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Introduction: The strawberry crop is seriously affected by different diseases that result in a decrease in production and fruit quality. Among the most important diseases that attack the strawberry crop is Mycosphaerella fragariae, the causal agent of leaf spot, which in advanced stages can lead to the total loss of the crop. Monitoring of this disease is a fundamental tool for its prevention and control. The tools of precision agriculture and agriculture 4.0, such as images obtained by drones, facilitate decision making by producers and optimize crop work such as monitoring. Objetive: This study identified the relationship between the percentage of area affected by leaf spot (Mycosphaerella fragaraiae) and the NDVI and NDRE indices. Metodology: The study was developed in the province of Pamplona in Norte de Santander with high inoculum pressure of Mycosphaerella fragariae. Leaflets were collected from strawberry plants with different degrees of affectation caused by Mycosphaerella fragariae, this plant material was transported guaranteeing its conservation until the laboratory, where measurements were made with the Stellar Net brand EPP2000 portable spectroradiometer, from which the values of the red band, infrared and the red border of each one was taken to perform the calculation of several indices including NDVI and NDRE, these values were averaged for each degree of affectation. The exact affected area was calculated for each leaf using the Compu eye leaf and symptom area software and the correlation coefficients were calculated looking for a mutual linear relationship from simple linear regressions. Results: The NDRE index correlates 82% with the area affected by Mycosphaerella fragariae by up to 70%. Conclusión: The percentage of area affected by leaf freckle (Mycosphaerella fragariae) is directly related to the spectral response in terms of NDVI and NDRE indices., Introducción: El cultivo de fresa se ve seriamente afectado por diferentes enfermedades que resulta en disminución de la producción y de la calidad de la fruta. Dentro de las enfermedades más importantes que atacan al cultivo de fresa se encuentra Mycosphaerella fragariae, agente causal de la peca de la hoja que en estados avanzados puede llevar a la perdida total de los cultivos. El monitoreo de esta enfermedad es una herramienta fundamental para su prevención y control. Las herramientas de agricultura de precisión y agricultura 4.0 como las imágenes obtenidas por drones facilitar la toma de decisiones por parte de los productores y optimizan las labores de cultivo como el monitoreo. Objetivo: En este estudio se identificó la relación entre el porcentaje de área afectada por peca de la hoja (Mycosphaerella fragaraiae) y los índices NDVI y NDRE. Metodología: El estudio se desarrolló en la provincia de Pamplona en Norte de Santander con alta presión de inoculo de Mycosphaerella fragariae. Se colectaron foliolos de plantas de fresa con diferentes grados de afectación causada por Mycosphaerella fragariae, este material vegetal se transportó garantizando su conservación hasta el laboratorio, donde se realizaron mediciones con el espectrorradiómetro portátil EPP2000 de la marca Stellar Net, de las cuales se tomaron los valores de la banda roja, infrarroja y del borde rojo de cada una para realizar el cálculo de varios índices incluyendo el NDVI y el NDRE, estos valores se promediaron para cada grado de afectación. A cada una de las hojas se le calculó el área de afectación exacta a partir del software Compu eye leaf and symptom área y se calcularon los coeficientes de correlación buscando una relación lineal mutua a partir de regresiones lineales simples. Resultados: Se logró identificar que el índice NDRE se correlaciona en un 82% con el área afectada por Mycosphaerella fragariae hasta en un 70 %. Conclusión: El porcentaje de área afectada por peca de la hoja (Mycosphae

The definition of a common standard for the interconnection of electronic equipment for agricultural production is a nodal point in the path of convergence between the agricultural machinery and implements industry and the new digital technologies of Agriculture 4.0. The definition of standards is as important as the control, through alliances, acquisitions and/or mergers, of the emerging technological firms in which the new functionalities of Agriculture 4.0 are developed. In order to expand our knowledge on the diffusion and implementation of the ISOBUS standard and its implications in the agricultural machinery sector, we propose to advance in an analysis of the origins, operation and composition of the Agricultural Industry Electronics Foundation (AEF). We use a qualitative methodological approach, based on the review of documentation and bibliographic analysis of secondary academic, journalistic and business sources of different kinds., La definición de un estándar común para la interconexión de equipos electrónicos destinados a la producción agrícola constituye un punto nodal en el sendero de convergencia entre la industria de maquinaria agrícola e implementos y las nuevas tecnologías digitales de la Agricultura 4.0. Las estrategias empresariales para la definición de estándares resultan tan importantes como el control, mediante alianzas, adquisiciones y/o fusiones, de las firmas tecnológicas emergentes en las que se desarrollan las nuevas funcionalidades propias de la Agricultura 4.0. A fin de ampliar nuestro conocimiento sobre la difusión e implementación del estándar ISOBUS y sus implicancias en el sector de la maquinaria agrícola, nos proponemos avanzar en un análisis de los orígenes, el funcionamiento y la composición de la Agricultural Industry Electronics Foundation (AEF). Utilizamos un enfoque metodológico cualitativo, a partir de la revisión de documentación y análisis bibliográfico de fuentes secundarias académicas, periodísticas y empresariales de diferente índole.

The objective of this paper is to discuss the adoption of standards by agricultural machinery and precision agriculture companies at the international level, within the framework of the changes that are taking place in the strategies of large global firms with the diffusion of the so-called "agriculture 4.0". The work delves into the study of the patterns of adoption of the ISO 11783 standard, better known as ISOBUS, to the extent that it has the potential to define the future dynamics of convergence between the agricultural machinery industry and the new digital technologies. To this end, the AEF-ISOBUS database, containing information on the functionalities of the ISOBUS standard implemented by the electronic devices housed in agricultural machinery, is systematized. Finally, it is concluded that the ISO 11783 standard is a reality at a global level and any strategy aimed at the internationalization of companies will be faced with the need to incorporate it. Furthermore, the expansion of large global multi-product agricultural machinery firms into Latin American countries, particularly Argentina and Brazil, and their greater involvement in the production of seeders and other implements, pose a major challenge to the ability of the local industry to maintain its market shares., El objetivo de este trabajo es discutir la adopción de estándares de comunicación por las empresas de maquinaria agrícola y agricultura de precisión a nivel internacional, en el marco de los cambios que se observan en las estrategias de las grandes firmas globales respecto a la difusión de la denominada “agricultura 4.0”. El trabajo profundiza en el estudio de los patrones de adopción del estándar ISO 11783, más conocido como ISOBUS, en la medida que el mismo tiene el potencial de definir la dinámica futura de convergencia entre la industria de maquinaria agrícola y las nuevas tecnologías digitales. Para ello se sistematiza la base de datos AEF-ISOBUS, la cual contiene información sobre las funcionalidades del estándar ISOBUS que implementan los dispositivos electrónicos alojados en la maquinaria agrícola. Finalmente, se concluye que la norma ISO 11783 es una realidad a nivel global y cualquier estrategia que se oriente a la internacionalización de las firmas se enfrentará con la necesidad de incorporarla. En este contexto, la industria local de los países de América Latina, en particular Argentina y Brasil, se encuentra ante el importante desafío de mantener su parte del mercado frente a la expansión de las grandes firmas globales multi-producto de la maquinaria agrícola

The irruption of information technologies in all activities of society has brought significant improvements in its development. Agriculture and agribusiness have been two of the great beneficiaries of these changes, by improving the quality of the data obtained, the development of models for more precise agriculture, as well as the management of the value chain from suppliers to the end consumer based on the Internet and other digital tools. However, to achieve these goals, it is necessary to improve the training of the people involved and new ways of managing resources and production processes. This article aimed to characterize and to analyze the Venezuelan situation regarding the use of these technologies, and then formulate a proposal for their management, with the ultimate aim of ensuring that these benefits reach the different agri-food chains in Venezuela. Previous studies conducted by the team verified that agricultural producers are indeed in the best position to face the AGRO 4.0 paradigm, including the management of their water resources and productive activities, in order to have an environmentally friendly production. The analysis of the current situation and the prospects for the implementation of AGRO 4.0 technologies indicates that pressure on water resources can be reduced (Sustainable Development Goal 6.4.2), as well as improving the profitability of agri-food sector activities and increasing governance. In the specific case of the study of the situation in Venezuela with respect to the use of these technologies, the economic and technological limitations available and the lack of technological training for users are the main reasons that led to the formulation of a proposal for their management. Its purpose is that these benefits reach the different chains through a structure that allows the use of technology by rural producers, incorporating aspects of the implementation of a shared technological infrastructure, technological literacy schemes, an, A irrupção das tecnologias de informação em todas as atividades da sociedade trouxe importantes melhorias em seu desenvolvimento. A agricultura e a agroindústria têm sido dois dos grandes beneficiários dessas mudanças, melhorando a qualidade dos dados obtidos, o desenvolvimento de modelos para uma agricultura mais precisa, bem como a gestão da cadeia de valor, desde os fornecedores até o consumidor final, com base na internet e em outras ferramentas digitais. No entanto, para alcançá-los, é necessário melhorar a formação das pessoas envolvidas e de novos modos de gestão dos recursos e processos produtivos. O objetivo deste artigo é caracterizar e analisar a situação venezuelana em relação ao uso dessas tecnologias, para depois formular uma proposta de gestão dessas ferramentas, com o objetivo final de que esses benefícios atinjam as diferentes cadeias agroalimentares da Venezuela. Em estudos prévios realizados pela equipe, verificou-se que, efetivamente, os produtores do campo estão dispostos a enfrentar o paradigma AGRO 4.0, incluindo a gestão de seus recursos hídricos e suas atividades produtivas, a fim de ter uma produção amigável ao meio ambiente. A análise da situação atual e das perspectivas de implantação das tecnologias AGRO 4.0 indica que é possível reduzir a pressão sobre o recurso água (Objetivo de Desenvolvimento Sustentável 6.4.2), bem como permitir a melhoria da rentabilidade das atividades do setor agroalimentar e um aumento da governança. No caso específico do estudo da situação na Venezuela em relação ao uso dessas tecnologias, as limitações econômicas e de tecnologias disponíveis, juntamente com a falta de formação tecnológica dos usuários, são as razões que levaram a formular uma proposta de gestão dessas ferramentas, para que esses benefícios cheguem às diferentes cadeias, por meio de uma estrutura que permita o uso da tecnologia pelo produtor do campo, incorporando aspectos de implantação de uma infraestrutura tecnológica compartilhada, esquemas, La irrupción de las tecnologías de información en todas las actividades de la sociedad ha traído importantes mejoras en su desarrollo. La agricultura y la agroindustria han sido dos de los grandes beneficiarios de estos cambios, al mejorar la calidad de los datos obtenidos, el desarrollo de modelos para una agricultura más precisa, así como el manejo de la cadena de valor desde los proveedores hasta el consumidor final con base en la internet y otras herramientas digitales. No obstante, para alcanzarlos es necesario mejorar la formación de las personas involucradas y nuevos modos de gestión de los recursos y procesos productivos. El objetivo de este artículo es caracterizar y analizar la situación venezolana respecto al uso de estas tecnologías, para luego formular una propuesta de gestión de las mismas, con el fin último que estos beneficios lleguen a las distintas cadenas agroalimentarias de Venezuela. En estudios previos realizados por el equipo se verificó que –efectivamente– los productores del agro están en la mejor disposición de encarar el paradigma AGRO 4.0, incluyendo la gestión de sus recursos hídricos y sus actividades productivas, con el fin de tener una producción amigable con el ambiente. El análisis de la situación actual y las perspectivas de implantación de tecnologías AGRO 4.0 indica que se puede reducir la presión sobre el recurso agua (Objetivo de Desarrollo Sostenible 6.4.2), al igual que permitirá mejorar la rentabilidad de las actividades del sector agroalimentario y un incremento de la gobernanza. En el caso específico del estudio de la situación en Venezuela respecto al uso de estas tecnologías, las limitaciones tanto económicas como de las tecnologías disponibles, aunadas a la falta de formación tecnológica de los usuarios son las razones que condujeron a formular una propuesta de gestión de las mismas, para que estos beneficios lleguen a las distintas cadenas mediante una estructura que permita el uso de la tecnología por parte del produc

Research has shown the multitude of applications that Internet of Things (IoT), cloud computing, and forecast technologies present in every sector. In agriculture, one application is the monitoring of factors that influence crop development to assist in making crop management decisions. Research on the application of such technologies in agriculture has been mainly conducted at small experimental sites or under controlled conditions. This research has provided relevant insights and guidelines for the use of different types of sensors, application of a multitude of algorithms to forecast relevant parameters as well as architectural approaches of IoT platforms. However, research on the implementation of IoT platforms at the commercial scale is needed to identify platform requirements to properly function under such conditions. This article evaluates an IoT platform (IRRISENS) based on fully replicable microservices used to sense soil, crop, and atmosphere parameters, interact with third-party cloud services for scheduling irrigation and, potentially, control irrigation automatically. The proposed IoT platform was evaluated during one growing season at four commercial-scale farms on two broadacre irrigated crops with very different water management requirements (rice and cotton). Five main requirements for IoT platforms to be used in agriculture at commercial scale were identified from implementing IRRISENS as an irrigation support tool for rice and cotton production: scalability, flexibility, heterogeneity, robustness to failure, and security. The platform addressed all these requirements. The results showed that the microservice-based approach used is robust against both intermittent and critical failures in the field that could occur in any of the monitored sites. Further, processing or storage overload caused by datalogger malfunctioning or other reasons at one farm did not affect the platform’s performance. The platform was able to deal with different types

Com o advento da Indústria 4.0, o emprego das novas tecnologias, da robotização e da manufatura avançada tem sido estendido para o setor agrícola, com o objetivo de aumentar produtividade, diminuir os impactos ambientais, aumentar os lucros e melhorar a qualidade dos produtos, dando origem aos termos Agricultura de Precisão, Agronegócio 4.0, Agricultura 4.0 e Agroindústria-4.0. Contudo, se por um lado muito se fala sobre a adoção de novas tecnologias nas etapas de preparação do solo, plantio e colheita, pouco se fala sobre o beneficiamento dos produtos agrícolas usando, por exemplo, sistemas automatizados para inspeção visual de qualidade. Este trabalho temcomo objetivo investigar as diferentes abordagens para inspeção visual automática da qualidade de grãos propostas na última década e apresentar uma discussão sobre como tais abordagens se inserem no contexto desses novos processos produtivos da agricultura moderna, bem como os aspectos positivos e as limitações encontradas para suas utilizações, With the advent of Industry 4.0, the use of new technologies, robotization and advanced manufacturing has been extended to the agricultural sector, with the aim of increasing productivity, reducing environmental impacts, increasing profits and improving product quality from where emerged the terms Precision Agriculture, Agribusiness 4.0, Agriculture 4.0 and Agri-industry-4.0.However, while much is being said about adopting new technologies in the stages of soil preparation, planting and harvesting, little is said about the processing of agricultural products using, for example, automated systems for visual quality inspection. This work aims to investigate the different approaches for automatic visual inspection of grain quality proposed in the last decade and present a discussion about how these approaches are inserted in the context of these new productive processes of modern agriculture, as well as the positive aspects and limitations found for their uses