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The present article makes an important tour of the concept of culture. It focuses on the theory of the Dutch anthropologist Geert Hendrik Hofstede, who states that the cultural groupings that a society has influence their behavior and decision making in a region, country, continent and even in business organizations. These dimensions are evaluated on a scale of 1 to 120 and they confront each other: equality versus inequality of economic and social power, individualismversus collectivism, masculinity versus femininity, avoiding uncertainty versus tolerance, indulgence versus restriction, and short-term versus long-term orientation. The Republic of Ecuador is observed certain demographic, geographical and economic factors, in addition that an analysis of the Hofstede indices is carried out and the place that each dimension occupies in the Ecuadorian society.According to the cultural analysis of the Hofstede Center, Ecuador is located as a collectivist society because they consider that belonging to a group is very important. At the same time, the rules are not necessarily followed, because they ultimately depend on the decision of the holders of power who make their own rules. The religion and the superstitionhave great protagonism too, which is why the tradition of each group is respected by its members. Society will only be different when a power authority leads them to a change that groups their followers. People seek a society that gives them status and rewards linked to performance, but often sacrifice leisure in relation to work., El presente artículo hace un recorrido importante del concepto de cultura. Se concentra en la teoría del antropólogo holandés Geert Hendrik Hofstede que manifiesta que los agrupamientos culturales que tiene una sociedad influencian su comportamiento y toma de decisiones en una región, país, continente e incluso en las organizaciones empresariales. Estas dimensiones se evalúan en una escala del 1 al 120 y confrontan entre ellas: la igualdad versus la desigualdad de podereconómico y social, el individualismo versus colectivismo, la masculinidad versus femineidad, evitar la incertidumbre versus la tolerancia, la indulgencia versus la restricción y la orientación de corto plazo versus largo plazo. Se observa a la República de Ecuador ciertos factores demográficos, geográficos y económicos, además que se realiza un análisis de los índices Hofstede y se examina el lugar que ocupa cada dimensión en la sociedad ecuatoriana.Ecuador, de acuerdo al análisis cultural del Hofstede Centre, se ubica como una sociedad colectivista pues consideran que pertenecer a un grupo es muy importante. A la vez, las reglas no son necesariamente seguidas, debido a que depende en última instancia, de la decisión de los titulares del poder que hacen sus propias reglas. La religión y la superstición tienen gran protagonismo, por lo que la tradición de cada grupo es respetada por sus miembros. La sociedad solo serádiferente cuando una autoridad de poder los conduzca hacia un cambio que agrupe a sus seguidores. Las personas buscan una sociedad que les otorguen estatus y recompensas vinculadas al desempeño, pero con frecuencia sacrifican el ocio en relación al trabajo.

Introducción: se presenta un análisis de la evolución de las principales cifras de las Cooperativas de Ahorro y Crédito (COACs) que estaban bajo el control tanto de la Dirección Nacional de Cooperativas (DNC) y del Ministerio de Inclusión Económica y Social (MIES), como de las cooperativas que pertenecían a la Superintendencia de Bancos (SB), que posteriormente pasaron a formar parte del Sistema Financiero Popular y Solidario (SFPS) en los primeros años de vigencia de la Ley Orgánica de Economía Popular y Solidaria (LOEPS) y están bajo el control de la Superintendencia de Economía Popular y Solidaria (SEPS). Metodología: Se utilizó un análisis financiero de variaciones y tendencias, para determinar el crecimiento del SFPS, después de la aplicación de la LOEPS. Resultados: las Cooperativas de Ahorro y Crédito han consolidado su participación de mercado pasando de un 17,65% a un 20,20% de todo el Sistema Financiero Nacional en el periodo analizado. Conclusiones: pese al efecto sistémico adverso, las cooperativas tuvieron un crecimiento anual compuesto promedio del 8,98% muy superior en comparación, tanto con el crecimiento de todo el SFN de 1,86% como por los bancos en un 0,20% en este mismo periodo.

This paper assesses the evolution of savings and credit cooperatives controlled by the Superintendence of Popular and Solidarity Economy of Ecuador in the period 2000-2015. In the methodology, an index was calculated based on the key business factors (shares, fund raising, and results) adjusted for inflation (base year 2007), whose results were applied to the Fisher theory and compared with the percentage variation of the Gross Domestic Product. The analysis concludes that the Savings and Credit Cooperatives that form part of the Popular and Solidary Financial System grew by 18.18% in real terms, making them the best performing financial institutions in the National Financial System., Este artículo evalúa la evolución de las Cooperativas de Ahorro y Crédito controladas por la Superintendencia de Economía Popular y Solidaria de Ecuador en el período 2000–2015.En la metodología se calculó un índice basado en los factores clave del negocio (cartera, captaciones y resultados) ajustados por inflación (año base 2007), cuyos resultados fueron aplicados a la teoría Fisher y comparados con la variación porcentual del Producto Interno Bruto. Del análisis se concluye que las Cooperativas de Ahorro y Crédito que forman parte del Sistema Financiero Popular y Solidario crecieron en términos reales el 18,18% lo que las convierte en las Instituciones Financieras de mejor desempeño en el Sistema Financiero Nacional.

Introducción: el presente artículo analiza la evolución de las principales cifras de las cooperativas de ahorro y crédito (COACs) que estaban bajo el control de la Dirección Nacional de Cooperativas (DNC) y el Ministerio de Inclusión Económica y Social (MIES), así como de las cooperativas que pertenecían a la Superintendencia de Bancos (SB) y que posteriormente pasaron a formar parte del Sistema Financiero Popular y Solidario (SFPS) en los primeros años de vigencia de la Ley Orgánica de Economía Popular y Solidaria (Loeps), y que se encuentran bajo el control de la Superintendencia de Economía Popular y Solidaria (SEPS). Metodología: se aplicó un análisis financiero de variaciones y tendencias para determinar el crecimiento del SFPS después de la aplicación de la Loeps. Resultados: las cooperativas de ahorro y crédito han consolidado su participación en el mercado, pasando de representar un 17,65 % a un 20,20 % de todo el sistema financiero nacional en el periodo analizado. Conclusiones: pese al efecto sistémico adverso, las cooperativas tuvieron un crecimiento anual compuesto promedio de 8,98 %, una cifra sustancialmente superior al crecimiento de todo el Sistema Financiero Nacional (SFN), de 1,86%, y de los bancos en un 0,20 % en este mismo periodo.

This paper assesses the evolution of savings and credit cooperatives controlled by the Superintendence of Popular and Solidarity Economy of Ecuador in the period 2000-2015. In the methodology, an index was calculated based on the key business factors (shares, fund raising, and results) adjusted for inflation (base year 2007), whose results were applied to the Fisher theory and compared with the percentage variation of the Gross Domestic Product. The analysis concludes that the Savings and Credit Cooperatives that form part of the Popular and Solidary Financial System grew by 18.18% in real terms, making them the best performing financial institutions in the National Financial System., Este artículo evalúa la evolución de las Cooperativas de Ahorro y Crédito controladas por la Superintendencia de Economía Popular y Solidaria de Ecuador en el período 2000–2015.En la metodología se calculó un índice basado en los factores clave del negocio (cartera, captaciones y resultados) ajustados por inflación (año base 2007), cuyos resultados fueron aplicados a la teoría Fisher y comparados con la variación porcentual del Producto Interno Bruto. Del análisis se concluye que las Cooperativas de Ahorro y Crédito que forman parte del Sistema Financiero Popular y Solidario crecieron en términos reales el 18,18% lo que las convierte en las Instituciones Financieras de mejor desempeño en el Sistema Financiero Nacional.

This study analyzed the relationship between first-generation Colombian – Canadian bicultural ethnic consumers, their purchase intention, and lifestyles. These common types of consumers were to make purchases depending on the lifestyle, bicultural ethnic group, and the ethnocentric trends that might differ from the country of origin or the host country. There were 158 surveys administered in Toronto, Canada. Structural Equation Modeling was applied, using the Unweighted Least Squares Estimates and Maximum Likelihood Methods. An Exploratory Factor Analysis was run using the principal axis method and Promax rotation after conducting the multivariate normality tests, reliability, and discriminant and convergent validity tests. The Confirmatory Factor Analysis guaranteed an adequate measurement model. The purchase intention was explained as 85.2% for lifestyle factors, such as self-reliance and leadership, nurturing and family orientation, household oriented and industrious, and ethnocentrism in Colombia and Canada. It was found that lifestyle factors were not significantly related to purchase intention. However, ethnocentrism positively impacted Canadian product perceptions and a negative impact on Colombian products. Results showed that lifestyles (activities, interests, and opinions [AIO]) are not always key elements in consumer’s purchase intentions. Bicultural consumer ethnocentric trends are stronger in the host country because consumers in a developing country accept more developed countries. The study supported the theory of social identity (Tajfel, 1982) and optimal distinction (Brewer, 1979), which suggests consumers would have a bias towards the country with which they identify or experience dual or divided loyalties between the country of origin and the host country.

This study analyzed the relationship between first-generation Colombian – Canadian bicultural ethnic consumers, their purchase intention, and lifestyles. These common types of consumers were to make purchases depending on the lifestyle, bicultural ethnic group, and the ethnocentric trends that might differ from the country of origin or the host country. There were 158 surveys administered in Toronto, Canada. Structural Equation Modeling was applied, using the Unweighted Least Squares Estimates and Maximum Likelihood Methods. An Exploratory Factor Analysis was run using the principal axis method and Promax rotation after conducting the multivariate normality tests, reliability, and discriminant and convergent validity tests. The Confirmatory Factor Analysis guaranteed an adequate measurement model. The purchase intention was explained as 85.2% for lifestyle factors, such as self-reliance and leadership, nurturing and family orientation, household oriented and industrious, and ethnocentrism in Colombia and Canada. It was found that lifestyle factors were not significantly related to purchase intention. However, ethnocentrism positively impacted Canadian product perceptions and a negative impact on Colombian products. Results showed that lifestyles (activities, interests, and opinions [AIO]) are not always key elements in consumer’s purchase intentions. Bicultural consumer ethnocentric trends are stronger in the host country because consumers in a developing country accept more developed countries. The study supported the theory of social identity (Tajfel, 1982) and optimal distinction (Brewer, 1979), which suggests consumers would have a bias towards the country with which they identify or experience dual or divided loyalties between the country of origin and the host country.

This study analyzed the relationship between first-generation Colombian – Canadian bicultural ethnic consumers, their purchase intention, and lifestyles. These common types of consumers were to make purchases depending on the lifestyle, bicultural ethnic group, and the ethnocentric trends that might differ from the country of origin or the host country. There were 158 surveys administered in Toronto, Canada. Structural Equation Modeling was applied, using the Unweighted Least Squares Estimates and Maximum Likelihood Methods. An Exploratory Factor Analysis was run using the principal axis method and Promax rotation after conducting the multivariate normality tests, reliability, and discriminant and convergent validity tests. The Confirmatory Factor Analysis guaranteed an adequate measurement model. The purchase intention was explained as 85.2% for lifestyle factors, such as self-reliance and leadership, nurturing and family orientation, household oriented and industrious, and ethnocentrism in Colombia and Canada. It was found that lifestyle factors were not significantly related to purchase intention. However, ethnocentrism positively impacted Canadian product perceptions and a negative impact on Colombian products. Results showed that lifestyles (activities, interests, and opinions [AIO]) are not always key elements in consumer’s purchase intentions. Bicultural consumer ethnocentric trends are stronger in the host country because consumers in a developing country accept more developed countries. The study supported the theory of social identity (Tajfel, 1982) and optimal distinction (Brewer, 1979), which suggests consumers would have a bias towards the country with which they identify or experience dual or divided loyalties between the country of origin and the host country.