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The livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) strains are prevalent in the poultry farming environment and are a common component of the bacterial microbiota on the skin and mucous membranes of healthy animals. The origin and spread of LA-MRSA are attributed to the use of antibiotics in animals, and close contact between people and different animal species increases the risk of animal exposure to humans. The epidemiology of LA-MRSA in poultry significantly changed when ST398 and ST9 were found in food-producing animals. The significance of LA-MRSA and zoonotic risk associated with handling and processing foods of avian origin is highlighted by the LA-MRSA strain's ability to infect chickens. People who work with poultry are more prone to contract LA-MRSA than the general population. There is scientific consensus that individuals who have close contact with chickens can become colonized and subsequently infected with LA-MRSA; these individuals could include breeders, medical professionals, or personnel at chicken slaughterhouses. The prevention of LA-MRSA infections and diseases of poultry origin requires taking precautions against contamination across the entire chicken production chain. [Open Vet J 2024; 14(9.000): 2116-2128]

Extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) are β-lactamase enzymes produced by Gram-negative bacterial pathogens that harbor the ESBL genes. In addition, most ESBL genes are plasmid-mediated and usually encode a broader spectrum of antimicrobial resistance, especially to penicillins, first-generation, second-generation, and third-generation cephalosporins, as well as monobactam, such as aztreonam. Escherichia coli has become an opportunistic pathogen, especially in poultry, and has been implicated in zoonotic diseases that can be transmitted to humans, resulting in public health problems. Poultry can act as carriers of ESBL-producing E. coli (ESBL-EC) bacteria to humans through poultry meat that is contaminated by waste products, feces, and excretions. The ESBL gene CTX-M type was identified as the main cause of infection in humans and was detected in poultry as a cause of infection accompanied by clinical symptoms. Several studies have also shown a link between E. coli and ESBL gene transfer from birds to humans. Controlling the spread of ESBL-EC involves maintaining the cleanliness of poultry products, especially meat, and eliminating contaminant sources from poultry. Likewise, maintaining the environmental cleanliness of poultry slaughterhouses and poultry farms must be taken as a precautionary measure to curtail the increasing spread of ESBL-EC into the environment. This review aimed to explain the spread of ESBL-producing E. coli in poultry.

One zoonotic infectious animal disease is brucellosis. The bacteria that cause brucellosis belong to the genus Brucella. Numerous animal and human species are affected by Brucellosis, with an estimated 500,000 human cases recorded annually worldwide. The occurrence of new areas of infection and the resurgence of infection in already infected areas indicate how dynamically Brucellosis is distributed throughout different geographic regions. Bacteria originate from the blood and are found in the reticuloendothelial system, the liver, the spleen, and numerous other locations, including the joints, kidneys, heart, and genital tract. Diagnosis of this disease can be done by Bacterial Isolation, Molecular tests, Modified acid-fast Stain, Rose Bengal Test (RBT), Milk Ring Test (MRT), Complement Fixation Test (CFT), Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), and Serum Agglutination Test (SAT). The primary sign of a B. abortus infection is infertility, which can result in abortion and the birth of a frail fetus that may go on to infect other animals. In humans, the main symptoms are acute febrile illness, with or without localization signs, and chronic infection. Female cattle have a greater risk of contracting Brucella disease. Human populations at high risk of contracting brucellosis include those who care for cattle, veterinarians, slaughterhouse employees, and butchers. Antibiotic treatment of brucellosis is often unsuccessful due to the intracellular survival of Brucella and its adaptability in macrophages. A 'One Health' strategy is necessary to control illnesses like brucellosis. [Open Vet J 2024; 14(5.000): 1081-1097]

Anthrax is a zoonotic infectious disease caused by Bacillus anthracis. According to current knowledge, the disease originates in sub-Saharan Africa, especially Egypt and Mesopotamia. Laboratory tests involving direct staining or culture of samples taken from malignant pustules, sputum, blood, or patient discharge must be performed to establish a diagnosis. B. anthracis infection can enter the body through the skin, mouth, or nose. Human infection is usually caused by contact with infected animals or animal products. Anthrax causes a reduction in resource efficiency and decreases livestock productivity. B. anthracis spores are resistant to extreme temperatures, pressure, pH, drying, solvents, and ultraviolet light. The biological weapon of this disease may be fatal if it is designed to spread B. anthracis spores by aerosols. In the past, the treatment of human anthrax with penicillin at a high dose was the preferred method. The public can take several measures to prevent anthrax infection, such as purchasing and consuming meat that has been legally certified to have been slaughtered in a slaughterhouse, consuming healthy and properly cooked animal meat, and washing hands with antiseptic soap after handling, processing, and cooking animal products. This review aimed to describe the etiology, pathogenesis, mechanism of infection, epidemiology, diagnosis, clinical symptoms, transmission, risk factors, public health importance, economic impact, potential as a bio-warfare agent, treatment, and control of anthrax.

To educate each person integrally as a member of society, ethical principles with an ontological dimension are needed. This qualitative research with literature study method aims to explore the ontological dimension of community education refers to Augustine’s thought in The City of God. The results of this study show that community education is synonymous with building the City of God, which is characterized by human relationships with God so that they are able to use freedom driven by altruist love to implement social responsibility for the realization of peace, justice and happiness in common life. Education of conscience plays an important role in developing the sensitivity, concern and responsibility of each person to realize true happiness in life together. True happiness, which is the goal of everyone’s life, has a moral, relational-dialogical, dynamic and affective character. Altruistic love, which stems from man’s relationship with God, is an ethical principle in social life. At the same time, the idea of each person’s relationship with God and his presence in conscience confirms Augustine’s position on the ontological dimension of the morality of living together. Augustine’s ideas about the ontological dimension of social morality have influenced moral education in the Christian tradition and philosophical discourse over time.

Background and Aim: There are numerous reports of subclinical mastitis cases in Blitar, which is consistent with the region’s high milk production and dairy cattle population. Staphylococcus aureus, which is often the cause of mastitis cases, is widely known because of its multidrug-resistant properties and resistance to β-lactam antibiotic class, especially the methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains. This study aimed to molecular detection and sequence analysis of the mecA gene in milk and farmer’s hand swabs to show that dairy cattle are reservoirs of MRSA strains. Materials and Methods: A total of 113 milk samples and 39 farmers’ hand swab samples were collected from a dairy farm for the isolation of S. aureus using Mannitol salt agar. The recovered isolates were further characterized using standard microbiological techniques. Isolates confirmed as S. aureus were tested for sensitivity to antibiotics. Oxacillin Resistance Screening Agar Base testing was used to confirm the presence of MRSA, whereas the mecA gene was detected by polymerase chain reaction and sequencing. Results: : A total of 101 samples were confirmed to be S. aureus. There were 2 S. aureus isolates that were multidrug-resistant and 14 S. aureus isolates that were MRSA. The mecA gene was detected in 4/14 (28.6%) phenotypically identified MRSA isolates. Kinship analysis showed identical results between mecA from milk and farmers’ hand swabs. No visible nucleotide variation was observed in the two mecA sequences of isolates from Blitar, East Java. Conclusion: The spread of MRSA is a serious problem because the risk of zoonotic transmission can occur not only to people who are close to livestock in the workplace, such as dairy farm workers but also to the wider community through the food chain.

An infectious disease known as rabies (family Rhabdoviridae, genus Lyssavirus) causes severe damage to mammals' central nervous systems (CNS). This illness has been around for a very long time. The majority of human cases of rabies take place in underdeveloped regions of Africa and Asia. Following viral transmission, the Rhabdovirus enters the peripheral nervous system and proceeds to the CNS, where it targets the encephalon and produces encephalomyelitis. Postbite prophylaxis requires laboratory confirmation of rabies in both people and animals. All warm-blooded animals can transmit the Lyssavirus infection, while the virus can also develop in the cells of cold-blooded animals. In the 21st century, more than 3 billion people are in danger of contracting the rabies virus in more than 100 different nations, resulting in an annual death toll of 50,000–59,000. There are three important elements in handling rabies disease in post exposure prophylaxis (PEP), namely wound care, administration of anti-rabies serum, and anti-rabies vaccine. Social costs include death, lost productivity as a result of early death, illness as a result of vaccination side effects, and the psychological toll that exposure to these deadly diseases has on people. Humans are most frequently exposed to canine rabies, especially youngsters and the poor, and there are few resources available to treat or prevent exposure, making prevention of human rabies challenging. [Open Vet J 2023; 13(11.000): 1385-1399]

Background and Aim: Antibiotic resistance in Klebsiella pneumoniae, especially extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producers, has become a global public health problem. This study aimed to estimate the prevalence of multidrug resistance (MDR) and ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae in wastewater from dairy farms. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted on dairy farms in East Java Province from June to October 2022. In total, 342 dairy farm wastewater samples were isolated on buffered peptone water media from six cities/regencies with the highest dairy cattle population in East Java. Samples were identified using MacConkey agar media, Gram-staining,eosin-methylene blue agar, and biochemical tests. In total, 14.32% (49/342) samples contained K. pneumoniae. Positive isolates were tested for antibiotic sensitivity. Klebsiella pneumoniae resistant to beta-lactam was confirmed using the double-disk synergy test to confirm the presence of ESBL-producing bacteria. Results: The percentage of antibiotic resistance in K. pneumoniae was 98% resistance to ampicillin, 67.3% to cefotaxime, 46.9% to tetracycline, 49% to ciprofloxacin, 98% to streptomycin, 14.3% to sulfamethoxazole–trimethoprim, and 83.7% to chloramphenicol. The prevalence of MDR in K. pneumoniae was 12.57% (43/342), with the highest prevalence in the five classes of antibiotics at 41.86% (18/43), and the prevalence of ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae was 5.55% (19/342), with the highest prevalence in the districts of Blitar and Pasuruan at 26.31% (5/19). Conclusion: Although the prevalence of ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae in wastewater samples from dairy farms was low, caution is recommended because they can be a reservoir for ESBL.

Gereja Katolik terlibat memperhatikan orang miskin dalam upayanya untuk hadir di tengah masyarakat. Dalam berparoki, hal ini dilakukan melalui pengelolaan dana sosial, salah satunya adalah Dana Papa Miskin (Danpamis). Dalam konteks Keuskupan Agung Semarang, Danpamis merupakan kesempatan untuk berjalan bersama orang miskin, terbuang, dan yang martabatnya mengalami perampasan. Meskipun didasari oleh kehendak baik, tetapi misi ini masih sering kurang efektif di dalam pelaksanaannya. Penelitian yang dilakukan dengan metode campuran kuantitatif dan kualitatif melalui angket dan wawancara mendalam ini mencermati bagaimana pengelolaan Danpamis sebagai upaya gereja untuk semakin hadir di tengah kaum miskin. Penelitian ini memberi perhatian kepada peran pastor sebagai pintu masuk untuk memahami bagaimana makna kehadiran gereja sebagai tanda kehadiran Tuhan yang menyelamatkan orang miskin. Penemuan dari penelitian ini adalah bahwa peran agensi pastor paroki amat ditentukan oleh pengalaman spriritual dan pribadinya ketika berhadapan dengan kemiskinan serta kesadaran akan panggilan dan perutusannya untuk menjadi berkat bagi orang miskin.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a strain of pathogenic bacteria that is a major problem in the world's health. Due to their frequent interaction with humans, pets are one of the main risk factors for the spread of MRSA. The possibility for zoonotic transmission exists since frequently kept dogs and cats are prone to contract MRSA and act as reservoirs for spreading MRSA. The mouth, nose, and perineum are the primary locations of MRSA colonization, according to the findings of MRSA identification tests conducted on pets. The types of MRSA clones identified in cats and dogs correlated with MRSA clones infecting humans living in the same geographic area. A significant risk factor for the colonization or transmission of MRSA is human-pet contact. An essential step in preventing the spread of MRSA from humans to animals and from animals to humans is to keep hands, clothing, and floor surfaces clean. [J Adv Vet Anim Res 2023; 10(1.000): 1-13]

Pada umumnya dosen mengajar mahasiswanya melalui pengajaran konvensional di dalam kelas. Pendekatan pedagogis baru mulai diperkenalkan yaitu flipped classroom. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah 1) Untuk mengetahui penerapan metode flipped classroom berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap pembelajaran grammar; dan (2) Untuk mengetahui persepsi mahasiswa tentang penerapan flipped classroom. Metode penelitian ini adalah penelitian kuantitatif berdasarkan studi eksperimental. Sampel pada penelitian ini sebanyak dua kelas dengan total 60 mahasiswa yang dilakukan dengan cara acak dan berkelompok (cluster random sampling) pada semester dua jurusan akuntansi Politeknik Negeri Pontianak pada tahun akademik 2020/2021. Instrumen yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah pretest, posttest dan kuesioner. Hasil data dari pretest dan posttest dianalisa dengan menggunakan T-test. Berdasarkan perhitungan T-test, nilai yang diperoleh melalui perhitungan thitung adalah 3,46 lebih tinggi dibandingkan dengan ttabel pada taraf signifikan 5% yaitu 2,021, Dengan demikian Ha diterima dan H0 ditolak, Sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa penerapan metode flipped classroom berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap pembelajaran grammar mahasiswa pada penelitian ini. Berdasarkan kuesioner mengenai persepsi mahasiswa terhadap penerapan flipped classroom, sebagian besar mahasiswa memiliki interaksi yang baik atau positif dengan semua elemen interaksi, baik antar mahasiswa sendiri (peer-interaction), dosen (learner-instructor interaction), bahan ajar (learner-content interaction) dan media teknologi (learner-technology interaction).

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a S. aureus strain resistant to β-lactam antibiotics and is often associated with livestock, known as livestock-associated (LA)-MRSA. Using molecular typing with multi-locus sequence typing, MRSA clones have been classified in pigs, including clonal complex 398. Livestock-associated-methicillin-resistant S. aureus was first discovered in pigs in the Netherlands in 2005. Since then, it has been widely detected in pigs in other countries. Livestock-associated-methicillin-resistant S. aureus can be transmitted from pigs to pigs, pigs to humans (zoonosis), and humans to humans. This transmission is enabled by several risk factors involved in the pig trade, including the use of antibiotics and zinc, the size and type of the herd, and the pig pen management system. Although LA-MRSA has little impact on the pigs' health, it can be transmitted from pig to pig or from pig to human. This is a serious concern as people in direct contact with pigs are highly predisposed to acquiring LA-MRSA infection. The measures to control LA-MRSA spread in pig farms include conducting periodic LA-MRSA screening tests on pigs and avoiding certain antibiotics in pigs. This study aimed to review the emerging LA-MRSA strains in pig farms.

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is an opportunistic bacterium that can cause infection in animals and humans. Recently, MRSA from food-producing or farm animals has been identified as livestock-associated MRSA (LA-MRSA). The spread of LA-MRSA is particularly found in pork and pork products because LA-MRSA has been widely known to infect pigs. The most common type of LA-MRSA identified in pork and pork products is the clonal complex LA-MRSA 398 (LA-MRSA CC398). The MRSA strains on the surface of pork carcasses can be spread during the handling and processing of pork and pork products through human hands, cutting tools, and any surface that comes into direct contact with pork. Food infection is the main risk of MRSA in pork and pork products consumed by humans. Antibiotics to treat food infection cases due to MRSA infection include vancomycin and tigecycline. The spread of MRSA in pork and pork products is preventable by appropriately cooking and cooling the pork and pork products at temperatures above 60°C and below 5°C, respectively. It is also necessary to take other preventive measures, such as having a clean meat processing area and disinfecting the equipment used for processing pork and pork products. This review aimed to explain epidemiology, transmission, risk factors, diagnosis, public health consequences, treatment of food poisoning, and preventing the spread of MRSA in pork and pork products.

Health problems can be caused by consuming foods that have been processed in unsanitary conditions; hence, the study of the impact of contamination on food and its prevention has become critical. The disease caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae in food is increasing significantly every year across the world. The main factors that are essential for the virulence of K. pneumoniae are lipopolysaccharide and polysaccharide capsules. Furthermore, K. pneumoniae is capable of forming biofilms. Capsule polysaccharides, fimbriae types 1 and 3, are crucial virulence factors contributing to biofilm formation in K. pneumoniae. The food contamination by K. pneumoniae may not directly pose a public health risk; however, the presence of K. pneumoniae refers to unhygienic practices in food handling. This article aims to demonstrate that K. pneumoniae should be considered as a potential pathogen that spreads through the food chain and that necessary precautions should be taken in the future.

Livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA-MRSA) was first discovered in horses in 1989. Since then, LA-MRSA has begun to be considered an important strain of pathogenic bacteria in horses, which can cause LA-MRSA infection and colonization in humans with public health impacts. The anterior nares are the primary site of LA-MRSA colonization in horses, although LA-MRSA colonization may also occur in the gastrointestinal tract in horses. LA-MRSA-infected horses typically exhibit clinical infection or may not exhibit clinical infection. There are two potential risks associated with LA-MRSA colonization in horses: The possibility of disease development in horses infected with LA-MRSA and the possibility of LA-MRSA transfer to humans and other horses. The diagnosis of LA-MRSA in horses can be made by conducting in vitro sensitivity testing for oxacillin and cefoxitin, and then followed by a molecular test using polymerase chain reaction. LA-MRSA transmission in animal hospitals and on farms is most likely due to contact with horses infected or colonized by LA-MRSA. The history of prior antibiotic administration, history of prior LA-MRSA colonization, and length of equine hospitalization were described as risk factors in cases of infection and colonization of LA-MRSA in horses. Nebulized antibiotics may be a viable alternative to use in horses, but nebulized antibiotics are only used in horses that are persistently colonized with LA-MRSA. Controlling the spread of LA-MRSA in horses can be done by regularly washing horses, eradicating vectors in horse stalls such as rats, and maintaining the cleanliness of the stable and animal hospital environment. Meanwhile, cleaning hands, using gloves, and donning protective clothes are ways that humans can prevent the transmission of LA-MRSA when handling horses. This review will explain the definition of LA-MRSA in general, LA-MRSA in horses, the epidemiology of LA-MRSA in horses, the diagnosis of LA-MRSA in horses, the transmission of LA-MRSA in horses, risk factors for spreading LA-MRSA in horses, public health impact, treatment of LA-MRSA infection in horses, and control of the spread of LA-MRSA in horses.

The Indonesian government provides incentives to facilitate community development through various funding programs to improve the economy and restore the national economy. However, there were many obstacles in determining the proper target beneficiaries. This study aims to assist decision-makers in determining targeted and accountable beneficiary candidates. In this study, a hybrid Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method with Simple Additive Weighting (SAW) was used and integrated with machine learning modeling using Logistic Regression (LR). The AHP approach is used to determine the weight of each criterion, and the SAW method is used to sort out each available alternative with the help of an expert team's assessment. Instead, the LR method is used for the predictive analysis and classification of the resulting data.

Indonesia as a tropical country has abundant potential of solar energy. The Indonesian government is very serious about implementing efforts towards net zero emissions which are continuously encouraged. Using solar energy is one of the solutions to reduce greenhouse gas emissions use of fossil fuels. One of the efforts made is to apply technology to replace the propulsion system of ships powered by fossil fuel engines to electricity from solar energy. This research takes the case of a conventional engine-powered “Sandek” fishing boat converted to a solar-powered electric motor in West Sulawesi. The aim is to compare the level of profit and return on investment before and after conventional motor ships are replaced with electric powered ships. The research method used is a descriptive method with investment parameters including NPV, IRR, and Payback Period. The results hopefully can be used as a reference for investment who will develop the transition from conventional motor boats to electric boats. The conclusions of this research can be used as a model for the sustainable use of electric fishing boats in Indonesia.

In selecting the best freight forwarding company, the concept of a Decision Support System (DSS) can be used to find the best solution from several alternatives. One of the DSS methods is the Intuitionistic Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (IFAHP) and Intuitionistic Fuzzy Tomada de Decisao Interativa Multicriterio (IFTODIM). This study applied the IFAHP method combined with the IFTODIM method to select the best freight forwarding company at PT Progressio Indonesia. PT Progression Indonesia is a manufacturing and retail company that produces furniture. There are 11 criteria used in the performance assessment of the four alternatives. This research shows that the best freight forwarding company at PT Progressio Indonesia is Kobra Express, with a comprehensive value of 1.000. The second is Herona Express, with a comprehensive value of 0.9437, followed by Indah Logistik Cargo, with a comprehensive value of 0.7005. The last is Guna Dharma Express, with a comprehensive value of 0.0000.

Bandwidth plays a crucial role in the Geographically Weighted Regression modelas it affects the model’s ability to describe spatial dependencies. If the bandwidth is too large, the model will be similar to a normal regression model. Conversely, if it is too small, the model will be too rough. Bandwidth can be selected in several ways, e.g. manually determined by experts or using Akaike Information Criteria, Cross-Validation, and Lagrange Multiplier methods. This study offers an alternative approach to choosing bandwidth based on the covariance function representing a linear combination between the Bessel and Gaussian-Type functions. We applied this function to analyze the land price in Manado with four infrastructure accessibility variables, such as accessibility to government offices, education facilities, shopping centers, and healthcare facilities. Therefore, the proposed method is different from the index methods (AIC and CV) which have been used by other researchers. The results showed that the non-parametric covariance function provides a smaller bandwidth than conventional methods, specifically Akaike Information Criteria and Cross-Validation. In addition, the value of R2(adjusted) given by the covariance function is greater than the one given by the proportional method. This means that the optimal bandwidth obtained using the covariance function is more suitable to explain the land price in the city of Manado.

Pertumbuhan penduduk membuat transportasi di Indonesia khususnya di Kota Semarang juga semakin berkembang, salah satu transportasi umum yang sedang dikembangkan di Kota Semarang saat ini adalah BRT. Dari 7 koridor yang beroperasi, BRT koridor IV (empat) banyak ditemui kendala dan permasalahan diantaranya adalah sedikitnya jumlah penumpang bus sehingga pendapatan dari tarif yang didapat belum menutupi biaya operasional. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui tentang standar pelayanan yang ada pada BRT di Koridor IV Semarang; Menganalisa kinerja dan pelayanan bus BRT di Koridor IV Semarang berdasarkan jumlah penumpang, kecepatan perjalanan, load factor, headway, dan jumlah armada; dan Mengetahui hal-hal yang perlu diperbaiki pada transportasi ini. Metode yang di pakai adalah observasi lapangan dan analisa data sekunder. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa BRT Trans Semarang Koridor IV memiliki 20 armada dengan rincian 18 armada beroperasi dan 2 armada untuk cadangan. Nilai load factor sebesar 53% dimana memenuhi standar yang ada, nilai headway sebesar 13,51 menit dimana belum sesuai dengan syarat yang ada. Kecepatan rata-rata 14,68 km/jam dimana dibawah batas aturan dan jarak tempuh 237,04 km dimana tidak sesuai dengan standar jarak perjalanan.

The use of technology in the era of the Industrial Revolution 4.0 is essential, marked by the use of technology in the economy and business. This situation makes many companies in the payment sector have to improve their information technology security systems. In Indonesia, Bank Indonesia and the Financial Services Authority (Otoritas Jasa Keuangan - OJK) are agencies that provide operational permits for companies by making Payment Card Industry-Data Security Standard (PCI-DSS) certification as one of the requirements for companies to obtain operating permits. However, not all companies can easily get PCI-DSS certification because many companies still do not meet the PCI-DSS requirements. The research offers a methodology for measuring the level of technology and information maturity using general cybersecurity requirements adopted from the cybersecurity frameworks of CIS, NIST, and Cobit. Then, the research also performs qualitative calculations based on interviews, observations, and data surveys conducted on switching companies that have been able to implement and obtain certification. PCI-DSS to produce practical cybersecurity measures, in general, can be used as a measure of the maturity of technology and information security. The results and discussion provide a model assessment tool on the procedures and requirements needed to obtain PCI-DSS certification. The maturity level value of PT XYZ is 4.0667 at maturity level 4, namely quantitatively managed, approaching level 5 as the highest level at maturity level.

John Chrysostom (349–407) provides the most comprehensive commentary on the Pauline epistles from the patristic era. During his priestly mission in Antioch (386–397) and his episcopate in Constantinople (398–403), he wrote over 200 homiletic commentaries on the entire Pauline episto­lary body of work. This research attempts to analyze how Chrysostom interprets Paul’s verses concern­ing the collection and uses them to organize and transform the ecclesial groups into communities of love, particularly paying attention to the poor. The study focuses on the works of John Chrysostom on Rom 15:25–29. Based on his interpretation, the status of debtors in the spiritual blessings is the main reason why the Romans had to be more earnest in almsgiving, imitating the Macedonians and the Achae­ans who had helped the community in Jerusalem. He also encourages them to reform their lives, cutting off the superfluities, luxurious lifestyles, and bad attitudes in squandering money on other selfish needs. At the same time, he stirrers them up to meet their needs moderately, which meant using only the goods that are truly necessary for a healthy and dignified life so that they would always have something to share with the poor.

Pesticide exposure causes hepatic parenchymal cell damage and impaired hepatic membrane permeability. Organic red beets contain high levels of flavonoids, betanin, and polyphenols. The phytochemical compounds in beetroot are anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antihepatotoxicity. The purpose of this study was to determine the hepatoprotective effect of organic beetroot (Beta vulgaris L) on hepar physiological abnormalities due to exposure to pesticides. This type of research is an experiment with Post Test Only Randomized Control Group Design. The study population was male Wistar rats aged 2-3 months with a weight of 150-200g. The sampling technique was randomly assigned to 30 rats were divided into 6 groups. Beetroot ethanol extract intake and pesticide exposure were observed for 14 days. Liver physiological abnormalities were measured based on the levels of the enzyme cholinesterase, Gamma GT, SGOT, and SGPT. Measurement of enzymes using the IFCC method, using Stardust MC15 and Humalyzer spectrophotometer. Data analysis using Anova test. There was a hepar physiological abnormality after pesticide exposure which was indicated by a significant decrease in the cholinesterase enzyme (p-value=0,000) and a significant increase in the Gamma GT, SGOT, and SGPT enzymes (p-value=0,000). The intake of organic beetroot ethanol extract (Beta vulgaris L) significantly increased the cholinesterase enzyme back (p-value=0,000) and significantly decreased the Gamma GT, SGOT, and SGPT enzymes (p-value=0,000), approaching normal levels at a dose of 400mg/kgBW. Organic red beetroot (Beta vulgaris L) has a hepatoprotective effect on hepar physiological abnormalities due to exposure to pesticides.

The purpose of the research to know the description of management includes planning, organizing, driving, and supervision of sports industry management in Demak District. Methods This research is a survey research using qualitative descriptive approach. The result of this research is 1) The planning process done by sports industry in Demak Regency has been run in accordance with the management function, 2) The management of sports industry in Demak Regency is still lacking, because the whole of sports industry does not have organizational structure so there are many double function to the owner and employees, 3) The management of sports industry in Demak Regency is quite good, because the communication between owner, manager and employee is good, employees also execute manager's orders well in accordance with their duties, 4) Sports industry supervision management in Demak Regency is good, because all owners always supervise their employees.

Purpose - The purpose of this research is to know the difference of university social responsibility on green accounting implementation at Tanjungpura University with other universities in Pontianak City. Green accounting is a style of accounting that describes efforts to incorporate environmental benefits and costs into making economic decisions or business financial results. Method - The objects of this research are audit committee, internal auditors, internal supervisory units and officers, lecturers, or staff at universities in Pontianak City who know about responsibility in managing the environment. This study uses accidental sampling in Tanjungpura University, Pontianak State Polytechnic, Muhammadiyah University of Pontianak, and Panca Bhakti University. The data analysis in this study was done by using Mann Whitney U-test. Result - The results of this study indicate that there are significant differences between the Tanjungpura University with other universities in Pontianak City on environmental involvement, environmental reporting, and environmental audit; while for environmental concern, there is no difference between the University Tanjungpura with other universities in the Pontianak City. Implication - Universities in Pontianak City are suggested to improve their performance related to the environment, especially in environmental involvement, environmental reporting, and environmental audit. Originality - This research is the first study that used four universities as the research objects.

The spatial autocorrelation measurement of land prices uses a covariance function to describe the spatial dependence and it can be identified as a geographic distance on the correlogram. The geographic distance of spatial dependence can state that land prices are interdependent to each other and scattered in the research area. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to define the geographic distance of spatial dependence on land prices using a nonparametric correlogram. A nonparametric approach to covariance functions using the composition of Bessel and Gaussian-type functions are adopted because they correspond to the positive definite characteristics. The cubic spline interpolation is used to refine the curve fitting, while the intersection between the nonparametric correlogram value C(h) against the horizontal axis is determined using the Jenkins Traub algorithm. The results showed that the nonparametric correlogram identified a geographic distance of land prices smaller than the correlogram used so far. A small distance means that the land price in a location is greatly affected by the neighbors compared to a larger distance.

Softball games are one form of small ball games learned at school. In the softball game there is strike zone, which is an imaginary field between the elbow and the knee of a batter, and is above the home base. Students find it difficult to find the strike zone so that when throwing pitchers always “ball”. when the game takes place students have difficulty determining between “strike” and “ball”. The need for learning media that can provide a real form of strike zone for students. This research is a development research that uses the stages of development of Borg and Gall. Based on product testing, the target media strike zone is very suitable with the softball game and can effectively provide information about the real shape of the strike zone in the softball game, as well as helping students to set targets and throw accuracy.

Performance is the primary focus of each company. Management is always expected to achieve excellent performance by stakeholders. Previous studies asserted that management accounting innovations and information capital maturity level are two important factors that support the success of business process performance. Therefore, this study empirically investigates two theoretical paths. Firstly, whether continuous improvements mediate management accounting innovations-organizational performance relationship. Secondly, whether continuous improvements mediate information capital maturity level-organizational performance relationship. Using a sample of 54 managers of the Indonesian State-Owned Enterprises (SOEs), this study finds that continuous improvements fully mediate management accounting innovations-organizational performance relationship. Furthermore, this study also finds that continuous improvements do not mediate information capital maturity level-organizational performance relationship. Overall, this study gives empirical support for contingency theory, especially in providing contingent factors affecting organizational performance, namely management accounting innovations, information capital maturity level, and continuous improvements.

Background:The impact of high-end student load on final project would trigger physical stress that such as tension headache. This was influenced by ergonomic position and neck muscle work at low level consentric. The purpose of this research is knowing effect of myofascial release and strengthening exercise to decrease pain and improve functional activity for tension headache condition. Methods: This study was quasy experiment two group with control, conducted on January 6 – Februari 3 2018. Sampling method by incidental sampling approach 16 students were conducted for this study, divided into 2 groups. The treatment group was (myofascial release and strengthening exercise) and performed pain and functional measurements by using VAS (Visual Analogue Scale). data analysis used shapiro wilk test, leuvene test, paired sample t-test, and independent sample t-test Result: The influence of myofascial release and strengthening exercise on the decrease of pain with the result p = 0.000, while the increase of functional activity that is p = 0.000 which means the influence of (+) to the increase of functional activity. The existence of different treatment groups (myofascial release and strenthening exercise) and the control group (strecthing) with p = 0.001. Conclusion: There was influence myofascial release and strengthening exercise on the reduction of pain in the condition of tension headache.

Ketahanan keluarga merupakan pondasi kekuatan bangsa. Kerapuhan ketahanan keluarga yang berujung pada perceraian sering kali terdapat pada pasangan keluarga kelas menengah ke bawah yang menjadi TKI di luar negeri. Hal ini menyebabkan kondisi pendidikan anak-anak yang berasal dari broken home juga tidak kalah mengkhawatirkan. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengkaji ketahanan keluarga pasangan menikah yang menjadi TKI di luar negeri yang berasal dari Desa Kalirejo, Kalipare, Malang. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif kualitatif, dengan melakukan wawancara mendalam. Analisis data dilakukan melalui koding. hasil penelitian menunjukkan, banyak aspek yang tidak mendukung ketahanan keluarga para TKI yang bekerja di luar negeri. Yaitu ketahanan hubungan pernikahan yang rapuh, Anak-anak yang tidak terdidik dengan baik di rumah. Kondisi ekonomi yang mayoritas juga tidak jauh berbeda setelah menjadi TKI.

The purpose of this research is to know the types and ways to utilize the environment as a medium of learning from junior high school teachers in the coastal area of Kebumen Regency. This research method using qualitative research approach with data technique using interview technique, observation, and documentation.The research instrument uses interview guides and photo documentation. The results of environmental research are used as a place of learning in the coastal area Kebumen District, village buildings, beaches, and roads around the school. The environment used as learning media for Physical Education consists of paper assignment, modification of ball from coconut husk, perforated vessel made from used bucket, paint bucket cover and wood board for supporting learning. The conclusion of this research is the teacher of the coastal area surveyed Kebumen uses various ways to utilize the environment as a place of learning and learning media such as field to learn the big ball game and small ball game, while beach and school access road to learning athletics.

The purpose of this research was to determine the effects of exercise single leg push off the leg power and leg at the club sepak takraw fulcrum in Central Java. Quantitative research methods one group pretest and posttest design, the experiments conducted on one group and 2 times the test is carried out before and after the experiment called pretest posttest experiment called. The sample in this study were all women athletes Tekong which amounted to 7 people with a total sampling technique. Data analysis using computerized media with SSPS system version 16.0.0. The results of the study no effects of exercise single leg push off the leg power at the results sig = 0.001 and power foot fulcrum with the results sig = 0.015, in addition to measuring the results using the vertical jump explosive power with the result sig = 0.009. The conclusions of this research exercise single leg push off effect on leg power and leg at the fulcrum of the daughter of sepak takraw athlete Central Java. Suggestions in the presence of this study could be a reference for researchers who conduct similar research to further examine other factors affecting the increase in movement techniques Tekong.

This paper examines whether the changes in audit rotation policy affect the relationship between audit firm rotation and audit quality in Indonesia. This study uses 2,403 observations from 371 firms listed on the IDX for the period 2010–2017. This study uses Ordinary Least Squares regression to test the hypothesis. We find that, in the mandatory audit rotation period (pre-period), there is no significant association between audit rotation and audit quality. Interestingly, we find a positive relationship between audit rotation and audit quality in the voluntary audit rotation (post-period). Our result implies that voluntary audit rotation without any coercive regulation is more effective in improving audit quality. This research provides an insight to policy makers that eliminating the regulation of audit firm rotation is an effective decision to enhance audit quality.

ABSTRACT In 2014, the government and parliament passed Law No. 6 of 2014 stipulates the rights and obligations of the village. A key point in the Act is allocation large enough of the village fund for each village across Indonesia. As a follow up of the Act, the government has also issued Regulation of the Minister of the Home Affair No. 113/2015 on the Financial Management of the Village which serves as a guide for the government in the villages to manage their of village fund. Legalization of this Act rise polemic in community. Some argue that the village funds that will be allocated to the village would pose a potential corruption of village officials. Therefore, this community service aims to find a variety of problems related to management of the village fund and to provide guidance of village fund management. The community service is done in the village and the village Giriroto Kismoyoso Ngemplak District of Boyolali. In the early stages of community service, a team do an observation and direct discussions with the Village Head of Kismoyoso and Giriroto. It aims to gain a deeper knowledge of the issues related to the management of funds of village. The observation and discussion shows that the main problem that arises is the lack of knowledge of the village head in both villages to the technical implementing financial management of villages based on Regulation No. 113/2015. It is coupled with a lack of facilitators from Boyolali district to assist in both villages. The team considers that implementation of the financial reporting using computerized system | is a solution to overcome these obstacles. With the computerized system, village fund reporting will be done quickly and the finacial statements will also be more reliable than reporting manually. Therefore, the team filed the application computerized reporting by using the reporting software that generates the village fund financial statements as set out in Regulation No. 113/2015. SARIPATI Pada tahun 2014, pemerintah dan DPR mengesahkan Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2014 mengatur tentang hak dan kewajiban desa. Hal pokok dalam UU adalah adanya alokasi dana desa yang cukup besar untuk setiap desa. Pengesahan UU ini menimbulkan polemik dimasyarakat. Beberapa pihak menyambut gembira terbitnya UU tersebut karena adanya dana desa akan menjadikan desa sebagai pusat pembangunan. Sebaliknya, beberapa pihak berpendapat bahwa dana desa yang akan dialokasikan kepada desa akan menimbulkan potensi korupsi yang dilakukan aparat desa. Sebagai tindak lanjut UU tersebut, pemerintah juga telah menerbitkan Peraturan Menteri Dalam Negeri No. 113/2015 tentang Pengelolaan Keuangan Desa yang menjadi panduan bagi pemerintah desa dalam penata kelolaan keuangan desa. Oleh karena itu, pengabdian masyarakat ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui berbagai permasalahan yang dialami desa terkait pengelolaan dana desa dan memberikan bimbingan dan pelatihan pengelolaan dana desa. Pengabdian di lakukan di Desa Kismoyoso dan Desa Giriroto Kecamatan Ngemplak Boyolali. Pada tahap awal pengabdian dilakukan observasi dan diskusi secara langsung dengan Kepala Desa Kismoyoso dan Giriroto. Hal ini bertujuan untuk memahami lebih dalam permasalahan kedua desa terkait pengelolaan dana desa. Hasil observasi dan diskusi menunjukkan bahwa permasalahan utama yang timbul adalah rendahnya pengetahuan dari kepala desa di kedua desa tersebut berserta pelaksana teknis terkait pengelolaan keuangannya desa berdasarkan Permendagri No. 113/2015. Hal itu ditambah lagi dengan belum adanya tenaga pendamping dari Kabupaten Boyolali yang diturunkan untuk mendampingi di kedua desa tersebut. Tim pengabdian menganggap pelaporan keuangan dana desa secara komputer merupakan solusi untuk mengatasi kendala tersebut. Permendagri No. 113/2015 hanya mengatur format-format pelaporan secara manual dan tidak mensyaratkan adanya komputerisasi dalam pelaporannya. Disisi lain, teknologi informasi komputer (TIK) telah semakin banyak digunakan karena biaya hardware dan software sudah cukup murah. Selain itu, sistem terkomputerisasi memiliki banyak keuntungan dibandingkan dengan sistem manual. Pelaporan dana desa mampu dilakukan dengan cepat dan output laporan keuangannnya juga akan lebih handal dibanding dengan pelaporan secara manual. Oleh karena itu, tim pengabdian mengajukan penerapan pelaporan berkomputer dengan menggunakansoftware pelaporan dana desa yang menghasilkan laporan keuangan seperti yang diatur dalam Permendagri No. 113/2015. Proses pencatatan dan output laporan dari software ini dikembangkan mengacu pada Permendagri No. 113/2015 yang menjadi pedoman pengelolaan keuangan desa uantuk seluruh desa di Indonesia.

The purpose of this study to determine the improvement of learning outcomes with the game long jump long jump squat style through media used tires on students. This research method uses Classroom Action Research (CAR). Subjects were fifth grade students of SD Negeri 01 Kebojongan which amounts to 18 students.The results showed that the long jump squat force through media used tires can increase learning. In the initial conditions show learning results 44.44% (8 students who completed), at cycle 1 shows the results of study 61.11% (11 students who completed) which means it has no increase from the initial condition but has not reached the expected target percentage, while in cycle 2 study results showed an increase of 83.33% (15 students who completed) which means it has reached the expected target percentage. Conclusions from this research is the long jump squat style game through media used tires can improve learning outcomes long jump at the fifth grade students of SD Negeri 01 Kebojongan District of Comal Pemalang Academic Year 2013/2014

The purpose of this research is to improve learning outcomes relay with modifications pienjong game on the Grade 6 students at SDN 1 Kemiriombo, District Gemawang, Regency Temanggung. This study uses action research implementation consists of two cycles. Each held one meeting cycle consists of four stages, namely: planning, implementation, observation, and reflection. The instrument used in this study is the test performance of students, student observation sheet, and a written test. Based on the results, the percentage of mastery learning outcomes in cycle 1, psychomotor aspects of 43.7%, 93.7% affective aspects, cognitive aspects of 18.7%, and mastery learning students is 62.5% of the total number of students. In cycle 2 psychomotor aspects of 93.7%, 100% affective aspects, cognitive aspects of 43.7%, and mastery learning students is 81.3% of the total number of students. Present study showed an increase in mastery learning students by 18.8%, from 62.5% in Cycle 1 to 81.3% in cycle 2. Based on the above results, it was concluded that the modification of the game pienjong relay in learning can improve learning outcomes of students grade 6 SDN 1 Kemiriombo.

The purpose of this study is to describe the management of Club Athletic Locomotive Salatiga 2013. This study used a qualitative descriptive approach, data collection techniques performed using interviews, observation, and documentation. Analysis of the data in this study is a qualitative descriptive method of collecting data, sorting the data, study the data, describe the data and make the final analysis. Research results Athletic Club Management locomotive is quite good, for sports management components such as athletes and coaches at the Club Athletic locomotive Salatiga say well, for coaches and administrators can not be said to be good because the board locomotive most of the children so that the performance of the board chairman is not maximum. In the medium and prasaranana good enough, for the funding can not be said to be good because now PT KAI in providing funds slightly decreased because the locomotive achievement, good exercise program, and sports performance can not be said to be good because of the achievements of locomotives declined since abandoned by athletes flagship. Concluded that the management of Club Athletic locomotive in 2013 can not be said to be good.

Abstrak Kualitas merupakan kesesuaian untuk memenuhi harapan pelanggan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk menguji pengaruh kualitas sistem aplikasi dan kualitas informasi terhadap kepuasan pengguna sistem aplikasi RTS (Rail Ticketing System) yang dimediasi oleh kepercayaan. Penelitian ini menggunakan analisis jalur (path analysis). Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh pengguna (pelanggan) yang menggunakan RTS (Rail Ticketing System) di PT Kereta Api Indoonesia (persero) Daerah Operasi 4 Semarang selama 6 (enam) bulan periode Desember 2015 – Mei 2016, kereta api ekonomi. Pengambilan sampel menggunakan teknik kuota. Jumlah sampel dalam penelitian ini ditetapkan dengan kuota 100 pengguna (pelanggan). Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa kualitas sistem aplikasi dan kualitas informasi berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kepercayaan, kepercayaan tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kepuasan pengguna, kualitas sistem aplikasi berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap kepuasan pengguna dengan kepercayaan sebagai mediasi, dan kualitas informasi tidak berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap kepuasan pengguna melalui kepercayaan sebagai mediasi. Kata kunci: Kualitas Sistem aplikasi, Kualitas Informasi, Kepercayaan, Kepuasan Pengguna, RTS (Rail Ticketing System). Abstract Quality is conformance to meet customer expectations. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of the application system and the quality of information on user satisfaction application systems RTS (Rail Ticketing System) is mediated by the trust. This research used path analysis (path analysis). The population in this study are all users (customers) whose using RTS (Rail Ticketing System) in PT Kereta Api Indonesia (Persero) Regional Operations 4 Semarang during six (6) months (December 2015 - May 2016) in the economic train. Technical sampling using quota. The number of samples in this study determined the quota of 100 users (customers). These results indicate that the quality of the application system and the quality of information significant effect on confidence, trust no significant effect on user satisfaction, the quality of the application system significantly affect user satisfaction with trust as mediation, and the quality of the information does not significantly affect user satisfaction through trust as mediation. Keywords: Quality of application systems, Information Quality, Trust, User Satisfaction, Rail Ticketing System

Several methods have been proposed to combine the forecasting results into single forecast namely the simple averaging, weighted average on validation performance, or non-parametric combination schemas. These methods use fixed combination of individual forecast to get the final forecast result. In this paper, quite different approach is employed to select the forecasting methods, in which every point to forecast is calculated by using the best methods used by similar training dataset. Thus, the selected methods may differ at each point to forecast. The similarity measures used to compare the time series for testing and validation are Euclidean and Dynamic Time Warping (DTW), where each point to compare is weighted according to its recentness. The dataset used in the experiment is the time series data designated for NN3 Competition and time series generated from the frequency of USPTO’s patents and PubMed’s scientific publications on the field of health, namely on Apnea, Arrhythmia, and Sleep Stages. The experimental result shows that the weighted combination of methods selected based on the similarity between training and testing data may perform better compared to either the unweighted combination of methods selected based on the similarity measure or the fixed combination of best individual forecast. Beberapa metode telah diajukan untuk menggabungkan beberapa hasil forecasting dalam single forecast yang diberi nama simple averaging, pemberian rata-rata dengan bobot pada tahap validasi kinerja, atau skema kombinasi non-parametrik. Metode ini menggunakan kombinasi tetap pada individual forecast untuk mendapatkan hasil final dari forecast. Dalam paper ini, pendekatan berbeda digunakan untuk memilih metode forecasting, di mana setiap titik dihitung dengan menggunakan metode terbaik yang digunakan oleh dataset pelatihan sejenis. Dengan demikian, metode yang dipilih dapat berbeda di setiap titik perkiraan. Similarity measure yang digunakan untuk membandingkan deret waktu untuk pengujian dan validasi adalah Euclidean dan Dynamic Time Warping (DTW), di mana setiap titik yang dibandingkan diberi bobot sesuai dengan keterbaruannya. Dataset yang digunakan dalam percobaan ini adalah data time series yang didesain untuk NN3 Competition dan data time series yang di-generate dari paten-paten USPTO dan publikasi ilmiah PubMed di bidang kesehatan, yaitu pada Apnea, Aritmia, dan Sleep Stages. Hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa pemberian kombinasi bobot dari metode yang dipilih berdasarkan kesamaan antara data pelatihan dan data pengujian, dapat menyajikan hasil yang lebih baik dibanding salah satu kombinasi metode unweighted yang dipilih berdasarkan similarity measure atau kombinasi tetap dari individual forecast terbaik.

Hidden Markov Model is elaboration of Markov chain, which is applicable to cases that can’t directly observe. In this research, Hidden Markov Model is used to know trader’s transition to broker forex online. In Hidden Markov Model, observed state is observable part and hidden state is hidden part. Hidden Markov Model allows modeling system that contains interrelated observed state and hidden state. As observed state in trader’s transition to broker forex online is category 1, category 2, category 3, category 4, category 5 by condition of every broker forex online, whereas as hidden state is broker forex online Marketiva, Masterforex, Instaforex, FBS and Others. First step on application of Hidden Markov Model in this research is making construction model by making a probability of transition matrix (A) from every broker forex online. Next step is making a probability of observation matrix (B) by making conditional probability of five categories, that is category 1, category 2, category 3, category 4, category 5 by condition of every broker forex online and also need to determine an initial state probability (π) from every broker forex online. The last step is using Viterbi algorithm to find hidden state sequences that is broker forex online sequences which is the most possible based on model and observed state that is the five categories. Application of Hidden Markov Model is done by making program with Viterbi algorithm using Delphi 7.0 software with observed state based on simulation data. Example: By the number of observation T = 5 and observed state sequences O = (2,4,3,5,1) is found hidden state sequences which the most possible with observed state O as following : where X1 = FBS, X2 = Masterforex, X3 = Marketiva, X4 = Others, and X5 = Instaforex.

XYZ Company has a program to predict leasing income that only predict in constant condition where every tenant assumed for leasing renewal. This research is done to build accurate income prediction system that accommodate in making strategic decision towards the company. Premier data collecting is through direct interview with the company management. The analysis is through data training from the previous years to build neural network model. The analysis result shows that this model has produced error total value that is smaller than the previous error total value in years before. Therefore, it could be concluded that data mining with neural network technique that produced more accurate leasing income that could help the company making decision based on the hidden information in the database.

Salah satu bagian dari temu kembali (retrieval) informasi adalah menyajikan data hasil pencarian dengan cara mengelompokkan (clustering) seluruh dokumen hasil pencarian sesuai dengan kemiripan antar dokumen. Agar tingkat kemiripan dokumen tinggi maka dokumen harus dibaca dengan memperhatikan struktur frasa-frasa penyusun dokumen (semantis). Pembacaan secara semantis inilah yang kemudian membutuhkan representasi isi dokumen secara tepat. Hal ini dipecahkan dengan preprocessing dokumen hasil pencarian dalam bentuk struktur data suffix cactus. Implementasi struktur data suffix cactus memungkinkan pencarian string relatif lebih cepat dibandingkan query biasa. Suffix cactus bisa dikonstruksi dari suffix tree ataupun dari suffix array. Kinerja suffix cactus berada di antara keduanya. Pada makalah ini, suffix cactus dikonstruksi berdasarkan pada informasi yang didapat dari suffix tree, sedangkan clustering diimplementasikan pada judul dokumen yang dianggap representasi dokumen berbahasa Indonesia. Hasil pencarian dokumen berupa grup-grup dokumen dan ditampilkan frasa-frasa baru yang memiliki kedekatan dengan keyword yang diinputkan. Pada makalah ini juga dilakukan pengukuran waktu eksekusi dan ukuran suffix cactus terhadap jumlah dokumen (hits). Kata kunci: Information Retrieval, clustering, suffix tree, suffix cactus.

Background: Staphylococcus aureus is commonly found in dairy cows and is a source of contamination in milk. S. aureus that are resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics (especially cefoxitin) are referred to as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The spread of MRSA cannot be separated from sanitation management during milking; it can originate from milk collected from the udder or from the hands of farmers during the milking process. The purpose of this study was to examine the level of MRSA contamination in dairy cow's milk and farmer's hand. Methods: A total of 109 samples of dairy cow’s milk and 41 samples of farmer’s hand swabs were collected at a dairy farm in Probolinggo, East Java, Indonesia. Samples were cultured and purified using mannitol salt agar (MSA). The profile of S. aureus resistance was established by disk diffusion test using a disk of beta-lactam antibiotics, namely oxacillin and cefoxitin. Results: The S. aureus isolates that were resistant to oxacillin and cefoxitin antibiotics were then tested for oxacillin resistance screening agar base (ORSAB) as a confirmation test for MRSA identity. S. aureus isolates suspected to be MRSA were then tested genotypically by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method to detect the presence of the mecA gene. The results of the isolation and identification found 80 isolates (53.33%) of S. aureus. The results of the resistance test found that 42 isolates (15%) of S. aureus were resistant to oxacillin and 10 isolates (12.5%) were resistant to cefoxitin. The ORSAB test found as many as 20 isolates (47.62%) were positive for MRSA. In PCR testing to detect the presence of the mecA gene, three isolates (30%) were positive for the mecA gene. Conclusions: This study shows that several S. aureus isolates were MRSA and had the gene encoding mecA in dairy farms.

Background: Staphylococcus aureus is commonly found in dairy cows and is a source of contamination in milk. S. aureus that are resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics (especially cefoxitin) are referred to as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The spread of MRSA cannot be separated from sanitation management during milking; it can originate from milk collected from the udder or from the hands of farmers during the milking process. The purpose of this study was to examine the level of MRSA contamination in dairy cow's milk and farmer's hand. Methods: A total of 109 samples of dairy cow’s milk and 41 samples of farmer’s hand swabs were collected at a dairy farm in Probolinggo, East Java, Indonesia. Samples were cultured and purified using mannitol salt agar (MSA). The profile of S. aureus resistance was established by disk diffusion test using a disk of beta-lactam antibiotics, namely oxacillin and cefoxitin. Results: The S. aureus isolates that were resistant to oxacillin and cefoxitin antibiotics were then tested for oxacillin resistance screening agar base (ORSAB) as a confirmation test for MRSA identity. S. aureus isolates suspected to be MRSA were then tested genotypically by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method to detect the presence of the mecA gene. The results of the isolation and identification found 80 isolates (53.33%) of S. aureus. The results of the resistance test found that 42 isolates (15%) of S. aureus were resistant to oxacillin and 10 isolates (12.5%) were resistant to cefoxitin. The ORSAB test found as many as 20 isolates (47.62%) were positive for MRSA. In PCR testing to detect the presence of the mecA gene, three isolates (30%) were positive for the mecA gene. Conclusions: This study shows that several S. aureus isolates were MRSA and had the gene encoding mecA in dairy farms.

Background: Staphylococcus aureus is commonly found in dairy cows and is a source of contamination in milk. S. aureus that are resistant to beta-lactam antibiotics are referred to as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). The spread of MRSA cannot be separated from sanitation management during milking; it can originate from milk collected from the udder or from the hands of farmers during the milking process. The purpose of this study was to examine the level of MRSA contamination in dairy cow's milk and farmer's hand swabs. Methods: A total of 109 samples of dairy cow’s milk and 41 samples of farmers’ hand swabs were collected at a dairy farm in Probolinggo, East Java, Indonesia. Samples were cultured and purified using mannitol salt agar (MSA). The profile of S. aureus resistance was established by disk diffusion test using a disk of beta-lactam antibiotics, namely oxacillin and cefoxitin. Results: The S. aureus isolates that were resistant to oxacillin and cefoxitin antibiotics were then tested for oxacillin resistance screening agar base (ORSAB) as a confirmation test for MRSA identity. S. aureus isolates suspected to be MRSA were then tested genotypically by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method to detect the presence of the mecA gene. The results of the isolation and identification found 80 isolates (53.33%) of S. aureus. The results of the resistance test found that 42 isolates (15%) of S. aureus were resistant to oxacillin and 10 isolates (12.5%) were resistant to cefoxitin. The ORSAB test found as many as 20 isolates (47.62%) were positive for MRSA. In PCR testing to detect the presence of the mecA gene, three isolates (30%) were positive for the mecA gene. Conclusions: This study shows that several S. aureus isolates were MRSA and had the gene encoding mecA in dairy farms.