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The study aimed to address the farmers financing practices in Poland, France, Germany and Romania and to develop recommendations for reducing credit constraints in Ukrainian agriculture. Providing farms with financial resources is one of the most critical tasks for maintaining national resilience and stability in difficult times of military resistance. The study analysed statistical and economic indicators, the structure of farms and land use, financial instruments, features of financial institutions, practices and experience in lending in Poland, France, Germany, Romania and Ukraine. The impact of gross fixed capital formation on the volume of farm sales in comparable countries was addressed. The main reasons for the shortage of financing for medium, small, and micro-enterprises in the agro-industrial sector and numerous households that run private farms without establishing a legal entity were identified. The study noted that the main consequences of limited access to credit are low efficiency of land use, a decrease in gross domestic product and a deterioration in the viability of farms. The study analysed the impact of the state programme “Affordable Loans 5-7-9%” and other programmes to support medium, small and micro enterprises created with the help of international partners on the financial support of agricultural businesses. In recent years, these new financial instruments have significantly increased access to loans for farmers. The study addressed proposals of economic scientists of these countries on the elimination of credit restrictions in the activity of small agricultural producers. The analysis highlights the problems of farmers' lending that are common to all countries, as well as the many years of experience that have gradually resolved these issues. Recommendations on the implementation of the necessary measures for the timely receipt of affordable credit resources by small rural enterprises and family farms in Ukraine have been developed

The study aimed to address the farmers financing practices in Poland, France, Germany and Romania and to develop recommendations for reducing credit constraints in Ukrainian agriculture. Providing farms with financial resources is one of the most critical tasks for maintaining national resilience and stability in difficult times of military resistance. The study analysed statistical and economic indicators, the structure of farms and land use, financial instruments, features of financial institutions, practices and experience in lending in Poland, France, Germany, Romania and Ukraine. The impact of gross fixed capital formation on the volume of farm sales in comparable countries was addressed. The main reasons for the shortage of financing for medium, small, and micro-enterprises in the agro-industrial sector and numerous households that run private farms without establishing a legal entity were identified. The study noted that the main consequences of limited access to credit are low efficiency of land use, a decrease in gross domestic product and a deterioration in the viability of farms. The study analysed the impact of the state programme “Affordable Loans 5-7-9%” and other programmes to support medium, small and micro enterprises created with the help of international partners on the financial support of agricultural businesses. In recent years, these new financial instruments have significantly increased access to loans for farmers. The study addressed proposals of economic scientists of these countries on the elimination of credit restrictions in the activity of small agricultural producers. The analysis highlights the problems of farmers' lending that are common to all countries, as well as the many years of experience that have gradually resolved these issues. Recommendations on the implementation of the necessary measures for the timely receipt of affordable credit resources by small rural enterprises and family farms in Ukraine have been developed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract This study seeks to determine the impact of agricultural subsidies on the efficiency of Algerian farms. To do so, we estimated a Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) for Algerian data covering the period from1970 to 2020. Two variables were used to describe the agricultural subsidy: the first is total agricultural support, and the second is a dummy variable that takes the values 0 and 1 to express the coupling of subsidies to production. The variable of support for agriculture production and producers takes the value of one (1) in the era when the support is not related to production (decoupled support). It takes the value zero (0) when there is explicit support for production and producers (coupled support).The findings revealed that total subsidies had a negative impact and statistically significant on the technical efficiency of Algerian farms. While, the decoupling has a positive effect on efficiency (negative on inefficiency), but without significance.

This study seeks to determine the impact of agricultural subsidies on the efficiency of Algerian farms. To do so, we estimated a Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) for Algerian data covering the period from1970 to 2020. Two variables were used to describe the agricultural subsidy: the first is total agricultural support, and the second is a dummy variable that takes the values 0 and 1 to express the coupling of subsidies to production. The variable of support for agriculture production and producers takes the value of one (1) in the era when the support is not related to production (decoupled support). It takes the value zero (0) when there is explicit support for production and producers (coupled support).The findings revealed that total subsidies had a negative impact and statistically significant on the technical efficiency of Algerian farms. While, the decoupling has a positive effect on efficiency (negative on inefficiency), but without significance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present paper empirically analyzes the efficiency of European Union (EU) subsidies for farms in the Southern Great Plain region of Hungary between 2014 and 2021. The aim of this analysis was to explore whether the subsidies increased the resilience of farms, enhancing their profitability, liquidity and solvency, and economic efficiency, measured by the usual financial indicators of farm performance. The analysis also evaluated the ability of farm businesses to create and retain jobs, i.e., to increase employment in the rural environment, focusing on differences between the subsidized and non-subsidized farms. The research analyzed all agricultural companies of the selected region. The methodology was a non-parametric statistical analysis (Kruskal–Wallis test, Dunnett's T3 test) for identifying significant differences between subsidized and non-subsidized farms in the 8-year period. Results show that subsidies significantly improved the financial stability, resilience and efficiency of subsidized farms only in the micro size category, and the employment indicators deteriorated more in subsidized farms than in non-subsidized ones. Thus, the intended purpose of the subsidies was not entirely realized, and positive impacts were noticeable only in the micro enterprises. This might imply that subsidies contributed to the survival of non-viable enterprises instead of enhancing their competitiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural support is a crucial way to overcome the difficulties of long agricultural production process, lack of capital and low productivity. Moreover, the fact that increasing the supply is not possible in a short while makes agricultural support more important. Different agricultural structures of countries imply different agricultural support values. This paper examines the simultaneous relations between agricultural support and agricultural value added in the six developing countries with the highest agricultural production value. Simultaneous equation systems are estimated by Two-Stage Least Squares method using annual data for the 2002-2018 period. The findings suggest that there is a simultaneous positive and statistically significant relationship between agricultural value added and agricultural supports.

The aim of the article is to confront the arrangements of official strategy papers concerning agricultural and rural development, including the performance indicators, with the data illustrating the real policy pursued in this area and the effects of this policy. The content of key strategy papersas well as relevant data from the Central Statistical Office and the Ministry of Finance were also analysed. As a result, it was found that: (1) the indicators of objectives focused on supporting agriculture and rural areas adopted in analysed strategies cannot be used to interpret a coherent concept of the policy towards rural areas and agriculture; (2) there are inconsistencies between the arrangements of different strategies; (3) public support was aimed primarily at improving the income situation of farmers, to the detriment of achieving such objectives as improvement of agrarian structure and efficiency of farms, improvement of living conditions in the countryside and more effective environmental protection.

Copyright of Hacettepe University Journal of Economics & Administrative Sciences / Hacettepe Üniversitesi Iktisadi ve Idari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Hacettepe University, Faculty of Economic & Administrative Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present paper empirically analyzes the efficiency of European Union (EU) subsidies for farms in the Southern Great Plain region of Hungary between 2014 and 2021. The aim of this analysis was to explore whether the subsidies increased the resilience of farms, enhancing their profitability, liquidity and solvency, and economic efficiency, measured by the usual financial indicators of farm performance. The analysis also evaluated the ability of farm businesses to create and retain jobs, i.e., to increase employment in the rural environment, focusing on differences between the subsidized and non-subsidized farms. The research analyzed all agricultural companies of the selected region. The methodology was a non-parametric statistical analysis (Kruskal–Wallis test, Dunnett’s T3 test) for identifying significant differences between subsidized and non-subsidized farms in the 8-year period. Results show that subsidies significantly improved the financial stability, resilience and efficiency of subsidized farms only in the micro size category, and the employment indicators deteriorated more in subsidized farms than in non-subsidized ones. Thus, the intended purpose of the subsidies was not entirely realized, and positive impacts were noticeable only in the micro enterprises. This might imply that subsidies contributed to the survival of non-viable enterprises instead of enhancing their competitiveness.

Copyright of Scientific Journal European Policies, Finance & Marketing / Polityki Europejskie, Finanse & Marketing is the property of Wydawnictwo SGGW and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Horizons of Politics / Horyzonty Polityki is the property of Jesuit University Ignatianum in Krakow and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Today, young people in rural areas try to migrate from rural to urban areas because they believe they have no future in the agricultural sector and a better life expectancy in the city. Due to this migration, the agricultural population is rapidly. It is important to support young people to keep them in rural areas and continue agricultural production. One of the supports implemented for this purpose is the Expert Hands in Rural Development Project. With this project, living/committing to live in rural areas in all provinces in 2022-2024; Grants for the projects on plant production, animal production, aquaculture production, local products, medicinal and aromatic plant production and the processing storage, and packaging of these products to be implemented by graduates of vocational schools and universities from departments providing agriculture, animal husbandry, forestry, food, and aquaculture education. support is provided. In this study, the perspectives of the students studying at Ege University Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agricultural Economics and Animal Science, and their tendencies to benefit from the Expert Hands in Rural Development Project were determined. For this purpose, data were compiled through a face-to-face survey study conducted with 127 undergraduate students included in the scope. In the analysis of the data, the results obtained by making simple arithmetic mean and percentage calculations are presented in tables. According to the results of the research, 55.1% of the students are male. The average age of the students was determined as 23.31. 70.9% of the students have knowledge about the Expert Hands Project. 61.4% stated that they want to benefit from the Project. 67.8% believe that the Project will be beneficial. Despite this, 66.9% emphasized that the grant support was not sufficient and should be increased. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this research is to determine the benefit and satisfaction level of dairy cattle farms in Gönen district of Balikesir province. The data of the research was collected by proportional sampling from 66 farms using a questionnaire method. In the analysis of the data, the farms are divided into three groups primarily according to the number of milky animals. Farms with 5 or less dairy animals are group I (23 farms), and farms with 6-10 dairy animals are group II (26 farms), Farms with 11 and more dairy animals are group III (17 farms). While evaluating the data, simple averages and percentage calculations were performed. The Likert scale was used to evaluate the opinions, expectations and satisfaction of the farmers regarding livestock support in the farms examined. In the research, Best-Worst analysis was used to determine what kind of support tool should be used to improve dairy cattle farming. In the research, it was tested statistically whether there was any difference between the groups. According to the results of the research, the average age of the farms was determined to be 43.56 years, and the average education level was 6.62 years. The average land of the farms is 141.30 decares. While there are an average of 5.19 domestic cows, 7.94 head culture cows, 8.29 crossbred cows in the farms, the average number of milky animals is 7.14. Average daily milk yield per animal is 15.58 kg. Average milk selling price is 1.70 TL/kg. 82.3% of the farms stated that they benefited from forage crops support and 85.5% from other livestock supports. Farmers think that the supports affect their income. Calf support is the most sufficient support that farmers see among livestock supports. However, 77.3% of the farms examined stated that they did not find their livestock support policies successful. Support policies for dairy cattle farming should be reviewed and it should be ensured that the supports are increased to the levels of animal husbandry support in the EU. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There have been many different agricultural support tools varying by countries. These agricultural support tools are determined according to different indicators such as the policies, expectations, regions, and economic levels of the countries and may differ from each other. One of these agricultural support tools is Less Favoured Area (LFAs) that has been applied for a long time. Turkey has many geographically different regions and many different agricultural support tools like those in the other counties However, considering the EU full membership process policies, a specified support tool for the LFAs, which are widely used in the EU, has not been implemented in Turkey. Mersin province is one of the areas where that is an issue and so was selected for this study. The province has a dual structure, with high mountains (Taurus) and wide plains. People in the mountainous areas make a living from animal production, especially goat breeding. The study framework was based on the logistic regression model, which was compared farmers' descriptive statistics and socio-economic features in villages in the mountainous/semi-mountainous areas and on the plains of Mersin province. Farmers’ intentions for land allocation and livestock and their migration tendencies were analysed in different scenarios. Age, experience, number of small ruminants, land size and credit usage were found to have a statistically significant effect on farmers’ decisions about continuing farming. Their decisions changed across the policy scenarios provided, and a policy that considers regional differences was found to be significant in their decisions. The paper shows agricultural support policies should consider regional differences to compensate for income losses due to physical conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural support has changed substantially in both rich and poor countries in recent years. In rich countries, there has been a strong move to decoupled subsidies and a fall in average rates of protection. In developing countries, market price support remains the dominant form of protection, and average rates of support have risen—breaking the traditional pattern of taxing agriculture. Emissions from agriculture and land use change have contributed up to a third of total greenhouse gas emissions, with beef, milk and rice production accounting for more than 80% of agricultural emissions. Agricultural support was biased against emission‐intensive goods until recent years and is now only slightly biased toward them. Although emission intensities are relatively higher in the developing countries, they have fallen far more rapidly in developing countries than in the rich countries in the past quarter century, as agricultural productivity has grown in developing countries. Policy reform will be challenging given the strong political‐economy support for the current structure of protection. Increasing investments in research and development to raise productivity and lower the emissions intensity of agricultural output would help agriculture and the environment. JEL CLASSIFICATION: F18; F64; Q18; H23; Q58 Related Content: Assessing the Environmental Impacts of Agricultural Policies Related Content: Coupled Agricultural Subsidies in the EU Undermine Climate Efforts [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of lnternational Journal of Geography & Geography Education is the property of Marmara University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Agricultural supports are among the most favored policies of governments to affect domestic welfare and maintain food security. Supports provided take many forms ranging from those distorting prices and production to de-coupled ones with no link to production. In addition to budgetary or climatic restrictions, countries also face challenges due to the terms of the WTO about types of supports. In line with the WTO mandates, this study analyses the impact of supports by excluding market price supports, that are the biggest parts of distorting supports. Using the OECD and FAO databases, it is shown that there is a discrepancy between crops and animal products with respect to the impact of supports with no significant impact noted for animal products. It is also considered that analyses conducted with different types of supports and products could create a solid basis for suggesting counter arguments against the WTO mandates.

Copyright of Itobiad: Journal of the Human & Social Science Researches / İnsan ve Toplum Bilimleri Araştırmaları Dergisi is the property of Itobiad: Journal of the Human & Social Science Researches and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ekonomik Yaklaşim is the property of Ekonomik Yaklasim Dernegi (Ekonomik Yaklasim Association) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Social Research & Behavioral Sciences / Sosyal Araştırmalar ve Davranış Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Journal of Social Research & Behavioral Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Financial, Accounting & Managerial Studies is the property of Journal of Financial, Accounting & Managerial Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article examines the competitiveness of agriculture of the Russian Federation through the indicators of its regional development. Based on results of the Pearson correlation calculation was established that competitiveness of agriculture is closely tied with a small amount of factors. Among factorial conditions high correlation is observed with the investments into fixed capital (0.7), to a lesser extent - with the capital of other sort (a cattle livestock), also land resources and a labor force. Also demand conditions matter, namely: trade turnover of the agricultural organizations (0.73). At the same time dependence upon the state aid is expressed not so clearly: correlation is average, being at the level of 0.5-0.6 depending on a type of subsidies. There were found 14 groups of factors as a result of the factorial analysis. Three among factors had importance: crop production condition; livestock production condition; degree of openness of the region. Values of these factors were calculated for parent population’s objects. The most common situation is when the subject of the Russian Federation had a high value on one of three factors, but insignificant on two others. Subjects of the Russian Federation with low value of competitiveness have negative values of all factors as well, with rare exceptions. Moscow, the Krasnodar area, the Belgorod region have unique values of variables. A certain trend between factors wasn’t detected - all three factors are independent between each other. The conclusion is drawn that the competitiveness increases mainly due to the development of livestock production.

The paper aimed to present the role of agriculture in the economy in OECD countries and changes intheir agricultural policies. The aim of the work is an assessment of agriculture in the period 1995-2014and changes in the level and structure of support by governments and their institutions to agriculturewithin the agricultural policy systems. The parspective for agricultual policy till 2020 was presented aswell. The data and informations for the work was gathered foom literature, OECD publications, especiallyOECD Agricultural Policy Monitoring and Evaluation Report 2015. Evaluation of GDP, TSE, PSE, CSEand GSSE were presented for specific group of countries.

Agricultural supports are among the most favored policies of governments to affect domestic welfare and maintain food security. Supports provided take many forms ranging from those distorting prices and production to de-coupled ones with no link to production. In addition to budgetary or climatic restrictions, countries also face challenges due to the terms of the WTO about types of supports. In line with the WTO mandates, this study analyses the impact of supports by excluding market price supports, that are the biggest parts of distorting supports. Using the OECD and FAO databases, it is shown that there is a discrepancy between crops and animal products with respect to the impact of supports with no significant impact noted for animal products. It is also considered that analyses conducted with different types of supports and products could create a solid basis for suggesting counter arguments against the WTO mandates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Non-profit organisations (NPOs) are prominent in stimulating local economies - more particularly in rural areas - thus this paper documents the role of non-profit organisations that support agriculture in fostering local economic development and utilises a case study of the Siyavuna Abalimi Development Centre. The theoretical framework of this paper employed hypotheses that include: economic theories of the NPO; the co-management or co-production theory; and the stakeholder theory of the NPO. This paper employed a qualitative research design. Twelve semi-structured interviews were conducted with Siyavuna representatives and the LED officer from the Hibiscus Coast Local Municipality. The findings of this paper reveal that Siyavuna is an organisation that is highly active in LED activities. Its representatives regard the organisation as a LED project. The findings further demonstrate that Siyavuna has been striving to establish relationships and partnerships with local government since the time that it had been operating as a project and had not yet been registered as an NPO. The results reveal that within this relationship is a lack of trust and further issues such as conflict, in terms of respective community development approaches: Siyavuna uses the "bottom-up" approach, while local government uses a "top-down" tactic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of El-Bahith is the property of University of Kasdi Merbah Ouargla and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The literature on rural development focuses on the socio-economic effects of agricultural support policies; the process of policy design, however, is devoted less attention. Identifying policy coalitions may help provide clarity on the motivations behind a given agricultural support system. Using Discourse Network Analysis, this paper studies the debates preceding the approval of the National Program for Strengthening Family Agriculture (Pronaf) in Brazil in the Nineties. This represented a relevant overturn of the preceding policy framework. Two coalitions that opposed each other have been identified: while large farm business associations favoured measures to enhance productivity, movements comprising of family farmers aimed at introducing credit instruments for small producers. The strong pressure from social movements was key to the adoption of Pronaf. However, findings suggest that the Workers’ Party, which found itself in a less conflicting position, played a brokerage role in the negotiation of the final policy package. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: Using wheat market support data from 55 countries for 1961–2011 from the World Bank Agricultural Distortion database, we develop a fixed effect model that shows a more complicated, nonlinear relationship between income and wheat support and its components than previously realised. We find that income generally has a greater effect on border market price support than on domestic price support. Moreover, the difference between these types of support is greater for net importers than for net exporters and has increased with the URAA or WTO accession. Holding other variables constant, the wheat support level of China, driven mainly by border market price support, is projected to rise with future income growth. Meanwhile, Japan is projected to maintain its high level of support, while the US and EU are projected to maintain their lower levels of support. These results are relevant in the context of multilateral trade negotiations, arguing against a narrow focus on past or current policy profiles and for long‐run analyses that might mistakenly rest on the inconsistent assumptions of constant agricultural policies against the backdrop of rising incomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Yuzuncu Yil Universitesi Journal of Agricultural Sciences (YYU J Agr Sci) is the property of Yuzuncu Yil University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of International Journal of Economic & Social Research is the property of Abant Izzet Baysal University, Faculty of Economics & Administrative Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Agricultural sales cooperatives and unions that began their work in 1935 with the adoption of Law No 2834 made significant contributions to their producer members and the national economy in general in the first years. However changing circumstances and various economic fluctuations made it necessary to support agricultural sector and the agricultural sales cooperatives and unions were used actively in certain support policies because of the fact that they were organized among the producers. In time the subsidies in question caused the cooperatives and unions to be perceived as public institutions and governments started to play a more active role on them. Later the domination of the public influence continued and increased with certain legal arrangements being made for this purpose. The cooperatives and unions left behind their original purpose of establishment and as a result became a significant contributor to public deficits. The budgetary burden, deficits of support policies, choice of target segment, unfairness in income distribution, indifference to market conditions and obligations arising from the agreements signed brought to the agenda changes in support policies implemented through agricultural sales cooperatives and unions. In this paper the size of the damage cooperatives and unions that left behind their original purpose gave to the national economy is explained and Marmara Olive Agricultural Sales Cooperatives Union (Marmarabirlik) is analyzed as an example of the benefits these institutions would bring under correct policies.

Copyright of Journal of Economics & Administrative Sciences / Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Iktisadi ve Idari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Afyon Kocatepe University, Faculty of Business Administration and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The overall aim of the paper is to analyse the distribution of state agricultural support in Ukraine with the purpose of drawing up proposals on how to make it more objective-oriented. The investigation is based on the results of a case study conducted in Zdolbuniv district3, in the Rivne region of Ukraine, where interviews with local agricultural experts were held. The research is founded on the Linear Programming (LP) methodological approach, which is applied to calculate an objective-oriented agricultural budget allocation. This approach also integrates judgements from district agricultural experts. The outcomes show that agricultural support should have been redistributed in a slightly different way from the district perspective. However, the calculated changes in most cases match with the overall development directions in the Ukrainian agricultural support policy. Furthermore, the developed model has proved to be a useful and, at the same time, quite simple tool in application support, and one which could have been used by the agricultural decision-makers in the process of the distribution of agricultural support.

This paper revised the key agricultural support polices in China's Taiwan after World War II, and examined the effects of policies on agricultural production and the farmers' income. The research results showed that the support policies had a positive effect on agriculture development and contributed to the accomplishment of industrialization. China's Mainland and Taiwan have similar agricultural production environment and share the same culture. Recommendations on agricultural support policy making in China's Mainland were proposed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Research Papers of the Wroclaw University of Economics / Prace Naukowe Uniwersytetu Ekonomicznego we Wroclawiu is the property of Uniwersytet Ekonomiczny we Wroclawiu and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Direct Income Support is an important agricultural policy applied as a tool to influence the level of income transfers to the target agricultural producers from public sources. Grounds of of agricultural support policies is feeding of the population, food safety, to eliminate the imbalance in income distribution and the self-sufficiency. In this study, farmers who living in rural areas Narman District engaged in agriculture; (1) to determine the state benefit from DIS, (2) to reveal where he spent the DIS payments they have received, and (3) DIS is effective on such factors as what is intended to be spent in agricultural research. This is the main material of the research, Erzurum constitutes a horizontal cross-section data obtained from surveys with producers who benefit from direct income support in Narman district. In the study, Narman's farmers found it useful to direct income support for farmers, but it has been concluded enough to find. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]