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On the example of Żuławy, the paper discusses questions connected with postwar migrations to the Polish Western and Northern Territories, and their consequences for agriculture. It focuses on issues related to the development of the region by new settlers and the changes taking place in the cultural and social landscape. The text highlights the region’s character and its economic conditions before 1945, and considers agricultural settlement and the agrarian and social structure after 1945. Post-war agriculture in the region is presented in the light of the cultural heritage described in scientific literature, the first settlers’ recollections written in the form of diaries in the early 1970s, and biographical accounts that the author recorded in Żuławy in 2018.

This article explores the conflicts between people and Atta leafcutter ants over the meaning of anthropogenic deforestation in nineteenth-century Brazil. As human agricultural settlement ad...

The aim of this paper is to explore and define the boundary of the zone of inland, mainly agricultural settlement in southern and western Bohemia, Czech Republic in the later prehistory, and to try to determine why such settlement appears not to have spread further into the Šumava foothills and mountains. With the help of predictive MaxEnt modelling – used in ecology to determine the degree of uncertainty in the geographic distribution of species – and using a comparison with data on soil productivity, we explore whether in later prehistory the agricultural settlement was limited by unsuitable natural conditions or by other factors. The boundaries of the territory suitable for agropastoral farming most probably moved in time with technological advances, increases in population density, and the changing preferences of inhabitants of the Bronze and Iron Ages. The margin of agricultural settlement in the foothills describes a line beyond which agriculture had become unprofitable; a similar boundary existed throughout the Early Middle Ages. At the same time, there was a good deal of contact across the mountains with Bavaria and Upper Austria, as is shown by archaeology both in the form of similarities between the prehistoric typo-chronological complexes and by finds of bronze and iron items along presumed routes of access. There were also montane sites (whose function is still unknown) situated beyond the margin of the agricultural zone, such as the recently discovered settlements on the Křemelná river. Apart from prospection, a wide range of other activities could have taken place, including those connected with communication and routes of access to Bavaria and Upper Austria, with which Šumava formed a common typo-chronological group.

The Rhino Early Iron Age site near Thabazimbi in the far north of South Africa is a sixth- to eighth-century AD example of an agricultural settlement that followed the principles of the Central Cat...

This study examined the prevalence and risk factors of prediabetes and type 2 diabetes among residents of agricultural settlement villages (bateyes) in the Dominican Republic. From March to April 2016, a cross-sectional, multi-stage cluster survey was conducted across the country’s three agricultural regions (southwest, east, and north). At selected households, an adult completed a questionnaire to assess demographics, diabetes knowledge, and care, and two household residents of any age provided finger-prick blood samples that were analyzed for hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c). HbA1c was categorized as normal (< 5.7%), prediabetic (5.7–6.4%), or diabetic (≥ 6.5%). The prevalence rates of diabetes and prediabetes were 8.6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 6.2–11.8%) and 20.4% (95% CI, 17.9–23.2%), respectively, among all participants (N = 1293; median age, 35 years; range, 2–96 years), and 10.0% (95% CI, 7.2–13.8%) and 20.0% (95% CI, 17.4–23.0%), respectively, among adults 18 years or older (N = 730). The average age of participants with diabetes was 47.2 years. The average age of participants with prediabetes was 40.7 years. Among adult questionnaire respondents, 64.8% of all participants and 39.4% of patients with diabetes had not been tested for diabetes previously. Among patients with diabetes, 28.4% were previously diagnosed; 1.2% of prediabetes patients were previously diagnosed. Half (50.7%) of the respondents had heard of diabetes. The majority (94.1%) of patients previously diagnosed with diabetes reported using diabetes medication. Among both undiagnosed and previously diagnosed patients with diabetes, diabetes knowledge, previous diabetes testing, and diabetes care-seeking were lowest among Haitian-born participants. A high burden of undiagnosed diabetes and deficiencies in diabetes knowledge, access to care, and diagnosis exist among all batey inhabitants, but most acutely among Haitians. Improvements will require a multi-sectoral approach.

This chapter examines in detail two specific cases in which the Latin American countries were collectively called upon to take a major part in the solution of the refugees’ problem, looking particularly at their willingness to receive Jewish refugees. Large Jewish agricultural settlement projects had developed there, particularly in Argentina and Brazil. In Uruguay, James G. McDonald found that the immigration laws were “reasonably satisfactory.” The fact that in Brazil as well as in Argentina the Jewish communities were well established and that in both these countries a large number of Jews were already agriculturists and could offer their co-religionists diversified facilities of absorption did not modify the basically negative attitude of those governments toward Jewish immigration. The Jewish organizations constituted the second party more explicitly alluded to in the high commissioner’s reports as being capable of increasing the willingness of the Latin American nations to receive refugees.

In the mid-late nineteenth century thousands flocked to the newly-established British colony of New Zealand in the hope of improving their fortunes and forging a better life. While historical records give us an overview of where these people came from, in many cases the individual stories of the people who make up early colonial society have been lost. In this study we use isotopic analysis (87Sr/86Sr, lead isotopes and δ18O) and ancient DNA (aDNA) to look at three cemetery populations from early colonial Otago (South Island, New Zealand). One from an organised agricultural settlement, the other two from the Otago goldfields – associated with the early goldrush, and the later influx of Chinese miners to the area. Overall, we assessed individual origins of the people in these cemetery samples, with the aim of better understanding who came to colonial Otago, and how this relates to modern perceptions of Pākehā (non-Māori) identity in New Zealand. Our findings show that many of the individuals presumed to be Chinese from material culture are isotopically distinct, and have Asian derived maternal ancestry, laying the foundation for future work on unidentified historic remains. However, some individuals are associated with seemingly conflicting isotopic and DNA data which hints at the complexity of individual construction of identity in a colonial context.

Food insecurity is associated with an inadequate nutrient intake among older adults. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the food intake among older adults with food insecurity in an agricultural settlement, i.e. Felda Land Development Authority (FELDA) settlers at Lubuk Merbau, Kedah. A total of 70 older adults were selected as a subsample to record data on food supply for a week, from an original study (n = 289: mean age= 69.2 ± 7.4 years). This study was conducted through a house to house visit of which respondent was interview to get information on sociodemographic and food insecurity. Food intake was recorded for a week using food supply questionnaire. Food insecurity was assessed using Food Security Tool For the Elderly. Results indicated that 19.7% respondents had food insecurity. Energy intake was found to be higher among women with food insecurity (2329.0 ± 814 kcal/day) compared to respondents with food secured (1836 ± 447 kcal/day) (p < 0.05). However, after removing over reporters, the energy intake among both groups did not differ significantly (1890 ± 208 kcal/day and 1643 ± 233 kcal/day). Total intake from food groups of fat, oil, sugar and salt was higher among respondents with food insecurity (106.6 ± 60.0 g/day) as compared to those who were food secured (80.3 ± 30.1 g/day)(p < 0.05). In conclusion, food insecurity affected approximately a fifth of the respondents and associated with unhealthy diet with high in fat, oil, sugar and salt. There is a need to formulate intervention programme to improve the quality of diet of older adults at high risk of food insecurity. DOI : http://dx.doi.org./10.17576/JSKM-2017-1502-14

The 2014 season of excavation at Khirbat al-Mukhayyat, Jordan, unearthed a stepped ritual bath or miqveh dating to the Late Hellenistic Period. Though there are numerous wine presses that are found in the vicinity, the site itself does not have a substantial settlement during this period. Mukhayyat was likely an agricultural settlement with a limited population associated with the production of wine. This local wine production reflects an increased desire amongst the transplanted Jewish population to maintain ritual purity in the Late Hellenistic Period in this region, as promoted by the Hasmoneans. Viticulture and wine production were presumably under Hasmonean control and their economic influence expanded alongside their military conquests.

Cutaneous leishmaniasis has several species of Leishmania as agents, and a wide variety of wild and domestic animals as hosts and different species of phlebotomines as vectors. A case of cutaneous leishmaniasis in a dog coming from an agricultural settlement is described. This is the first report of parasitism in a dog by Le. (Viannia) braziliensis in Mato Grosso do Sul State. Attention is called to the importance of including this protozoonosis in the differential diagnosis of dermopathies in dogs as also the need to assess the importance of the domestic dog as a possible reservoir of Le. braziliensis. RESUMO As leishmanioses tegumentares são antropozoonoses metaxênicas de importância em saúde pública. Possuem como agentes etiológicos várias espécies de Leishmania, com ampla variedade de hospedeiros, como animais selvagens e domésticos, e diferentes espécies de flebotomíneos como vetores. Um caso de leishmaniose tegumentar em um cão procedente de um assentamento agrícola em Mato Grosso do Sul é descrito, sendo este o primeiro relato de parasitismo em cão doméstico nesse estado por Le. (Viannia) braziliensis. Alerta-se para a importância de se incluir essa protozoonose no diagnóstico diferencial de dermopatias em cães e para a necessidade de se avaliar o papel do cão doméstico como reservatório de Le. (Vi.) braziliensis.

Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps (Xinjiang Shengchan Jianshe Bingtuan—shortened form Bingtuan) is a distinctive military agricultural settlement and production institution in China’s western region, Xinjiang. It is also a modern form of China’s traditional ethnic frontier governing mechanism. This article discusses Bingtuan’s historical precedents, modern development and innovative change for Xinjiang governance. In an examination of Bingtuan’s main functions for China’s ethnic frontier governance, this article argues that in addition to economic sustainability and territorial security, Bingtuan played an important but multifaceted role in ethnic relations in Xinjiang, such as territorial fragmentation, ethnic separation and redefinition of regional identity; therefore Bingtuan not only makes its administrated area China’s ‘frontier of settlement’ but also acts as a key state agency for whatever future Xinjiang might have.

Recent research on internal colonization in Imperial Germany emphasizes how racial and environmental chauvinism drove plans for agricultural settlement in the ‘polonized’ German East. Yet policymakers’ dismay over earlier endeavours on the peat bogs of northwest Germany and their admiration for Dutch achievements was a constant refrain. This article traces the heterogeneous Dutch influences on German internal colonization between 1790 and 1914 and the mixed results of Germans efforts to adapt Dutch models of wasteland colonization. Indeed, despite rising German influence in transnational debates over European internal colonization, derogatory comparisons between mediocre German ventures and the unrelenting progress of the Dutch persisted. Thus, the example of northwest Germany highlights how mounting anxieties about ‘backwardness’ continued to mold the enterprise in the modern era and challenges the notion that the profound German influences on the Netherlands had no analog in the other direction.

The Arava is an arid region in the Southern Levant. Archaeological excavations and surveys in the area revealed dense settlement and sophisticated technologies from the eighth to ninth centuries—qanat water technology and copper production. Differences between the data of the middle and southern Arava suggest two separated economic systems. While the Southern Arava seems to be primarily an industrial area of copper that delivered the raw material to Ayla, the middle Arava was mainly agricultural and may be connected to trade routes. Studying the farming conditions of this arid area points to date palms as the main crop of the agricultural settlement. However, it is not yet clear where the Arava's produce was exported., info:eu-repo/semantics/published

In the nineteenth century, the Mekong, Red, and Chao Phraya river deltas in Southeast Asia underwent a massive expansion in agricultural settlement and engineering (Dao and Molle 2000). Contending with crocodiles and herds of wild elephants in addition to more prosaic insect and bird pests (Terwiel 1989), settlers struggled successfully to make these deltas highly productive centers of rice and other agriculture. Such struggles, which were until very recently confidently labeled as “Man's Conquest of Nature,” used to be seen as representing Progress with a capital P. Historically, few men or women had doubts about the real struggle involved in making a living from Nature. In a lecture given in 1877, William Morris explained that “the race of man must either labour or perish. Nature does not give us our livelihood gratis; we must win it by toil of some sort or degree” (W. Morris 2008, 1). Human evolution could thus be summarized as a story in which “Man struggled with nature, and he is conquering it gradually through his intelligence, inventiveness, and skill” (Sigerist 1936, 597). Progress was the process by whichMan Makes Himself, to cite the title of Gordon Childe's influential 1936 book on archaeology. By the nineteenth century, the problem for socialists such as Morris was that “the fruits of our victory over Nature [have] been stolen from us” (W. Morris 2008, 10); the basic necessity of “conquering” Nature was not disputed.

The federal forest service, originating in 1899, began with Elihu Stewart as the chief inspector of timber and forestry and the title of Superintendent of Forestry; it grew to become the Dominion Forestry Branch. Until 1930 the main federal forest lands were in the western provinces where major agricultural settlement was taking place and the main priorities were fire protection and tree planting. In 1924, E.H. Finlayson a 1912 graduate in forestry became the first Dominion Forester; he was succeeded by D. Roy Cameron as the second Dominion Forester and when he left in 1947 Donald Angus Macdonald became the third and last Dominion Forester until his retirement in 1956. Macdonald’s career bridged the early period of the federal forestry branch’s activities of forest management and protection and into the post 1930s when the priorities were on research and the establishment of experimental forests. Following World War II Macdonald was instrumental in the crafting of the Canada Forestry Act of 1949, which le...

Una foresta de grandes extensiones, no habitable, razón y telón de la acción antropizante del clareo es la constituyente lógica de condiciones espaciales de territorios (al menos) centroeuropeos. La unidad indisoluble de arquitectura, territorio y paisaje establece el muestrario generador tanto topológico como pintoresco del entorno físico y espacial perceptible; denominado paisaje. El presente caso de estudio aúna el expuesto razonamiento y es ejemplar a este respecto. A large-scale, non-habitable forest, reason and backdrop to the anthropizing action of clearing, is the logical constituent of spatial conditions of (at least) central-european territories. The indissoluble unit of architecture, territory and landscape establishes the generational sample topologically and picturesquely of the physical and spatial environment. The present case study combines the previously mentioned reasoning and it is exemplary in this regard.

Dissertação de mestrado em Arqueologia, Esta dissertação tem como objeto contribuir para aumentar o conhecimento sobre a Idade do Ferro no vale do Cávado, Noroeste de Portugal. Para isso, realizou-se o estudo monográfico da ocupação do Ferro Recente do povoado de São João de Rei, localizado na freguesia de São João de Rei, no concelho da Póvoa de Lanhoso, distrito de Braga. Este povoado, localizado, estrategicamente, num remate de esporão de baixa altitude, da vertente noroeste da Serra de Santo Tirso, tem acesso privilegiado a uma multiplicidade de recursos, como solos de aluvião do vale do rio Cávado e solos de altura. Para realização deste estudo recorreu-se aos dados, inéditos, resultantes da escavação arqueológica, realizada em 1993. Esses dados integravam o diário de campo, o relatório de escavação e a documentação gráfica e fotográfica. Foi facultado, ainda, o acesso a todos os materiais cerâmicos, líticos, metálicos, vítreos, ósseos e vegetais, em depósito no Museu de Arqueologia D. Diogo de Sousa, em Braga, que foram estudados. Além do estudo de toda esta documentação, foi consultada bibliografia sobre a Idade do Ferro do Noroeste Português e do Cávado, assim como a produzida, anteriormente, sobre o sítio arqueológico, para desta forma se dar continuidade e coerência ao estudo aqui desenvolvido. A investigação realizada permitiu interpretar este povoado, afastado das grandes rotas de intercâmbio da época, como relativamente pequeno, intimamente relacionado com atividades agro-silvopastoris, mas onde se praticou, igualmente, a metalurgia, e onde coexistiram estruturas em negativo com estruturas pétreas. Dadas as suas características gerais coloca-se a hipótese de que, devido ao seu caráter eminentemente agrícola, poderia ter funcionado como um local de abastecimento de outro povoado, nomeadamente de altura, com qual estaria articulado em rede, no âmbito de uma complexa rede de hierarquia de povoamento. Com base em observações de intervisibilidade e de proximidade espacial, o povoado de altura, globalmente contemporâneo, que parece poder articular-se com o e S. João de Rei é o Castro de Eiras Velhas, em Braga, freguesia de São Pedro e São Mamede, localizado no alto de um esporão da serra do Carvalho e com amplo controlo visual para o vale do Cávado. Finalmente, cabe dizer que seria importante o alargamento das escavações realizadas neste povoado para a compreensão da sua organização interna e das suas estruturas., This dissertation has as main objective to contribute to increase the knowledge about the Iron Age in the Cávado valley, Northwest of Portugal. For this, the monographic study of the occupation of the Recent Iron of the settlement of São João de Rei, located in the parish of São João de Rei, in the municipality of Póvoa de Lanhoso, district of Braga, was carried out. This settlement, strategically located at a low spur shot from the northwest side of Serra de Santo Tirso, has privileged access to a multitude of resources, such as alluvial soils of the Cávado river valley and high soils. For this study, we used the unpublished data resulting from the archaeological excavation carried out in 1993. These data included the field diary, the excavation report, the graphic and photographic documentation. It was provided, as well, as access to all ceramic, lithic, metallic, vitreous, bone and ecofacts materials deposit in Archaeology Museum D. Diogo de Sousa, in Braga, which were studied. In addition to the study of all this documentation, a bibliography was consulted on the Iron Age of the Portuguese Northwest and Cávado, as well as the one previously produced on the archaeological site, in order to give continuity and coherence to the study developed here. The research carried out allowed us to interpret this settlement, which was isolated from the great interchange routes of the this period, as relatively small, closely related to agro-silvopastoral activities, but also where metallurgy was practiced, and where negative structures coexisted with stone structures. Given its general characteristics, the hypothesis is that, because of its eminently agricultural character, it could have functioned as a place of supply to another settlement, namely from a height, with which it would be articulated in a network, within a complex network of hierarchy of settlement. Based on observations of intervisibility and spatial proximity, the altogether contemporary settlement that seems to be able to articulate with S. João de Rei is the Castro of Eiras Velhas, in Braga, parish of São Pedro and São Mamede, located on top of a spur of the Carvalho Mountain range and with extensive visual control for the Cávado valley. Finally, it is important to expand the excavations carried out in this settlement to understand its internal organization and structures.

The wheat-farming industry developed rapidly in the British Australian colony of Victoria between the late 1840s and early 1860s. Contrary to prevailing academic views, this paper demonstrates that the 1851 gold discoveries set up favorable economic conditions for commercial domestic crop growing, including wheat production. The spread of wheat farming was especially rapid in the hinterland Central Victorian goldfields region. The undeveloped system of overland transportation granted newly established local farmers immunity from outside competition, whilst cheap land and application of labor-saving harvesting machinery lowered the production cost of wheat. By the early 1860s the colonial wheat frontier had moved far inland to the edge of the vast virgin plains bordering Central Victoria to the north. This shift would greatly simplify later largescale northern agricultural settlement, when Victoria turned into a large wheat exporter.