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In this article, we include the memory effect in the generalized Richards model (GRM), which is proposed in the form of a fractional-order GRM. The fractional-order GRM is developed by replacing the first-order derivative in the GRM with a fractional-order derivative and then taking care of model homogeneity of dimension. We consider two fractional-order differential operators: Caputo and Atangana–Baleanu in the Caputo sense (ABC). The proposed fractional-order models are then implemented to fit the COVID-19 data in East Java, Indonesia from March 25 until October 31, 2020. The fitting is performed by minimizing the sum of the squared residual between the numerical solutions of each fractional-order model and the daily data of a cumulative number of COVID-19 cases. The numerical solutions of both fractional-order models are determined by the predictor-corrector method. The performance of the two fractional models is measured by two performance metrics: coefficient of determination (R2) and root mean square error (RMSE). By considering that the order of fractional derivative as an extra degree of freedom, we perform data fitting for several orders of fractional derivative and evaluate the two performance metrics. It is observed that the fractional-order model with the ABC operator generally has the best performance in calibrating and forecasting both the cumulative number of COVID-19 cases and daily new cases of COVID-19.

The monkeypox epidemic has become a global health issue due to its rapid transmission involving nonhuman-to-human transmission in nonendemic areas. Various actions, such as quarantine, vaccination, and hospitalization, have been implemented by worldwide governments. Given the relatively high cost and strict implementation of vaccination, our focus lies on quarantine and hospitalization. In this paper, we study the monkeypox epidemic involving quarantine and hospitalization through fractional-order mathematical modeling. The proposed model considers six classes of human populations (susceptible, exposed, infected, quarantined, hospitalized, and recovered) and three classes of nonhuman populations (susceptible, exposed, and infected). The basic properties of the model have been investigated, and its equilibrium points have been obtained, namely monkeypox-free, nonhuman-free endemic, and endemic. We have derived the basic reproduction numbers for human-to-human and nonhuman-to-nonhuman transmissions, denoted as R0h and R0n respectively. The existence and stability (both locally and globally) of each equilibrium point depend on R0h and R0n relative to unity. We performed calibration and forecasting of the model on the weekly monkeypox case data of the human population in the United States of America from June 1 to September 23, 2022. Research findings indicate that the fractional-order model shows better calibration and forecasting compared to the corresponding first-order model based on the root mean square error. Furthermore, the best-fitting model calibration indicates R0=max{R0h,R0n}>1, suggesting the potential for endemic conditions in humans. However, the best forecasting shows R0

In this study, a fractional-order monkeypox epidemic model with different memory effects between humans and rodents is considered. The proposed model involves six classes of human populations (susceptible, exposed, infected, quarantined, hospitalized, and recovered) and three classes of rodent populations (susceptible, exposed, and infected). The equilibrium points of the model are disease-free, human-endemic, and endemic. The model has basic reproduction numbers of humans and rodents denoted R0h and R0r, respectively. The disease-free equilibrium always exists and is locally asymptotically stable if maxR0h,R0r1. This research aims to study the optimal control of the model with vaccination and culling. We have applied the vaccination control to the human population and the culling control to the rodent population. The optimal control is obtained by minimizing the number of infected humans, the number of infected rodents, and the implementation cost of the controls. This minimization problem has been solved analytically using the modified Pontryagin’s minimum principle. We have performed the numerical simulation of optimal control by implementing the modified forward–backward sweep method and setting three strategies: vaccination, culling, and both controls. Based on numerical simulations, the optimal control of both controls is generally the best strategy, followed by culling only and vaccination only, respectively.

In this study, we implement a Nonstandard Finite Difference (NSFD) scheme for a predator-prey model involving cannibalism and refuge in predator. The scheme which is considered as a discrete dynamical system is analyzed. The performed analysis includes the determination of equilibrium point and its local stability. The system has four equilibrium points, namely the origin, the prey extinction point, the predator extinction point, and the coexistence point, which have exactly the same form and existence conditions as those in continuous system. The local stability of each first three equilibrium points is consistent with the one in continuous system. The stability of the coexistence point depends on the integration time step size. Nevertheless, the NSFD scheme allows us to choose the integration time step size for the solution to converge to a feasible point more flexible than the Euler and 4th order Runge-Kutta schemes. These are shown via numerical simulations.

Model smart village merupakan salah satu pengembangan E-Government ditingkat desa dengan memanfaatkan teknologi informasi dan komunikasi. Di Desa Tugu, Mlarak, Ponorogo jaringan internet telah terjangkau disetiap dukuh, pelayanan kantor desa juga telah menggunakan peralatan IT yang memadai. Tujuan penguatan Desa Tugu menuju penerapan model smart village adalah sebagai upaya pengembangan desa dalam pemanfaatan teknologi informasi dan komunikasi. Kegiatan pengabdian yang dilakukan yaitu pembuatan akun youtube pemerintah desa dan video profil desa serta menambah pengetahuan anggota PKK Akademia bagaimana cara membuat dan mengupload video kegiatan desa di media sosial youtube. Kegiatan kedua yaitu pemasangan kamera pengawas (CCTV) online di depan kantor desa dan balai desa. Pemanfaatan media sosial sebagai sarana penyebarluasan informasi memudahkan masyarakat untuk mendapatkan informasi baik mengenai profil desa, potensi desa maupun kegiatan desa secara cepat, mudah dan efektif. Sedangkan pemanfaatan teknologi kamera pengawas (CCTV) memudahkan pengawasan terutama di lingkungan kantor desa dan balai desa melalui smartphone selama 24 jam.

This study proposes a SVEIL model of tuberculosis disease spread with imperfect vaccination. Susceptible individuals can receive imperfect vaccination, but over the time the vaccine efficacy will decrease. Vaccinated individuals are in vulnerable class since they still have probability to get reinfected. The proposed model includes treatment for both high-risk latent and active TB patients. In fact, after getting appropriate treatment (get recovered) the individuals still have bacteria in their body and it is classified to low-risk laten class. Dynamical behaviour of the model is analyzed to understand the local stability equilibrium. The Routh-Hurwitz criterion is used to analyze the local stability equilibrium in disease free equilibrium (DFE) point and Center Manifold theorem is used to prove the local stability of the endemic equilibrium (EE) point. The local stability equilibrium state totally depends on the effective reproduction number R_v. If R_v1 the EE point is locally asymptotically stable . The parameter used in this paper is based on the previous researches related to TB and the initial subpopulations are assumed. Numerical simulations show that the disease transmission rate affect the effective reproduction number, therefore it influences the stability of equilibrium points..

Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease caused by Schistosoma worm infection. Some species of snails can serve as the intermediate hosts for the parasite. Numerous interventions have been performed to repress the snail population. One of them is the use of molluscicide. Nevertheless, it is debated that molluscicide intervention has negative impacts on the ecosystem. To investigate the impact of more environmentally friendly interventions, we develop a schistosomiasis model with treatment, habitat modification and biological control. The biological control agent examined in our model is a snail predator. Moreover, to investigate the impact of snail habitat modification, we assume that the snail population grows logistically. We show that all solutions of our model are non-negative and bounded. We also study the existence and stability conditions of equilibrium points. The basic reproduction numbers are determined using the next-generation operator. Linearization combined with the Routh-Hurwitz criterion is used to prove the local stability condition of disease-free equilibrium points. Bifurcation theory is applied to investigate the local stability condition of the endemic equilibrium points. To examine the global behavior of our model, we use asymptotically autonomous system theory and construct a Lyapunov function. We perform several numerical simulations to validate and support our deductive results. Our results show that early treatment can reduce the basic reproduction number and schistosomiasis cases. In addition, modifying snail habitat and releasing the snail predator at the snail habitat can reduce schistosomiasis prevalence. We suggest using snail predators which can hunt and kill snails effectively as a biological control agent.

In this article, we consider a predator–prey interaction incorporating cannibalism, refuge, and memory effect. To involve the memory effect, we apply Caputo fractional-order derivative operator. We verify the non-negativity, existence, uniqueness, and boundedness of the model solution. We then analyze the local and global stability of the equilibrium points. We also investigate the existence of Hopf bifurcation. The model has four equilibrium points, i.e., the origin point, prey extinction point, predator extinction point, and coexistence point. The origin point is always unstable, while the other equilibrium points are conditionally locally asymptotically stable. The stability of the coexistence point depends on the order of the Caputo derivative, α. The prey extinction point, predator extinction point, and coexistence point are conditionally globally and asymptotically stable. There exists Hopf bifurcation of coexistence point with parameter α. The analytic results of stability properties and Hopf bifurcations are confirmed by numerical simulations.

In this paper, a fractional order of a modified Leslie–Gower predator-prey model with disease and the double Allee effect in predator population is proposed. Then, we analyze the important mathematical features of the proposed model such as the existence and uniqueness as well as the non-negativity and boundedness of solutions to the fractional-order system. Moreover, the local and global asymptotic stability conditions of all possible equilibrium points are investigated using Matignon’s condition and by constructing a suitable Lyapunov function, respectively. Finally, numerical simulations are presented to verify the theoretical results. We show numerically the occurrence of two limit cycles simultaneously driven by the order of the derivative, the bistability phenomenon for both the weak and strong Allee effect cases, and more dynamic behaviors such as the forward, backward, and saddle-node bifurcations which are driven by the transmission rate. We have found that the risk of extinction for the predator with a strong Allee effect is much higher when the spread of disease is relatively high.

We discuss the dynamics of new COVID-19 epidemic model by considering asymptomatic infections and the policies such as quarantine, protection (adherence to health protocols), and vaccination. The proposed model contains nine subpopulations: susceptible (S), exposed (E), symptomatic infected (I), asymptomatic infected (A), recovered (R), death (D), protected (P), quarantined (Q), and vaccinated (V ). We first show the non-negativity and boundedness of solutions. The equilibrium points, basic reproduction number, and stability of equilibrium points, both locally and globally, are also investigated analytically. The proposed model has disease-free equilibrium point and endemic equilibrium point. The disease-free equilibrium point always exists and is globally asymptotically stable if basic reproduction number is less than one. The endemic equilibrium point exists uniquely and is globally asymptotically stable if the basic reproduction number is greater than one. These properties have been confirmed by numerical simulations using the fourth order Runge-Kutta method. Numerical simulations show that the disease transmission rate of asymptomatic infection, quarantine rates, protection rate, and vaccination rates affect the basic reproduction number and hence also influence the stability of equilibrium points.

Recently, Hoang and Egbelowo (Boletin de la Sociedad Matemàtica Mexicana, 2020) proposed a nonstandard finite difference scheme (NSFD) to get a discrete SIR epidemic model with saturated incidence rate and constant vaccination. The discrete model was derived by discretizing the right-hand sides of the system locally and the first order derivative is approximated by the generalized forward difference method but with a restrictive denominator function. Their analysis showed that the NSFD scheme is dynamically-consistent only for relatively small time-step sizes. In this paper, we propose and analyze an alternative NSFD scheme by applying nonlocal approximation and choosing the denominator function such that the proposed scheme preserves the boundedness of solutions. It is verified that the proposed discrete model is dynamically-consistent with the corresponding continuous model for all time-step size. The analytical results have been confirmed by some numerical simulations. We also show numerically that the proposed NSFD scheme is superior to the Euler method and the NSFD method proposed by Hoang and Egbelowo (2020).

In this paper, we propose a fractional-order COVID-19 epidemic model with a quarantine and standard incidence rate using the Caputo fractional-order derivative. The model consists of six classes: susceptible (S), exposed (E), infected (I), quarantined (Q), recovered (R), and deceased (M). In our proposed model, we simultaneously consider the recovery rate and quarantine rate of infected individuals, which has not been considered in other fractional-order COVID-19 epidemic models. Furthermore, we consider the standard incidence rate in the model. For our proposed model, we prove the existence, uniqueness, non-negativity, and boundedness of the solution. The model has two equilibrium points: disease-free equilibrium and endemic equilibrium. Implementing the spectral radius of the next-generation matrix, we obtain the basic reproduction number (R0). The disease-free equilibrium always exists and is locally and globally asymptotically stable only if R0<1. On the other hand, endemic equilibrium exists and is globally asymptotically stable if R0>1. Our numerical simulation confirms the stability properties of the equilibrium. The smaller the order of the derivative, the slower the convergence of the solution of the model. Both the recovery rate and quarantine rate of the infected class are important parameters determining the stability of the equilibrium point. Based on parameter estimation from COVID-19 data in Indonesia, the fractional-order model has better performance than the first-order model for both the calibration and 20-day forecasting of confirmed daily active cases of COVID-19.

Salah satu faktor pada pengoperasian sel surya agar didapatkan nilai maksimum adalah posisi sel surya terhadap matahari. Solar tracker adalah alat untuk meningkatkan insolasi pada panel surya dengan mengubah arah panel surya menuju posisi matahari. Pada awalnya, solar tracker diatur menggunakan LDR. Kemudian, pengaturan berbasis pengolahan citra dapat mengurangi kesalahan pelacakan. Solar tracker berbasis citra selama ini masih menggunakan komputer ukuran penuh yang membutuhkan banyak energi dan tempat. Makalah ini bertujuan meningkatkan akurasi arah panel surya dan mengoptimalkan keluaran panel surya dengan meningkatkan sudut penyinaran matahari (insolasi) menggunakan solar tracker dengan sensor kamera dan komputer mini Raspberry Pi. Penggunaan kamera ditujukan untuk mengurangi kesalahan sistem berbasis LDR dan penggunaan Raspberry Pi menggantikan kerja komputer ukuran penuh. Pencarian orientasi matahari menggunakan metode intensitas nilai piksel tertinggi. Berdasarkan hasil analisis, keluaran panel surya terbukti dapat dioptimalkan dengan diaplikasikannya Solar Tracker Berbasis Kamera Terintegrasi Raspberry Pi. Perbandingan daya keluaran antara panel surya diam dengan panel surya yang terpasang pada Solar Tracker Berbasis Kamera Terintegrasi Raspberry Pi adalah 1:1,389 (21,5487 W:29,8822 W) pada pengujian tanpa beban dan 1:1,2042 (6,0344 W:7,2671 W) pada pengujian dengan beban lampu pijar 12 V/5 W.

Kartu bisnis masih sering digunakan pada saat ini, namun ada beberapa kekurangan yang membuatnya terasa tertinggal dan akhirnya akan tergantikan. Kartu bisnis memiliki keterbatasan dalam menampilkan informasi dan terkesan monoton sehingga tidak menarik. Teknologi Augmented Reality dapat membuat kartu bisnis konvensional menjadi kartu bisnis digital (Virtual Business Card). Virtual Business Card dapat menampilkan banyak informasi yang sebelumnya tidak dapat ditampilkan pada kartu bisnis konvensional, dan lebih interaktif dalam menampilkan informasi sehingga dapat menarik minat pengguna. Metode pengembangan yang digunakan dalam pembuatan aplikasi Virtual Business Card adalah Agile Development. Langkah-langkah penelitian ini adalah Planning, Design, Coding, dan Testing. Pada pengujian aplikasi ini, dilakukan dengan pengujian alpha berupa functional testing (uji black box) dan pengujian beta berupa usability testing (uji ahli media dan uji pengguna aplikasi). Penelitian ini menghasilkan aplikasi Virtual Business Card yang berisi data informasi digital yang dapat digunakan untuk keperluan pribadi. Dari hasil pengujian yang dilakukan, aplikasi dapat dikategorikan “Sangat Baik” sehingga aplikasi dapat dinyatakan layak untuk digunakan sebagai informasi digital pribadi. Berikut ini hasil dari masing-masing pengujian. Hasil pengujian alpha berupa functional testing, yaitu black box mendapatkan persentase 100%. Hasil pengujian beta berupa usability testing, yaitu uji ahli media mendapatkan persentase 89,88% dan uji pengguna mendapatkan persentase 84%. Abstract Business cards are still often used today, but some functions can still be optimized to cover the shortcomings of business cards, so they are not left behind and replaced. Business cards have limitations in displaying information and are not interactive, making them less attractive to use. Augmented Reality (AR) technology can make conventional business cards into digital business cards (Virtual Business Cards). Virtual Business Cards can display much information that previously could not be displayed on conventional business cards and is more interactive in displaying information so that it can attract the user's interest. The development method used in making Virtual Business Card applications is the Extreme Programming type of Agile Development. The steps of this research are Planning, Design, Coding, and Testing. In testing this application, alpha testing is done in the form of functional testing (black box test) and beta testing in the form of usability testing (media expert test and application user test). This research resulted in a Virtual Business Card application that contains digital information data that can be used for personal use. From the results of tests conducted, the application can be categorized as "Very Good" so that the application can be declared eligible for use as personal digital information. The following are the results of each test. Alpha test results in the form of functional testing, namely, the black box test get a percentage of 100%. The results of beta testing are in the form of usability testing, i.e., media expert tests get a percentage of 89.88%, and user tests get a percentage of 84%.

Nowdays technology has developed very rapidly. Technological development that are currently being developed by many game developers and other applications, is Augmented Reality (AR). AR can be used as an alternative learning media, such as for the introduction of manual transmission components in cars. The study was aimed to develop a learning media application for the introduction of manual transmission components in cars and to test the feasibility of applications to support learning based on Markerless Augmented Reality. This application development method used SDLC or System Development Life Cycle software. The SDLC model that used in this study was the Waterfall model. SDLC consists of the planning, analysis, design, implementation, testing and maintenance. This reaction produced an AR application of Manual Car Transmission which contains material on the introduction of car manual transmission components. Testing applications included blackbox, media and material feasibility, and user response testing. The blackbox testing result got 100 %. The media feasibility analysis show that the assessment of media experts was 87,5 %, material expert 94,4 %, and user response was 85,47 %. From that the AR learning media application manual transmission of cars is categorized as “feasible” to be used as learning media applications.

The Richards model and its generalized version are deterministic models that are often implemented to fit and forecast the cumulative number of infective cases in an epidemic outbreak. In this paper we employ a generalized Richards model to predict the cumulative number of COVID-19 cases in Spain and Italy, based on available epidemiological data. To quantify uncertainty in the parameter estimation, we use a parametric bootstrapping approach to construct a 95% confidence interval estimation for the parameter model. Here we assume that the time series data follow a Poisson distribution. It is found that the 95% confidence interval of each parameter becomes narrow with the increasing number of data. All in all, the model predicts daily new cases of COVID-19 reasonably well during calibration periods. However, the model fails to produce good forecasts when the amount of data used for parameter estimations is not sufficient. Based on our parameter estimates, it is found that the early stages of COVID-19 epidemic, both in Spain and in Italy, followed an almost exponentially growth. The epidemic peak in Spain and Italy is respectively on 2 April 2020 and 28 March 2020. The final sizes of cumulative number of COVID-19 cases in Spain and Italy are forecasted to be at 293220 and 237010, respectively.

This article discusses a dynamical analysis of the fractional-order model of HIV/AIDS. Biologically, the rate of subpopulation growth also depends on all previous conditions/memory effects. The dependency of the growth of subpopulations on the past conditions is considered by applying fractional derivatives. The model is assumed to consist of susceptible, HIV infected, HIV infected with treatment, resistance, and AIDS. The fractional-order model of HIV/AIDS with Caputo fractional-order derivative operators is constructed and then, the dynamical analysis is performed to determine the equilibrium points, local stability and global stability of the equilibrium points. The dynamical analysis results show that the model has two equilibrium points, namely the disease-free equilibrium point and endemic equilibrium point. The disease-free equilibrium point always exists and is globally asymptotically stable when the basic reproduction number is less than one. The endemic equilibrium point exists if the basic reproduction number is more than one and is globally asymptotically stable unconditionally. To illustrate the dynamical analysis, we perform some numerical simulation using the Predictor-Corrector method. Numerical simulation results support the analytical results.

The variety selection and intercropping system are closely related to canopy architecture which determines the capability of maize crops to intercept and absorb the intensity of solar radiation. The research to increase radiation use efficiency (RUE) of maize based on varietal selection and intercropping with mungbean related to canopy characteristics. The experiment was conducted during the rainy season, from September 2016 to January 2017, in Gowa Regency, South Sulawesi. A factorial randomized block experiment with three replicates was designed the fasilitate the combination of two factor. The first factor was three maize varieties, i.e. Bisi 18, Lamuru, and local variety and the second factors dealt with intercropping systems, i.e. intercropping of maize varity with one, two, three, and four lines of mungbean, and maize monoculture. The results showed that there were interactions between varieties and intercropping to RUE of maize. The RUE of all maize varieties intercropped with mungbean was higher compared to the maize monoculture. The RUE of Bisi 18 intercropped with mungbean was higher than Lamuru and local varieties with the values of 9.53%, 8.80%, and 6.43% respectively. Bisi 18 that has vertical leaf character were more efficient in utilizing solar radiation when intercropped with denser mungbean populations.

We consider a stage-structure Rosenzweig-MacArthur model describing the predator-prey interaction. Here, the prey population is divided into two sub-populations namely immature prey and mature prey. We assume that predator only consumes immature prey, where the predation follows the Holling type Ⅱ functional response. We perform dynamical analysis including existence and uniqueness, the positivity and the boundedness of the solutions of the proposed model, as well as the existence and the local stability of equilibrium points. It is shown that the model has three equilibrium points. Our analysis shows that the predator extinction equilibrium exists if the intrinsic growth rate of immature prey is greater than the death rate of mature prey. Furthermore, if the predation rate is larger than the death rate of predator, then the coexistence equilibrium exists. It means that the predation process on the prey determines the growing effects of the predator population. Furthermore, we also show the existence of forward and Hopf bifurcations. The dynamics of our system are confirmed by our numerical simulations.

Casuarina junghuhniana or mountain ru, she oak or cemara is a species from Indonesia which grows in the highland area at an altitude between 2000 - 3000 m above sea level (asl). One of the highland area in Eastern Java (Jawa Timur) of Indonesia is Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park (TNBTS). The study site was on the Tengger Sea of Sands, Eastern Java, Indonesia where it is affected by volcanic activity. This tree, from some references, has not been well studied yet although it has been reported as a tree native to Indonesia. The lack of the study poses problems when there is a program related to planting the tree on a certain location in TNBTS for rehabilitation purposes. This study attempted to construct a Structural Equation Model that mapped some factors observed in the study site related to C. junghuhniana population. Explored factors for their relationship with each other included the number of male and female individuals, growth-related indicators, and environmental factors consisting of altitude and the tree population. Formative factors which consist of parameters related to growth, environmental factors and factor associated with the diffusion of new individuals, may contribute to population growth while population growth was the opposite. The individual growth might not significantly contribute to the population of C. junghuhniana; instead, the population growth was affected by the tree individuals. Generative reproduction contributed the least to the dispersal as it may rely more on vegetative reproduction by adventitious shoots from roots.

Perkembangan jumlah pengguna smartphone sudah merambah di kalangan siswa. Hal ini dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai media pendukung proses pembelajaran. Penggunaan media merupakan salah satu komponen metode untuk mencapai tujuan pembelajaran. Berdasarkan observasi di SMK Sultan Trenggono Kota Semarang, media pembelajaran masih terbatas pada slide show power point yang monoton, e-book, dan LKS (Lembar Kerja Siswa) atau buku-buku teks lainnya yang dinilai kurang memenuhi kelayakan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui: (1) pengembangan media, (2) kelayakan media dan; (3) penilaian kemudahan dan kemanfaatan penggunaan media oleh siswa dan guru. Mobile learning didefinisikan sebagai model pembelajaran menggunakan perangkat IT (information technology) genggam dan bergerak. Model pengembangan yang digunakan adalah 4-D (Four D Models), yaitu: define (pendefinisian), design (perancangan), develop (pengembangan), dan disseminate (penyebaran). Berdasarkan penilaian kelayakan oleh validator media menunjukkan bahwa: aplikasi mendapat penilaian sebesar 86,93% dari ahli media dan 87% dari ahli materi. Sedangkan hasil uji coba menunjukkan nilai kemudahan dan kemanfaatan penggunaan aplikasi sebesar 87,5% oleh guru dan 82,27% oleh siswa. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa media sangat layak untuk digunakan, mudah, dan bermanfaat dalam proses pembelajaran. Absctract The growth number of smartphone users has penetrated among the students. This can be used as a supporting media of the learning process. The use of media is one component method to achieve learning objectives. Based on the observations at SMK Sultan Trenggono Kota Semarang, the learning media is still limited to the monotonous power point slide show, e-book, and LKS (student worksheet) or other textbooks that are considered less feasibile. This study aims to determine: (1) media development, (2) media feasibility, and (3) assessment of ease and usefulness of media usage by students and teachers. Mobile learning is defined as a learning model using IT (information technology) handheld and mobile devices. The development model used is 4-D (Four D Models), which are: define, design, develop, and disseminate. Based on the feasibility assessment by the media validator shows that: the application received an assessment is 86.93% of media experts and 87% of material experts. While the test results show the value of ease and usefulness of application usage is 87.5% by teachers and 82.27% by students. This shows that the media is very feasible to use, easy, and useful in the learning process.

In this paper, a dynamical analysis of a fractional-order predator-prey model with infectious diseases in prey is performed. First, we prove the existence, uniqueness, non-negativity, and boundedness of the solution. We also show that the model has at most five equilibrium points, namely the origin, the infected prey and predator extinction point, the infected prey extinction point, the predator extinction point, and the co-existence point. For the first four equilibrium points, we show that the local stability properties of the fractional-order system are the same as the first-order system, but for the co-existence point, we have different local stability properties.We also present the global stability of each equilibrium points except for the origin point. We observe an interesting phenomenon, namely the occurrence of Hopf bifurcation around the co-existence equilibrium point driven by the order of fractional derivative. Moreover, we show some numerical simulations based on a predictor-corrector scheme to illustrate the result of our dynamical analysis.

The assessment of the photosynthetic pigment contents in plants is a common procedure in agricultural studies and can describe plant conditions, such as their nutritional status, response to environmental changes, senescence, disease status and so forth. In this report, we show how the photosynthetic pigment contents in plant leaves can be predicted non-destructively and in real-time with an artificial intelligence approach. Using a convolutional neural network (CNN) model that was embedded in an Androidbased mobile application, a digital image of a leaf was processed to predict the three main photosynthetic pigment contents: chlorophyll, carotenoid and anthocyanin. The data representation, low sample size handling and developmental strategies of the best CNN model are discussed in this report. Our CNN model, photosynthetic pigment prediction network (P3Net), could accurately predict the chlorophyll, carotenoid and anthocyanin contents simultaneously. The prediction error for anthocyanin was ±2.93 mg/g (in the range of 0-345.45 mg/g), that for carotenoid was ±2.14 mg/g (in the range of 0-211.30 mg/g) and that for chlorophyll was ±5.75 mg/g (in the range of 0-892.25 mg/g). This is a promising result as a baseline for the future development of IoT smart devices in precision agriculture.

We consider a mathematical model to describe the interaction between predator and prey that includes predator cannibalism and refuge. We aim to study the dynamics and its long-term behavior of the proposed model, as well as to discuss the effects of crucial parameters associated with the model. We first show the boundedness and positivity of the solution of the model. Then, we study the existence and stability of all possible equilibrium points. The local stability of the model around each equilibrium point is studied via the linearized system, while the global stability is performed by defining a Lyapunov function. The model has four equilibrium points. It is found that the equilibrium point representing the extinction of both prey and predator populations is always unstable, while the other equilibrium points are conditionally stable. In addition, there is forward bifurcation phenomena that occur under certain condition. To support our analytical findings, we perform some numerical simulations.

Secara Geografis Kecamatan Candisari memiliki luas 6,54 km2 dari luas wilayah 373,70 Km2 yang dimiliki Kota Semarang. Secara topografis Candisari terdiri dari daerah perbukitan dengan kemiringan 15-40%. Kondisi lereng tanah Kota Semarang. Berdasarkan Wilayah Pengembangan Kota Semarang Kecamatan Candisari termasuk dalam wilayah Pengembangan Pendidikan dan Olaha Raga (Sumber : Bapeda Kota Semarang). Hal jelas terlihat adanya potensi tersebut, terbukti dengan adanya Lapangan Golf Candi Indah, Wisata Air : Water Boom dan Keberadaan Sekolah Internasioanal. Disamping itu dengan wilayah perbukitan banyak wisata kuliner ada diwilayah tersebut. Video profile, sebagai salah satu dari produk kemajuan teknologi audio visual, menjadi salah satu media promosi yang memiliki konsep yang unik, modern, dan mampu mensugesti pasar. Tujuan Pelaksanaan Kegiatan ini adalah : 1) Agar perserta dapat belajar bagaimana merekam dan mengedit video potensi desa (menggunakan Windows Movie Maker) untuk digunakan sebagai sarana pembuatan profil desa; 2) Membekali para peserta dengan cara yang sangat efektif untuk mendemonstrasikan cara pembuatan video profil desa; 3) Memperkenalkan para peserta terhadap satu cara lagi bagaimana mengintegrasikan TIK, yaitu video, ke dalam kegiatan-kigiatan sarana promosi desa.

Selection of varieties and number of seedlings per hole in rice plants is closely related to the shape of canopy, the rate of plant growth and the age of plant which determine the ability of plants to intercept and absorb solar radiation intensity. This research aimed to improve the Radiation Use Efficiency of rice by selecting plant canopies based on varieties and number of seeds per hole. Research was conducted from November 2015 to May 2016, in Landak Regency, West Kalimantan. A Split Plot Design with three replications was adopted to evaluate three varieties (Sembada-168, Inpari-30, and local varieties) as main plot, and the number of seedlings per planting hole (one, three, five, and seven seedlings per planting hole) as sub plot. Result showed that there was no interaction between varieties and the number of seedlings per hole to Radiation Use Efficiency (RUE) on rice. RUE on local variety was lower than Sembada-168 and Inpari-30. One seedling per hole had higher RUE than seven seeds with value of 3.36 and 2.17 % respectively. The number of seedlings showed that RUE of one and three seedlings per hole were higher than seven seedlings per hole.

Conventionally, in the learning process teachers usually explain lathe machines using only one unit machine thus the students cannot observe and learn the machine comprehensively. Hence, it is necessary to create learning media based on Augmented Reality technology that can be individually accessed with smartphone devices to facilitate the students in examining the lathe parts in detail with ease. This study discusses the development of Augmented Reality technology based learning media to display parts of the lathe in informative details. This study was categorized as Research and Development. The procedure of the study consisted of several stages including finding potential and problem, literature studies, product development, expert validation, product revisions, product trial, product revision, user response, product revision and final product development. The results showed that the developed learning media was applicable. The percentages of product testing and user response testing were 87.50% and 82% respectively which both were categorized as good.

In some districts in Semarang, there are many businessmen in the field of Electrical Welding (SMEs) and the like, although the number is quite large and spread but the potential is not yet developed optimally. From the observation in the field of potential small and medium scale home industry in the field of Electrical Welding in Semarang area has not been much touched by the advancement of design technology by utilizing IT (computer) and application software to enrich its ornament design. Based on the survey and direct interviews in several household industries in the field of electric welding spread in Semarang region, the problems faced can be grouped into three aspects, namely the human resources improvement facility that is the knowledge of technological improvement in the field of fence ornament design and trellis, , and management of production management in the field of Las liistrik where the three aspects are interrelated. This activity aims to answer the existing problems, namely training and tutorial techniques trellis ornament design and fence with computer technology and its application. Improving embroidery design facilities in the form of software applications ornaments trellis design and fence and software application tools. Output targets that can be generated from this activity are: 1) Holding training and tutorial about design technique of electric weld ornament with computer technology, 2)Produce various design patterns of trellis ornaments and computerized fencing, 3) Business model management model of electric weld field managed professionally capable of improving productquality and quantity, 4) Increasing synergy between universities and business community in Semarang, 5) Produce scientific articles in national journal in order to publish the results of the activity

Alat ukur suhu tanah, kelembaban tanah, dan resistansi yang terintegrasi belum ada di masyarakat. Suhu dan kelembaban tanah merupakan karakteristik tanah yang paling penting sedangkan resistansi merupakan alat untuk mengukur nilai resistor. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memberikan kemudahan bagi masyarakat dalam pengukuran yang dimanfaatkan untuk bidang-bidang tertentu. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah Research and Development (R&D). Pengukuran suhu tanah menggunakan sensor DS18B20 waterproof, kelembaban tanah menggunakan sensor YL-69, dan resistansi menggunakan 2 probe. Tahap pengujian meliputi uji kelayakan alat dan uji keakurasian alat. Penelitian dilakukan pada tanah regosol, alluvial, dan latosol. Hasil penelitian alat ukur suhu tanah, kelembaban tanah, dan resistansi dapat bekerja baik dan alat ini memiliki tingkat kelayakan sebesar 86,67%. Saran untuk peneliti berikutnya suhu tanah dan kelembaban tanah lebih efisien memanfaatkan integrated probe untuk peningkatan faktor ergonomis.

Schistosomiasis is a parasitic disease caused by the schistosoma worm. A snail can act as the intermediate host for the parasite. Snail-population control is considered to be an effective way to control schistosomiasis spread. In this paper, we discuss the schistosomiasis model incorporating a snail predator as a biological control agent. We prove that the solutions of the model are non-negative and bounded. The existence condition of equilibrium points is investigated. We determine the basic reproduction number when the predator goes to extinction and when the predator survives. The local stability condition of disease-free equilibrium point is proved using linearization, and the Lienard–Chipart and Routh–Hurwitz criteria. We use center-manifold theory to prove the local stability condition of the endemic equilibrium points. Furthermore, we constructed a Lyapunov function to investigate the global stability condition of the disease-free equilibrium points. To support the analytical results, we presented some numerical simulation results. Our findings suggest that a snail predator as a biological control agent can reduce schistosomiasis prevalence. Moreover, the snail-predator birth rate plays an essential role in controlling schistosomiasis spread.

In this paper, a modified Leslie–Gower predator-prey model with Beddington–DeAngelis functional response and double Allee effect in the growth rate of a predator population is proposed. In order to consider memory effect on the proposed model, we employ the Caputo fractional-order derivative. We investigate the dynamic behaviors of the proposed model for both strong and weak Allee effect cases. The existence, uniqueness, non-negativity, and boundedness of the solution are discussed. Then, we determine the existing condition and local stability analysis of all possible equilibrium points. Necessary conditions for the existence of the Hopf bifurcation driven by the order of the fractional derivative are also determined analytically. Furthermore, by choosing a suitable Lyapunov function, we derive the sufficient conditions to ensure the global asymptotic stability for the predator extinction point for the strong Allee effect case as well as for the prey extinction point and the interior point for the weak Allee effect case. Finally, numerical simulations are shown to confirm the theoretical results and can explore more dynamical behaviors of the system, such as the bi-stability and forward bifurcation.

Roof garden is an alternative to overcome food security through breeding crops and horticultures of fruits and vegetables. The research was conducted in Malang by applying two planting systems, such as shallow bed (direct cropping) and plant container bag by the same planting medium treatments. Research, which applied shallow bed and container bag, was conducted using Randomized Block Design (RBD) by 6 treatments of planting medium and 4 replications, such as : Soil (100%) (M0), Soil + Charcoal (1:1) (M1), Soil + Cocopeat (1:1) (M2), Soil + Compost (1:1) (M3), Soil + Manure (1:1) (M4), and Soil + Moss (1:1) (M5). Data analysis of the research used analysis of variance, and if any significant influence was found, it would be followed by the Least Significant Difference (LSD) at level 5%. And then, it would be followed by T-test as comparison between shallow bed system and container bag system. Parameters that being observed in the research included length of crop, leaf area, numbers of tuber, fresh weight of tuber, dry weight of tuber, and total dry weight of plants. Results of the research showed that the application of medium types of soil and manure (1:1) by shallow bed system on Roof Garden concept may increase numbers of tuber, fresh weight of tuber, dry weight of tuber, and dry weight of Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) in comparison with the application of soil medium and manure (1:1) by plant container bag system.

Lawang Sewu is one of the Dutch colonial heritage building in Indonesia that has unique architecture as the main attraction. This building is located in Semarang, Central Java, Indonesia. Potentials of Lawang Sewu has not been conveyed due to lack of recognition efforts to society. One of the effort that can be done is to utilize virtual reality (VR) technology to provide information and enhance tourist objects. Virtual reality allows the user to interact with virtual objects as if in real life. This paper discusses about making virtual reality application which is applied as a means of introducing Lawang Sewu. This study was categorized as research and development (R&D). This application runs on mobile devices running on android operating system equipped with gyroscope sensors. This application must be accompanied with an enhancement of VR cardboards. Virtual reality allows users to view and interact virtually with tourism object. The purpose of making this application is to introduce about Lawang Sewu for all of people especially students.

In this paper, we propose a fractional order eco-epidemiological model. We considere the existence of time memory in the growth rate of the three populations. We observed the dynamical behaviour by analysing with fractional order and then simulateing using Grünwald-Letnikov approximation to support analytical results. It found that the model has five equilibrium points, namely the origin, the survival of susceptible prey, the predator free equilibria, the infected prey free equilibria, the interior equilibria. Numerical simulations show that the existence of fractional order is a factor which affects the behaviour of solutions.

Prakiraan beban listrik merupakan salah satu cara untuk membantu perencenaan pembangkitan maupun pengeluaran energi listrik yang tepat, namun dalam penelitian yang ada masih terdapat kekurangan berupa tingkat kesalahan yang melebihi batas toleransi yang diterima pihak penyedia listrik. Prediksi beban listrik yang cepat dan akurat sangat penting untuk operasi sistem tenaga listrik yang efisien. Peningkatan konsumsi listrik daerah Ponorogo mengalami peningkatan setiap tahunnya namun tidak diimbangi dengan pemenuhan energi listrik yang mencukupi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui implementasi neural network untuk melakukan prakiraan listrik pada tahun 2019 mendatang. Metode penelitian yang dilakukan adalah experiment. Berdasarkan penelitian yang telah dilakukan didapatkan hasil neural network dengan metode backpropagation mampu melakukan prakiraan konsumsi beban listrik dengan rata-rata konsumsi beban listrik setiap bulannya sebesar 265 MVA dengan tingkat kesalahan mean square error (MSE) sebesar 0,7%.

Pengendalian tingkat persediaan stok suatu produk/barang merupakan salah satu kegiatan yang penting dalam kelancaran penjualan, yang juga berakibat pada keuntungan yang akan diperoleh dari penjualan suatu produk/barang. Model Economic Order Quantity (EOQ) merupakan salah satu model persediaan barang yang sering digunakan untuk pengendalian persedian barang. Pada artikel ini dibahas kontrol optimal pada model EOQ dengan inisiatif tim penjualan tidak hanya pada saat kondisi setimbang saja, tetapi kontrol optimal dengan usaha tim penjualan pada setiap saat. Strategi kontrol optimal dilakukan dengan meminimumkan biaya persediaan, biaya pembelian, biaya penjualan dan biaya usaha tim penjualan. Masalah kontrol optimal diselesaikan menggunakan prinsip maksimum Pontryagin. Solusi optimal yang diperoleh disimulasikan secara numerik menggunakan metode Sweep Maju-Mundur. Berdasarkan hasil simulasi numerik dapat diketahui bahwa semakin besar koefisien tingkat permintaan barang, maka proses persediaan barang akan lebih cepat berkurang. Selain itu semakin besar usaha tim penjualan, maka proses persediaan barang akan lebih sedikit bahkan lebih cepat habis.

Vertikultur is one of effort to agricultural of narrow as urban farming. Efforts to obtain plant container and plant medium on vegetables pakcoy to compare the productivity model of vertical planting and horizontally with the application of fertilizer on strawberry plants optimally. The first study aimed to determine the combination of growing medium and materials vertikultur which efficient and effective for pakchoy growth in vertikultur, then continued a second study that application of a combination of materials vertikultur and fertilizer N, P and K on the strawberry plants at planting vertical and horizontal models. Combination treatment is the first study consisted of the first factor is the material vertikultur form of carpet, gunny sacks and plastic, while the second factor is the growing media consisting of soil, humus, rice husk and cocopeat using a randomized design factorial with three replications conducted in Gresik, East Java. In the research into two, the first factor is a model of planting both horizontally and vertically, while the factor two is a dose of NPK (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100%) on strawberry plants by using Design Grid Divided by 3 replications implemented in Batu, East Java. The results showed that the material vertikultur carpets and plastic with humus media have fresh weight pachoy same plant with soil media. Average penamaman with vertical and horizontal models have the same weight of strawberries where urea 3.75 g / tan, SP36 5g / tan and KCl 5 g / tan increase the yield per plant.

The research aims to determine the combination of waxy corn variety and planting date on the growth and yield of waxy corn in an intercropping system of corn and groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). The experimental design is a split-plot with the main plot consisting of waxy corn varieties (local variety; Uri variety and Binte Pulu variety and the sub-plot consisting of the alternate crop planting date. Three replications are performed. Data collection is done destructively. The F test at 5% is used to examine the effect of treatments, while differences across treatments are based on the LSD at 5%. Research results show an interaction between the waxy corn variety and planting date on the growth parameter. There is an improved yield from the local variety planted 15 days before the groundnut planting date, as well as from the Uri variety planted both simultaneously with, and also 15 days before, the groundnut planting date, with maximum yields of 2.99, 2.75 and 2.69 ton ha-¹, respectively.

We propose a model which describes the interaction between pest and its natural predator. We assume that pest can be infected with diseases or pathogens such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses. The model is constructed by combining the Leslie-Gower model and S-I epidemic model. It is also considered the effects of pest harvesting. Harvesting in this case is intended to take a number of pests as one of the pest population control strategies. The proposed model will be analyzed dynamically to study its qualitative behaviour. The dynamical analysis includes the determination of all possible equilibrium points and their stability properties. Furthermore we also discuss the implementation of pesticide control where its optimal strategy is determined by Pontryagin’s maximum principle. To support our analytical studies, we perform some numerical simulations and their interpretation.

In this paper, we consider a fractional-order eco-epidemic model based on the Rosenzweig–MacArthur predator–prey model. The model is derived by assuming that the prey may be infected by a disease. In order to take the memory effect into account, we apply two fractional differential operators, namely the Caputo fractional derivative (operator with power-law kernel) and the Atangana–Baleanu fractional derivative in the Caputo (ABC) sense (operator with Mittag–Leffler kernel). We take the same order of the fractional derivative in all equations for both senses to maintain the symmetry aspect. The existence and uniqueness of solutions of both eco-epidemic models (i.e., in the Caputo sense and in ABC sense) are established. Both models have the same equilibrium points, namely the trivial (origin) equilibrium point, the extinction of infected prey and predator point, the infected prey free point, the predator-free point and the co-existence point. For a model in the Caputo sense, we also show the non-negativity and boundedness of solution, perform the local and global stability analysis and establish the conditions for the existence of Hopf bifurcation. It is found that the trivial equilibrium point is a saddle point while other equilibrium points are conditionally asymptotically stable. The numerical simulations show that the solutions of the model in the Caputo sense strongly agree with analytical results. Furthermore, it is indicated numerically that the model in the ABC sense has quite similar dynamics as the model in the Caputo sense. The essential difference between the two models is the convergence rate to reach the stable equilibrium point. When a Hopf bifurcation occurs, the bifurcation points and the diameter of the limit cycles of both models are different. Moreover, we also observe a bistability phenomenon which disappears via Hopf bifurcation.

The harvesting management is developed to protect the biological resources from over-exploitation such as harvesting and trapping. In this article, we consider a predator–prey interaction that follows the fractional-order Rosenzweig–MacArthur model where the predator is harvested obeying a threshold harvesting policy (THP). The THP is applied to maintain the existence of the population in the prey–predator mechanism. We first consider the Rosenzweig–MacArthur model using the Caputo fractional-order derivative (that is, the operator with the power-law kernel) and perform some dynamical analysis such as the existence and uniqueness, non-negativity, boundedness, local stability, global stability, and the existence of Hopf bifurcation. We then reconsider the same model involving the Atangana–Baleanu fractional derivative with the Mittag–Leffler kernel in the Caputo sense (ABC). The existence and uniqueness of the solution of the model with ABC operator are established. We also explore the dynamics of the model with both fractional derivative operators numerically and confirm the theoretical findings. In particular, it is shown that models with both Caputo operator and ABC operator undergo a Hopf bifurcation that can be controlled by the conversion rate of consumed prey into the predator birth rate or by the order of fractional derivative. However, the bifurcation point of the model with the Caputo operator is different from that of the model with the ABC operator.

A SIR epidemic model that describes the dynamics of childhood disease with a saturated incidence rate and vaccination program at a constant rate was investigated. For the continuous model we first show its basic properties, namely, the non-negativity and boundedness of solutions. Then we investigate the existence and both local and global stability of the equilibrium points. It was found that the existence and stability properties of equilibrium points fully determined the basic reproduction number. We also propose and analyze a discrete-time analogue of the continuous childhood diseases by applying a nonstandard finite difference method. It is shown that our discrete model preserves the dynamical properties of the corresponding continuous model, such as the positivity solutions, the population conservation law, the existence of equilibrium points and their global stability properties.

We study the dynamics of a modified Leslie–Gower one prey–two predators model with competition between predator populations. The model describes complex dynamics in the permanence, global stability and bifurcation. It is shown that there are eight possible equilibrium states. Two equilibrium states, i.e., the extinction of all of the species state and the extinction of both predators state are always unstable, while the other equilibrium states are conditionally locally and globally asymptotically stable. We also analyzed numerically the effect of competition between predators. Our numerical simulations showed that the competition rate of the second-predator may induce the transcritical bifurcation, the saddle-node bifurcation as well as the bi-stability phenomenon. Such numerical results are consistent with the analytical results.

The aim is to determine the optimum combination of inorganic fertilizer and organic materials for increasing the productivity of rice crop (Oryza sativa L.). The experiment was conducted in February- June 2015 in Kebadu, Sanggau, West Kalimantan, Indonesia. The study area was located at 00°0.08,785’N north latitude and 110°0.07,175’E east longitude with ultisol soil; the altitude is 32 m above sea level, rainfall level ranges between 185-267 mm month-1, and the solar radiation is 375.49- 452.58 cal cm-2 day-1. This study used a factorial randomized block design. The first factor was the inorganic fertilization (without fertilizer, inorganic fertilizer 50%, 100%, and 150%) and the second factor was the addition of organic materials (EM4 2 l ha-1, chicken manure 2 t ha-1, and manure 2 t ha-1 + EM4 2 l ha-1). Results showed that the application of chicken manure and a combination of chicken manure+EM4 could reduce the need for inorganic fertilizer NPK by up to 50% with productivity that ranged from 4.18-4.20 t ha-1; this is relatively similar to 100% and 150% inorganic fertilizer NPK, and can increase the harvest by up to 68% compared to the no-NPK inorganic fertilizer.

The experiment was done in order to know the influence of Biourine on growth and yield of shallot fertilized with organic and inorganic fertilizers in Batu, East Java, 900 m asl, 24-27 0C, Andosol soil, from May to July 2014. A Factorial Randomized Block Design was used in arranging treatments i.e. applied of Biourine (with and without Biourine) and applied of organic-inorganic fertilizer. The results showed that the application of Biourine and inorganic fertilizer increased growth and yield of shallot var. Philippines. Shallot var. Philliphines applicated with Biourine 1000 L ha-1 and 100 kg N ha-1 (ZA); 50 kg P2O5 ha-1 (SP36) and 70 kg K2O ha-1 (KCl) showed the highest bulb yield (1,932.2 kg m-2) and the lowest showed the treatment of 5 t ha-1 organic fertilizer without Biourine with yield of 1,285.7 kg m-2 or increased 50.3%.

Objective: Knowledge about the etiology of community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is essential for adequate management. Presently, few studies about CAP are available from Southeast Asia. This study aimed to investigate the etiology, severity, and outcome of CAP in the most populous Southeast Asia country, Indonesia. Methods: From October 2007 to April 2009, adult patients admitted with CAP to two hospitals in Semarang, Indonesia, were included to detect the etiology of CAP using a full range of diagnostic methods. The severity of disease was classified according to the Pneumonia Severity Index (PSI). The outcome was assessed as 30-day mortality. Results: In total, 148 consecutive patients with CAP were included. Influenza virus (18%), Klebsiella pneumoniae (14%), and Streptococcus pneumoniae (13%) were the most common agents identified. Other Gram-negative bacilli, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Chlamydia pneumoniae each accounted for 5%. The bacteria presented wild type antibiotic susceptibility profiles. Forty-four percent of subjects were high-risk patients (PSI class IV-V). The mortality rate (30%) was significantly associated with disease severity score (P

A modified Leslie-Gower predator-prey model with Beddington-DeAngelis functional response and Michaelis-Menten type prey harvesting is studied. The equilibrium points of the system are investigated. To see the stab ility of each equilibrium point, we perform some numerical simulations. Our numerical simulations show that the extinction of prey or survival of both prey and predator are conditionally stable

This experiment aims to know the solar energy efficiency of four clones of cocoa that cultivated under three different shading plants. This experiment has been done from September until December 2013 located at Kaliwining Experiment Farm with characteristic 45 m above sea level, soil type is low humic gley, soil texture is silty clay loam, and climate classification type D based on Scmidht and Fergusson Classification. This experiment used Nested Design as Experimental Design with species of shading plant as main plot which are Teak (Tectona grandis L.), Krete (Cassia surattensis (Burm.) F.), Lamtoro (Leucaena leucocephala L.) and Cocoa clones as sub plot which are Sulawesi 1, Sulawesi 2, KKM 22, KW 165. The observation of solar energy efficiency consists of daily solar radiation intensity, solar radiation intensity above plant, solar radiation intensity under plant, and also plant total dry weight. The experimental result showed that there is differences (heterogenity) between shading location based on homogenity test by Bartlett Method. There are some interaction between the kind of shading plant and clones in parameter of interception efficiency, absorbtion efficiency, the efficiency of solar energy that caught by plant, and solar energy conversion efficiency. The efficiency of solar energy that caught by plant will affect the solar energy conversion efficiency with R2 = 0,86.

The study aiming to know the growth and yield of paddy Ciherang planted in dry and wet season and applicated with organic and inorganic fertilizers was conducted in paddy soil in Batu, East Java, 900 m asl. 220C with andosol soil type. A factorial randomized block design was applied to arrange the treatments of time of planting (dry and wet season) and the type of fertilizer used i.e.: 100 kg N ha-1 + 50 kg P2O5 ha-1 + 70 kg K2O ha-1, 50 kg N ha-1 + 25 kg P2O5 ha-1 + 35 kg K2O ha-1, 20 t ha-1 cow manure, and 10 t ha-1 cow manure. Each treatment replicated three times. The result showed tha the growth and yield of paddy Ciherang in dry seasons was higher than that in wet seasons. Plant height in dry seasons was 86.9 cm tall, Leaf Area Index (LAI) was 4.18, time of harvesting was 125 days after planting (DAP), and the grains yield was 9.84 t ha-1. The same characterstics of paddy Ciherang in wet seasons were 87.7 cm tall, with LAI 3.70, time of harvesting 105 DAP, and the grains yield 4.81 t ha-1.

We have been genotyping the Filius (F6) sweet corn lines that currently ready to be evaluated by multi-location and heterosis test.Normally, in the step of breeding program, releasing varieties followed by seed production and distribution would be done after such tests that costly needed and time consuming. Traditional institution of farmer group called in Indonesia as “Gapoktan” and the Religious teaching stage called as “Ponpes” have been known as non-formal institution which have high potency and unique networking access to surrounding public citizen and other informal institutions. As so did, they can be as a producer and virtual guarantor or good marketing agent of many agricultural products as well. Therefore, a mutual partnership model established between breeder and them is very important and to be a prospective idea to short cut breeding process and hybrid seed production. Scientific accountability and efficiency of whole breeding – seed production would be kept into main consideration. The concept was “Gapoktan” and “Ponpes” firstly would be trained to adopt technology for crossing to set F1 Hybrid seed, then the results would be evaluated and compared with those done by breeder to determine whether they eligible or not. If they did so, partnership would be mutully continued and they would be encouraged to distribute F1 seeds to other “gapoktan” or public citizens. Three nominated Gapoktan and Ponpes from separated regencies, i.e., Pasuruan, Malang and Batu were determined as the model. The results showed that F1 seed production variable as indicator achievement of them were not significantly different from those of breeder in any place. Even though in between the places they did differ in several vegetative and productive factors each other. The differences were probably caused by ecological factors, not by their capability in agriculture practicing. Based on standard of common farming of corn or sweet corn in East Java, benefit gain increment by farmer caused by such partnership in F1seed production reached about 150% to 247%. So that, partnership model for producing multi-location test as well as producing hybrid seeds between Breeder-Gapoktan-Ponpes was economically prospective and scientifically eligible to do so. On the benefit consideration gained by farmers, Pasuruan was the place where the most attractive to be done partnership model followed by Malang and Batu.