bacillus subtilis. The ZOI ranged between 9±0.0-14±2.0 mm and the MIC valued 1.25 and 2.5 mg/mL against all tested bacteria. However, based on Kruskal-Wallis analysis, there was no marked difference in antibacterial activity of both oils extracted with UAHD and HD, which they possessed similar ZOI and MIC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biodiesel can be obtained as an alternative fuel from the catalytic esterification reaction of fatty acids using a solid catalyst. Bentonite can be modified through the pillarization technique to improve its physicochemical properties to meet conditions as a solid catalyst. This study prepared the solid catalysts by the pillarization of bentonite (PILC) using the single metal of Ti, Zr, and Cr as the pillars. The pillars with double metals of Ti-Zr and Ti-Cr were also prepared with the mole ratios of Ti/Zr or Ti/Cr around 1:9, 1:1, and 9:1 sequentially. The prepared solid catalysts were characterized using XRD, XRF, BET surface area, and NH3−TPD. The fatty acid esterification was conducted at a temperature of 150 oC for 3 hours and a pressure of 20 bar using the oleic acid as a model compound of fatty acid. Based on the several characterization results, it is concluded that the pillarization process of bentonite was successfully obtained even using single metal and double metals of Ti-Zr and Ti-Cr as the pillars. Moreover, Ti-Zr/PILC (1:9) catalyst showed a higher activity result on the esterification reaction of fatty acids into biodiesel with a conversion of 74.83% due to the surface area and acidity of Ti-Zr/PILC (1:9) catalyst is superior to the other prepared catalysts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Furfuryl alcohol (FA) is a derivative of lignocellulose which can be converted into valuable chemical compounds. Conversion of FA into oligomers (dimer and trimmer compounds) is important process to produce alternative fuel precursors. The conversion of FA to oligomers can be carried out through the dehydration reaction of alcohol in the presence of solid catalysts. This study aims to determine characteristics of activated carbon-supported MoO3 catalyst and to determine its catalytic activity in the conversion of FA into oligomers. MoO3 was impregnated into the support and the prepared catalyst was characterized using XRD, Raman spectroscopy, XRF, SEM, NH3-TPD, and N2−physisorption analyses. Catalytic activity test in the FA conversion was carried out at 100 °C for 2 and 4 hours. The liquid products were analyzed using GC-MS. The study showed that MoO3/AC was an efficient catalyst for FA conversion into oligomers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plastic is an un-renewable material that is difficult for being unravelled by nature. One of the promising ways is converted into other high-value chemical compounds such as fuel or fine chemicals by the catalytic hydrocracking reaction. This study investigates the hydrocracking process of HDPE resin using Cu/AC and HZSM-5 catalysts. HDPE catalytic hydrocracking process is conducted in the autoclave reactor with the temperature of 350 °C and 5 bar pressures in H2 gas. It is obtained that the liquid product yield resulting in the hydrocracking process using Cu/AC catalyst is 0.314% with the main components are 1-Butanol products while using HZSM-5 catalyst yielding the liquid product is around 6.587% and the main component products are 2-methyl 2-hexene (carbon number below C8). It is also found that the acidity catalyst plays a crucial role in the hydrocracking reaction compared to the surface area and pore size properties of the hydrocracking catalyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amomum Cardamomum can be processed to obtain the essential oil, which has numerous benefits, including an active antimicrobial and antioxidant. Hydrodistillation is used to extract oil from cardamom seeds with the help of ultrasonics as a pre-treatment that provides higher effectiveness and efficiency. The purpose of this research is to investigate the effect of pre-treatment sonication on the hydrodistillation method. The research was carried out by performing conventional hydrodistillation and ultrasonic assisted extraction followed by hydrodistillation (UAE-HD) with amplitude (30, 60, and 90%) of the pre-treatment sonication was varied as the main parameter and as a factor affecting the extraction process in two repetitions. The results showed that UAE-HD significantly increased the yield of essential oil while also shortening the extraction time. With a predicted optimum process time of 158.25 min, the 90% amplitude obtained the highest yield of 6.97% (v/w). Results from the GCMS analysis showed cardamom essential oil component compounds such as α-pinene, β-pinene, p-cymene, D-limonene, γ-terpinene, α-terpeniol, terpinyl acetate and 1.8 cineol with the highest percentage (>60%) as the major components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cardamom plant (Amomum cardamomum) is an essential oil-producing plant in Indonesia that is rich in benefits. Due to its high antioxidant content, it has the potential to be a standardized herbal medicine. The purpose of this study was to compare two qualitative methods for determining the compound content of cardamom. Hydrodistillation and ultrasonication as a pretreatment (Ultrasonic Assisted Extraction Hydrodistillation/UAE-HD) were used to extract cardamom oil. Analyzed GC–MS (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry) was performed to obtain the essential oil content. Confirmation of chemical compounds is carried out using the Kovats equation. The retention index (RI) method introduced by Kovats expects the targeted compound to be identified correctly. The Retention Index (RI) calculation using different analytical methods and the test mixture of hydrocarbon compounds show that the difference with the RI library - RI NIST: 1.5 - 1.86% is not more than 20% to the provisions. Between the two methods used in this study, Method 2 allows faster analysis, as demonstrated by the shorter retention time (RT=8.18) than Method 1 (RT =11.67). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An experiment to observe the effect of temperature and time process in ginger rhizome-Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE) using CO2 as the solvent has been conducted. The ginger rhizome (Zingiber Officinale Var. Amarum) was washed, drained, sliced, sun-dried, and then stored in a sealed bag prior to usage. The temperature and time process variables are each 35, 40, 45°C and 2, 4, 6 hours respectively with the pressure variable are 3500, 4000, and 4500 psi. It is found that the highest yield (2.9%) was achieved using temperature of 40°C and pressure of 4500 psiwith the process time of 4 hours. However, using the curve-fitting method, it is suggested to use 42°C as the temperature and 5 hours, 7 minutes, and 30 seconds (5.125 Hours) as the time process to obtain the highest yield. The temperature changes will affect both solvent and vapor pressure of diluted compounds of the ginger which will influence the global yield and the composition of the extract. The three major components of the extract are curcumene, zingiberene, and β - sesquipellandrene, [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Indonesia ginger was usually used as a seasoning for dishes, an ingredient for beverage and a source of herbal medicines. Beside raw usage, ginger can be processed to obtain the essential oil which has many advantages such as proven to be an active antimicrobial and having an antioxidant ability. There are a lot of methods to extract essential oil from ginger, one of which is steam distillation. The aim of the current study was to investigate the effect of variation of time process and steam flow rate in the yield on ginger essential oil steam distillation extraction process. It was found that the best operation condition was 0.35 ml/s as the steam flow rate which yields 2.43% oil. The optimum time process was predicted at 7.5 hours. The composition of the oil was varied depend on the flow rate and every flow rate has its own major component contained in the oil. Curcumene composition in the oil was increased as increased steam flow rate applied, but the composition of camphene was decreased along with the increasing steam flow rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]