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El “pueblo de indios” fue la organización sociopolítica, religiosa y territorial en que se transformaron los asentamientos indígenas durante el régimen novohispano. Su traza se distribuyó con frecuencia a lo largo de un río y a un lado de los cerros de la sacralidad prehispánica, según se aprecia en las pinturas que los representaron y que eran, a la vez, paisajes, vistas, planos y mapas. Los pueblos de indios fueron fundados en los alrededores de las villas y ciudades de españoles, y también en las vastas serranías de la Nueva España. En este libro se aborda su representación paisajística y cartográfica en un estudio introductorio y una serie de casos. Tres de ellos datan del período novohispano: la pintura de 1579 de Metztitlán (estado de Hidalgo) y la de 1580 de Teozacoalco (estado de Oaxaca), así como el mapa de 1754 de Zacualpan (hoy Emiliano Zapata, estado de Morelos). Los otros tres capítulos abordan temas del México independiente: uno sobre la representación gráfica del pueblo de indios durante el siglo XIX en diversas fuentes, y los otros dos corresponden a los casos del pueblo chatino de San Juan Quiahije (estado de Oaxaca) en un plano de 1863 y del paisaje ritual contemporáneo de la comunidad nahua de Acatlán (estado de Guerrero).

Introduction: In the last few years a significant number of papers have related the use of proton-pump inhibitors (PPIs) to potential serious adverse effects that have resulted in social unrest. Objective: The goal of this paper was to provide a literature review for the development of an institutional position statement by Sociedad Española de Patología Digestiva (SEPD) regarding the safety of long-term PPI use. Material and methods: A comprehensive review of the literature was performed to draw conclusions based on a critical assessment of the following: a) current PPI indications; b) vitamin B12 deficiency and neurological disorders; c) magnesium deficiency; d) bone fractures; e) enteric infection and pneumonia; f) interactions with thienopyridine derivatives; e) complications in cirrhotic patients. Results: Current PPI indications have remained unchanged for years now, and are well established. A general screening of vitamin B12 levels is not recommended for all patients on a PPI; however, it does seem necessary that magnesium levels be measured at therapy onset, and then monitored in subjects on other drugs that may induce hypomagnesemia. A higher risk for bone fractures is present, even though causality cannot be concluded for this association. The association between PPIs and infection with Clostridium difficile is mild to moderate, and the risk for pneumonia is low. In patients with cardiovascular risk receiving thienopyridines derivatives it is prudent to adequately consider gastrointestinal and cardiovascular risks, given the absence of definitive evidence regardin potential drug-drug interactions; if gastrointestinal risk is found to be moderate or high, effective prevention should be in place with a PPI. PPIs should be cautiously indicated in patients with decompensated cirrhosis. Conclusions: PPIs are safe drugs whose benefits outweigh their potential side effects both short-term and long-term, provided their indication, dosage, and duration are appropriate. Introducción: en los últimos años, numerosos artículos relacionan el uso de los inhibidores de la bomba de protones (IBP) con posibles efectos adversos serios que han creado cierta alarma social. Objetivo: el objetivo de este trabajo es revisar la literatura de cara a elaborar un documento institucional de posicionamiento de la Sociedad Española de Patología Digestiva (SEPD) sobre la seguridad de los IBP a largo plazo. Material y métodos: se ha realizado una revisión exhaustiva de la literatura orientada a la presentación de conclusiones tras una valoración crítica sobre los siguientes temas: a) indicaciones actuales de los IBP; b) déficit de vitamina B12 y alteraciones neurológicas; c) déficit de magnesio; d) fracturas óseas; e) infecciones entéricas y neumonías; f) interacción con los derivados de las tienopiridinas; y e) complicaciones en pacientes cirróticos. Resultados: las indicaciones actuales de los IBP no han variado en los últimos años y están bien establecidas. No se recomienda la realización de un cribado generalizado de los niveles de vitamina B12 en todos los pacientes tratados de forma crónica con estos medicamentos; sin embargo, sí parece necesario controlar los niveles de magnesio al inicio del tratamiento y monitorizarlos en pacientes con toma de otros fármacos que puedan inducir hipomagnesemia. Existe mayor riesgo de fracturas óseas, aunque no se puede concluir que esta asociación sea causal. La asociación IBP e infección por Clostridium difficile es débil o moderada y el riesgo de neumonía es bajo. En pacientes con riesgo cardiovascular y tratados con derivados de las tienopiridinas -dada la ausencia de evidencias definitivas en relación a posibles interacciones medicamentosas- parece que lo prudente sea sopesar adecuadamente los riesgos gastrointestinales y los riesgos cardiovasculares de cada paciente; cuando el riesgo gastrointestinal sea moderado/alto, debemos ejercer una acción terapéutica de prevención efectiva utilizando un IBP. En cirróticos descompensados deben ser indicados con cautela. Conclusiones: los IBP son fármacos seguros y los beneficios de su empleo, tanto a corto como a largo plazo superan los posibles efectos secundarios, siempre que la indicación, dosis y duración sean las adecuadas.

Ethnobotany is defined as the study of the traditional botanical knowledge of different cultures, the techniques utilized in the use and management of plant resources, and the place they have in their cultural Cosmo vision. This study aimed to review the development and perspectives of ethnobotany in Mexico, based on an extensive review of all ethnobotanical studies showed at the Mexican Botanical Congress (MBC), the main forum of ethnobotanical studies in Mexico, between 1963 and 2010. We systematized a total of 897 works, identifying their progressive increase in the generation of investigative papers up until 1990, then a decrease until 1995 and a new increase from 1995 to the present. The main Mexican institutions studying ethnobotany are the Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Universidad Autonoma Chapingo, Instituto Politecnico Nacional, Universidad Autonoma Metropolitana, and the Universidad Autonoma de Nuevo Leon, which produced nearly half of all the studies recorded. The best represented cultural groups studied were the Maya, Nahua, Otomi, Totonac, and Mixtec, studied under the predominant approach of descriptive ethnobotany. Ethnobotany in Mexico is in a stage of growth and therefore in the phase of consolidating its approaches, particularly in the areas of ecological, economic, quantitative, and evolutionary ethnobotany. In order to achieve the development of sustainable management strategies of plant resources, it is of the highest priority to consolidate ethnobotanical research and direct it towards the analysis of environmental degradation and solutions.

Fuente TESIUNAM

The population growth patterns of four cladocerans, viz. Alona rectangula, Ceriodaphnia dubia, Moina macrocopa and Daphnia pulex on wastewaters from a treatment plant at Iztacalco, Mexico City were analyzed in this study. Crude wastewater (tank A) did not support A. rectangula and all animals in the replicates died after 5 days. A. rectangula with partially treated wastewater (tank B) showed growth curves similar to controls where algal density was 1 x 10(6) cells ml(-1). With wastewater from tank C (last stage before treatment with purifying agents such as chlorine), the populations maintained a low density (7 ind. ml(-1)). In wastewaters from tanks A and B, C. dubia showed no positive population growth, but in water from tank C, they maintained a low density (2 ind. ml(-1)). D. pulex showed no positive growth in all replicates involving wastewater. Only in controls (diet of algae Chlorella), the population density increased with time. M. macrocopa showed higher population growth in crude wastewaters than controls. Partially treated wastewater from tank B also resulted in a greater population growth than in the controls. However, when wastewater from the tank C was used, the population declined after day 12. Under comparable conditions, A. rectangula reached much higher peak abundances (55 ind. ml(-1)) than the rest of the cladoceran species. The rates of population growth (r) of the tested cladoceran species followed trends similar to the peak population densities. A. rectangula had the highest growth rates (0.25 per day) in controls and from the wastewater from tank B. The r-values were negative for A. rectangula and C. dubia in crude wastewater. For M. macrocopa the r-values were higher (0.19) in crude wastewater than in algae (0.15). However, r-values of M. macrocopa became negative when cultured in treated wastewater from tank C.

This thesis investigates the cultural and historical geography of the Lake Pátzcuaro region in Postrevolutionary Mexico. It covers a period of significant changes in México, following the end of the armed phase of the Mexican Revolution (1910-1920). My research also grapples with the domestic and global political changes in the context of WWII and how they shaped ongoing processes in the Lake Pátzcuaro region. \ud Throughout the thesis I examine the ideas, practices, and events that shaped this place and people’s ways of relating to it, including ideas of national identity, indigeneity, environmental conservation programmes, scientific research, and continental integration. The purpose is to understand how these forms of relating to Lake Pátzcuaro emerged and how they came to define its character. \ud The thesis investigates the process of becoming indigenous in Lake Pátzcuaro and its role in the creation of a national culture and identity, within the processes of construction of the nation-state after the Mexican Revolution. I do so by looking at the development of the postrevolutionary cultural programme in the Lake Pátzcuaro region, which transformed the region into an icon of national authenticity. Even so, national integration efforts were only partially fulfilled, insofar as they resulted in the articulation of indigenous identities.\ud I then look at the production of Lake Pátzcuaro nature cultures and how it took part in the consolidation of power in the region, producing natural-political hybrids. This process involved the transformation of land property regimes, the production of scientific knowledge about the lake, the establishment of environmental protection schemes, as well as scientific forms of natural resource management. So that the creation of Mexico and the Mexican was not limited to the realm of culture but also involved nature.\ud The protection of Pátzcuaro’s colonial architecture also contributed to the consolidation of the dominant discourses of Mexican identity, which established the colonial period as the founding moment of the modern Mexican nation. This involved regulating people’s architectural conduct regarding modifications to the built landscape. The set of practices and discourses outlined above were both enabling and restrictive, producing particular ways of being in the landscape that expressed visions of revolutionary citizenship.\ud Finally, this work also explores the role of Lake Pátzcuaro in the development of international policies on indigenous peoples and its relationship with the development of Pan-Americanism. Indigenous peoples went from being the exclusive focus of national governments to being the centre of attention of international agencies, producing new geographies of indigeneity.