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Global palm oil demand for energy, food, and chemical uses has led to a rapid expansion of tree plantations in Southeast Asia, Central Africa, Latin America and the Caribbean. This oil tree is the world’s most productive, highly profitable and traded vegetable oil crop, and the demand is expected to increase further in the near future. Nevertheless, oil palm expansion involves risks and nexus challenges. This work supports the idea that disruptive farming intensification, instead of land expansion, could scale up productivity, reducing the anthropogenic pressure on tropical forests and biodiversity losses. Findings from recent studies suggest that there is considerable scope for further yield improvements per hectare of palm oil with sustainable agronomic practices and farming intensification. Smallholder producers, agribusiness investors, civil society actors, NGOs, governments, researchers, and industry should make coordinated efforts with regulatory and support schemes and landscape design to increase yield and productivity with sustainable management practices and to achieve zero deforestation by protecting ecosystems.

In order to meet the world's demand for food production, farmers and producers have improved and increased their agricultural production capabilities, leading to a profit acceleration in the field. However, this growth has also caused significant environmental damage due to the widespread use of herbicides. Weeds competing with crops result in lower crop yields and a 30% increase in losses. To rationalize the use of these herbicides, it would be more effective to detect the presence of weeds before application, allowing for the selection of the appropriate herbicide and application only in areas where weeds are present. The focus of this paper is to define a pipeline for detecting weeds in images through the use of a Mask R-CNN-based weed classification and segmentation module. The model was initially trained locally on our machine, but limitations and issues with training time prompted the team to switch to cloud solutions for training.

This study examines the impact of agricultural Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and imports on Nigeria’s food commodity prices using annual data from 1981 to 2018. Data obtained were analysed using the unit root test, cointegration test and Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) model to evaluate the long-run and short-run effects of the hypothesized variables on the food commodity prices. The results reveal that maize import value and exchange rate significantly affect the price of maize in the short-run. In contrast, the lagged price of maize, maize output and the past value of maize imports are the factors that influenced the current price of maize within the review period. Also, the lagged price of rice, rice output and the lagged value of rice imported in the immediate year exerted significant influences on the price of rice in Nigeria. Furthermore, the study indicates that the lagged price of wheat, the import value of wheat and the lagged wheat import value were statistically significant in influencing wheat price in Nigeria. Hence, policies for flexibility in the harmonization of exchange rate movements strengthen domestic agricultural performance.

The article aims to analyze the potential of organic production in Ukraine in war conditions and determine its consequences for world food security. Methodological approaches based on cluster and rating analysis of regions based on their potential in the field of organic production are proposed and provide an appropriate evaluation algorithm, mathematical tools, and strategic alternatives for all variants of data obtained in the calculation process. With the help of the given methodological approaches, the development of strategies for organic production for the primary clustering of regions, namely in Kyiv, Odesa, and Cherkasy oblasts, is proved. The system of forming a regional model of organically oriented multidisciplinary agriculture is appropriate for these regions. This will create the preconditions for organic food production, organic livestock, and related sectors of environmentally oriented economic activities. The development of an innovative component for implementing SMART-specialization projects is possible. It is substantiated that the most affected regions (Kharkiv, Luhansk, Donetsk, Kherson, Mykolaiv, Zaporizhia) from hostilities and occupation are potential for organic production and have significant areas for agricultural production. It is projected that the other war in Ukraine will reduce the production of farm products, including organic, which will lead to food security in most countries.

Presentation 22705

The study investigated soils of Abakaliki floodplains to characterize and classify them for sustainable use and management. Two profile pits each were dug in Mgbo-Abaja, Inyimagu and Nkwagu sites. Twenty-seven soil samples were collected from genetic horizons and sent to the laboratory for analysis. Results showed that soils were well drained except in Mgbo-Abaja 002 which was poorly drained. Colour varied from brown (10YR 5/3) to weak red (2.5YR 5/2), brown (10YR 4/3) to red (2.5YR 5/6) and dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/6) to reddish yellow (5YR 7/8) in Mgbo-Abaja, Inyimagu and Nkwagu respectively. Mottles were observed in MgboAbaja and Inyimagu profiles as a result of redoximorphism. Soils were sandy and ranged from 526 – 764 mg/kg. The pH was moderately acidic (5.80 – 6.07); mean values of base saturation (%) was moderate (21.03 – 45.31 %), electrical conductivity was low (< 4.0 dSm-1 ) and exchangeable sodium percent (ESP) was < 15 % except in Nkwagu profile 006. The soils were classified (USDA / WRB) as Typic Kandiaquults / Ferralic Gleysols (Mgbo-Abaja 001), Typic Kandiaquults / Cambic Gleysols (Mgbo-Abaja 002), Typic Kandiaquults / Ferralic Gleysols (Inyimagu 003), Grossarenic Kandiaqualfs / Ferralic Gleysols (Inyimagu 004), Typic Kandiaquults / Ferralic Acrisols (Nkwagu 005) and Grossarenic Kandiaqualfs / Ferralic Acrisols (Nkwagu 006). It is recommended that there should be creation of drainage channels to reduce water logging of sites, employ some management practices like liming, application of biochar technique, organic manure and inorganic fertilizer, which will boost the condition of soils and improve their fertility for arable crop production.

Soil tillage is an important factor affecting soil fertility properties and crop yield. Tillage impact certain soil physical and chemical properties such as bulk density, soil porosity and water-holding capacity, infiltration rates, hydraulic conductivity, soil temperature, soil organic carbon, pH, CEC, available nitrogen, phosphorus and exchangeable potassium amongst others. The main objective of the present work was to compare the effect of no-tillage systems and the conventional tillage systems. Tillage systems can be generally categorized into plow tillage (conventional tillage), reduced tillage using chisel plow, disc plow, harrow disc or cultivators and no-till systems. Conservation tillage and its various types generally improve the soil quality indicators including soil organic carbon (SOC) storage. Whereas, conventional tillage practices give birth to a finer and loose-setting soil structure with a modified soil bulk density and soil moisture content, hence, causing loss of soil organic carbon and deterioration in other soil properties. Generally, soil fertility properties are more favourable with no-till than tillage-based systems. However, some researchers observed no significant effect of tillage methods (no-tillage and plow till) on bulk density (BD), pH and total porosity, while others found otherwise. The magnitude of these discrepancies could be due to the differences in crop species, soil properties, climatic characteristics and their complex interactions as well as tillage system adopted.

Strong fishy odor and limited available nutrients have been the common concerns among vegetable farmers which resulted to high refusal and low adoptability of Fish Amino Acid (FAA) in Zamboanga City, Philippines. The reason why the conventional FAA was enriched and deodorized or this is called the EDFAA. Three (3) plant-based materials such as guava (Psidium guajava L.), talisay (Terminalia catappa) and Acapulco (Cassia alata) leaves were selected and singly added in proportion to FAA and each were subjected for sensory evaluation by participating vegetable farmers to determine the level of acceptability. Fish waste for the making of FAA were collected from wet markets and canning factories. Scores were tabulated and analyzed using the Hedonic and descriptive method, where EDFAA with Acapulco leaves extract added with banana extract significantly emerged as the most acceptable EDFAA attributed to its reduced strong-fishy odor. As a final product, EDFAA was tested to determine the growth and yield performance of tomato crop applied in drench. This was carried out using the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with seven (7) treatments replicated three (3) times with six (6) subsamples per replication. Results showed, tomato crop was significantly improved by the periodic drenching of 40% EDFAA in terms of the yield as compared to other treatments. The application of EDFAA can be an alternative low-cost liquid fertilizer in drench application and a good source of nutrients to various vegetable crops in urban agriculture.

Potatoes and tomatoes are the key vegetables of Romanian agriculture, due to their consumption and the large growing areas. The paper analyses import and export of potatoes and tomatoes, and import and export prices for these vegetables, while based on that the Gini coefficient was calculated. According to the value of the Gini coefficient, the concentration of potato import is relatively low, while the export concentration is considerably higher. A similar situation is with tomato, as the values of the Gini coefficient indicate low concentration related to import and relatively high concentration related to export. Association with foreign partners, farmer orientation to quality certifications, investment in infrastructure and efficient marketing are some solutions that can improve the Romanian vegetable market.

Quite different R&D lag structures predominate in studies of agricultural R&D compared with studies of R&D in other industries, and compared with studies of economic growth more broadly. Here we compare the main models and their implications using long-run data for U.S. agriculture. We reject the models predominantly used in studies of economic growth and industrial R&D both on prior grounds and using various statistical tests. The preferred model is a 50-year gamma lag distribution model. The estimated elasticity of MFP with respect to the knowledge stock is 0.28 and the implied marginal benefit-cost ratio is 23:1.

The paper reviews 200 papers regarding environmentally adjusted analysis of agricultural efficiency found in the Scopus database. Based on the PRISMA method the scope of the review was limited to papers where efficiency is assessed with data envelopment analysis (DEA) or stochastic frontier analysis (SFA). The aim of this paper is to identify how efficiency analysis can be enhanced to take into account environmental aspects of agricultural production and indicate the research trends and gaps. Regarding the trends, most of the studies refer to agriculture in Europe, with a noticeable increasing trend in Asia. The production directions under research mainly include crops or milk production, usually in the farm scale. It can also be observed that a typical economic efficiency model is developed to include new environmentally detrimental inputs or undesirable outputs, such as fertilizing, climate impact, crop protection, water footprint, and energy usage. The most common determinants were farmers features, scale of production, intensification, agricultural practices, quality of the production environment, macroeconomic environment, specialization, environmental practices, and farm features. The following research gaps were identified. The case studies of Africa and North America are limited, like those at the field and local levels as well as those related to horticultural and animal production other than milk production. The SFA approaches are underdeveloped in comparison with DEA, like approaches other than additional inputs/outputs. In particular, the by-production approach seems promising. Limited attention has been paid to soil condition, biodiversity, waste generation in agriculture, and positive externalities provided by the agriculture. An interesting and less investigated area in terms of performance determinants remain farmers’ behavioral features.

Geopolitical issues pose a challenge to the holistic management of fisheries and associated ecosystems in two Philippine fisheries management areas (FMAs 5&6) encompassing the West Philippine Sea. One way to allay these issues is through a common values approach based on heritage. This paper presents evidence of the heritage value of FMAs 5&6 that could be integrated into an ecosystem approach to fisheries management to manage conflicts. This presupposes a common understanding of their heritage value and the fundamental principle that sustaining this value is good—in fact, essential—for everyone and our planet. Heritage value is assessed as a composite and dynamic unity of human gains and investments in the ecological value, economic value, and value to society of ecosystem services, which create cultural significance and socioeconomic worth for communities and peoples. Ecological value is assessed by way of selected indications of the ecosystem services of the two FMAs; economic value is assessed using published estimates of the monetizable and nonmonetizable value of these services; and value to society is evaluated based on influences on cultural identities, ways of life, and amenities in surrounding lands and contiguous waters. The values are highly significant and beneficial not only to Filipinos but also to others around the South China Sea and beyond. However, the ecosystem services underlying these values—and users’ access to them—are at risk. They need to be protected from climatic and anthropogenic threats, including illegal, unreported, and unregulated fishing, pollution, coastline modifications, island building, and violations of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea provisions on safeguarding the marine environment and fishers’ safety.

Over the last few decades, Indonesia has seen an increase in its food imports and continues to see steady increases due to changing consumer taste and preferences. The current study analysed aggregate food import demand and its determinants using annual data and the ARDL bounds testing approach to cointegration for the period 1984-2020. The Augmented Dicky-Fuller test was used to determine the order of integration of each variable which was found to be order 1 for all variables. The outcome of the unit root test suggested a possible cointegrating relationship between food imports and its determinants which was investigated using the ARDL bounds testing approach. The bounds test concluded that there exists a long-run equilibrium relationship between food imports and its determinants. In both time horizons relative prices, exchange rate and domestic production were found to negatively affect food imports while real income had a positive effect. Food imports for Indonesia was found to be price-inelastic in both time horizons. In addition, imported was found to be a luxury good with income elastic demand in both time horizons. Food import demand was found to be most responsive to changes in real income and domestic production during the study period. The adjustment parameters also suggest that around 92.4% of short- to long-run disequilibrium is corrected each year. Finally, the study suggested that policies to control excessive food import quantity in Indonesia can include setting import quota, giving subsidies to farmers, applying taxes to specific food items and devaluation of currency.

Agriculture continues to make significant contributions to developing countries in the presence of globalisation. Thus, international trade and foreign capital flows are important to developing countries. The authors used data on 115 developing countries from 1995 to 2020 to investigate the effect of inward and outward foreign direct investment (FDI) on trade in the agricultural sector of developing countries. Inward FDI enhanced exports, imports, and trade openness. However, outward FDI did not affect exports, imports, and trade openness. To escalate international trade in agricultural products, developing countries must continue to promote the inflow of FDI into agriculture (AIFDI). This requires paying attention to appropriate management of the macroeconomy, keeping down the inflation rate, optimising the currency exchange rate, and keeping interest rates down to boost investment among others. Whilst these would enhance AIFDI that would promote trade, these would directly promote trade. As developing countries have often suffered foreign exchange pressures, they must enhance foreign exchange receipts through increased exports. Increasing human capital can increase exports. Unlike existing studies, the authors used more current data covering many developing countries and accounted for endogeneity.

Las cadenas productivas de la caña de azúcar, el maíz blanco, la leche y la carne de bovinos son aquellas cuya inversión tiene un mayor efecto en la reducción de la pobreza rural, el crecimiento del producto interno agrícola y el consumo privado en México; por lo que es de suma importancia detectar aquellas microrregiones que resultan estratégicas para potencializar su efecto. Tomando en cuenta los insumos productivos, las características de los recursos humanos, el ecosistema del medio ambiente, las tecnologías productivas disponibles para las pequeñas y medianas empresas de los productos mencionados, así como aquellas variables fuera del control de los productores, se estima su eficiencia y potencial productivo, y se clasifican como prioritarias aquellas zonas donde este potencial es máximo, y los niveles de pobreza altos. Los resultados proponen a 4 de los 32 Estados como estratégicos, por la cantidad de microrregiones prioritarias: Chiapas, Michoacán, San Luis Potosí, y Veracruz. Estos resultados, corroborados con expertos, destacan que las necesidades urgentes son inversión en capacitación tecnológica, facilitar el acceso a recursos públicos, legalización de la tenencia de la tierra, sobre todo para mujeres, transparencia en precios de insumos y productos, y caminos seguros para el transporte., FAO Document Repository: https://doi.org/10.4060/cc4360es

The aim of the article is to determine the course of transformation of family farming in Poland in recent years in terms of the industrial model and challenges related to its sustainability. The results of the 2010 and 2020 agricultural censuses, other public statistics data, and the literature on the subject were used to achieve this goal. Apart from the general characteristics of the transformation, the focus was on changes in labor inputs, resource productivity, and household income of individual farm users. The analysis showed that the development of agriculture does not differ from the general model of industrial transformation, including the following processes: commercialization, intensification, concentration, and specialization. However, new challenges are emerging, especially the need for putting agriculture on a sustainable track and the demographic, environmental, and economic conditions that require significant adjustments in the transformation of agriculture. Significant intervention by political institutions is needed, especially in creating eco-innovations and conditions for the use of new income opportunities, which also requires intensifying the cooperation of farmers themselves. It is also advisable to extend the scope of agricultural advisory services, going beyond the sphere of using public funds and conventional economics of farms.

Oil palm is the major source of edible oil and feedstock consumed in the world. This study examined the determinants of global palm oil trade with attention to the effects of trade policies using a gravity model, PPML estimator, and the data from 1988-2020. Palm oil’s dramatic trade growth in recent years can be attributed to the economic growth of large countries, the proximity of partners and policies. Trade agreements increased crude and refined palm oil trade by up to 8 and 4 percent of the global import value, respectively. Further, the effects of policy changes due to COVID-19 and the recent export ban in Indonesia are also quantified.

Cultivated bananas have gained attention due to the environmental and social impacts of Cavendish bananas in the northern part of Laos. This study investigated the value chain of cultivated bananas and its implications for sustainable income generation. Basic statistical analysis was used to assess the value added by cultivated bananas, while stakeholder analysis and value chain mapping were used to identify key actors and relationships. The determinant of commercialization is observed through the regression model and the impact of commercialization is investigated through the second stage regression. The study found that the banana value chain in Laos is driven by the export market. Farmers generate the highest profit, but they receive the lowest distribution of value-added. Banana commercialization can significantly increase the income of farmers, but the impact is not equal for all farmers. Bananas are a sustainable income source for households in Laos, and they have the potential to be promoted in high-value markets if the farmers create new products and improve skills of management, marketing, and finance with the support from government policies.

The emergence of new animal product suppliers, new and amended trade agreements, changes in consumer preferences, and growth in consumption among developing markets have influenced the global trade performance and position of U.S. agricultural commodities over the past two decades. Exports represent a significant market for U.S. animal agricultural industries and products, with global market volatility and competition directly affecting U.S. producers. The purpose of this study was to determine the position and competitiveness of U.S. meat, poultry, and dairy exports relative to major competitors from 2000 to 2021. The authors conducted an overview analysis of global animal product trade and U.S. competitiveness in aggregate meat and dairy trade, identifying key competitors, markets, trade events, barriers, and agreements. The U.S. market position and export competitiveness of four major animal products—beef, pork, chicken, and select dairy products—were analyzed using trade indices and export shares. Authors also identified influential market and trade events and trade agreements that affected the U.S. position in the four commodity markets. This report contributes to the understanding of how global changes have affected animal commodities.

Głównym celem pracy było zidentyfikowanie zasobowych uwarunkowań konkurencyjności sektora rolnego w UE, Japonii, Kanadzie, Wietnamie i państwach Mercosur. Dokonano analizy zasobów czynników wytwórczych i relacji między nimi oraz struktury gospodarstw rolnych w wymienionych wyżej regionach. Przeprowadzone badania dowiodły, że analizowane państwa posiadają silny potencjał konkurencyjny. Największe zasoby pracy skupia rolnictwo wietnamskie, mimo 40% odpływu w ostatnich latach osób pracujących. W rolnictwie UE zaobserwowano duże nakłady środków trwałych brutto. Natomiast rolnictwo wietnamskie charakteryzuje się największą dynamiką nakładów kapitałowych. Kanada i państwa Mercosur charakteryzują się znaczącą ilością użytków rolnych i skoncentrowaną strukturą agrarną, przez co mogą korzystać z efektów skali produkcji, a to z kolei determinuje ich konkurencyjność na arenie światowej. Odwrotna sytuacja jest w Japonii i Wietnamie, gdzie ponad 90% gospodarstw rolnych zajmuje powierzchnię o wielkości do 5 ha.

The production and use of evidence for agricultural policy is critical to prioritizing and targeting effective agricultural transformation reforms in African countries. International development organizations have supported programmes that promote evidence-informed policies, however, this support has often been focused on short-term and externally driven solutions, with limited impact in the long run. Faced with this scenario, there is now a growing interest in the role of resilient and sustainable national systems that can generate organic evidence-informed agricultural policy. Yet, there is limited knowledge on how to map out and analyse such systems, which is critical to fostering their emergence and the later uptake of evidence in policymaking. This study draws on ecological science and social network analysis to develop and test a framework that can help understand evidence-policy systems and their potential to sustainably promote evidence-informed policymaking in the agricultural sector. Applying this framework in Benin, the study found that beyond the Ministry of Agriculture, other organizations produce, broker or use evidence such as data, research, evaluation and expert knowledge in a context that is influenced by the institutional rules and setup, the incentives in place and the funding landscape. Furthermore, the paper analyses the sustainability of the evidence-policy system in Benin through its power, resilience and capability. Finally, it provides policy recommendations with the key entry points to improve on and how a system like this can be used to improve agricultural policymaking., FAO Document Repository: https://doi.org/10.4060/cc4288en

Climate change is having a major impact on various sectors such as agriculture and water management due to changes in the distribution of rainfall. Mitigation of climate change impacts can be achieved through early detection of these changes by monitoring systems and the adoption of appropriate adaptation measures. One of the main goals is to design and develop a next generation monitoring and alerting system to support the optimization of water and soil nutrient management in agricultural domain. Sensors and sensor data management play an important in this kind of monitoring systems. A complete sensor data chain was developed based on modern wireless sensor networks and IoT technologies that covers the data gathering up to the data publication by interoperable interfaces. The monitoring system was tested on vineyards in pilot localities in Czech Republic and in Argentina.

Urban and Regional Agriculture: Building Resilient Food Systems is an essential read for academics, policymakers, urban planners, and practitioners interested in understanding and promoting the potential of urban agriculture to create sustainable and resilient food systems. The book provides its target audience with valuable insights, interdisciplinary perspectives, and engaging case studies, offering a comprehensive exploration of the current state of urban agriculture and its role in achieving food security, environmental sustainability, and social equity in a rapidly urbanizing world.

Agricultural conservation practices have long been promoted for resource conservation and environmental benefits. We examine cover crop adoption with ambient water quality to estimate the influence this soil health practice hashad on non-point source pollution from agriculture. We use remotely sensed data on practice adoption and control for the direction of hydrological flow, weather, and land use to econometrically measure the impact of cover cropping on total Nitrogen concentrations in surface water while controlling for pollutant inflow from upstream. The spatial unit of analysis is a HUC8, also examined in other recent research using different treatment variables to explain variation in surface water quality. Our results provide novel estimates based on observed data that can be compared to more common biophysical simulations of conservation practice effectiveness.

[EN] This paper examines the consumers purchasing behaviour on Short Food Supply Chains (SFSC) using a choice experiment for extra virgin olive oil, as one of the most regularly food supplied through SFSC in Spain, and a cluster analysis to segment consumers by their perceptions and behavior. Results reveal that consumers` distribution channel preferences are similar although there is a negative reaction to online purchasing. Additionally, since there are consumers willing to pay more for local and organic food, opens opportunities for SFSC development. Hence, the implementation of policies encouraging the use of eco-environmental labeling, can foster SFSC development. [ES] Se examina el comportamiento de compra de los consumidores en Canales Cortos de Comercialización (CCC) utilizando un experimento de elección para el aceite de oliva (por su amplio uso en CCC), y un análisis cluster para segmentar los consumidores según sus percepciones y comportamiento. Los resultados revelan la similitud de preferencias hacia el canal de distribución, pero con una reacción negativa a la compra online. Al haber consumidores dispuestos a pagar más por alimentos locales y ecológicos, se abren oportunidades para los CCC. Así, las políticas que fomenten el uso del etiquetado ecológico, pueden potenciar el desarrollo de los CCC., https://doi.org/10.7201/earn.2023.01.05

A l’aide d’une expérience de choix discret, nous avons évalué l’acceptabilité relative de politiques de taxation ou d’interdiction du glyphosate auprès d’un échantillon représentatif de citoyens de 5 pays européens : l’Allemagne, la Belgique, l’Espagne, la France et l’Italie. Alors que 3/4 des répondants se déclarent en faveur d’une interdiction dans le questionnaire pré-expérimental, notre expérience montre que 2/3 d’entre eux sont susceptibles de préférer une taxation qui résulterait dans une réduction forte (mais pas totale) de l’utilisation du glyphosate à condition que cette politique réduise suffisamment le coût induit sur leur panier alimentaire. Notre expérience permet ainsi de quantifier cet arbitrage entre le gain environnemental de la politique et son coût pour les consommateurs.

Pro-Poor Development Policies: Lessons from the Philippines and East Asia is a collection of 25 essays on Philippine economic development, written by eminent scholars, to honor the illustrious academic and public service of Arsenio M. Balisacan. Professor Balisacan’s numerous publications cover wide areas of economic development, including poverty, inequality, human development, agricultural and rural development, competition policy, and political economy of policy reforms. These are all themes covered by the 25 chapters, two of which Dr. Balisacan is a co-author, and, many of which cite his published work.

This paper aims at excavating the influence factors of the earning inequality, due to the increasing contribution of earing inequality to income inequality in rural region. The authors examine the contribution of work experience on the earning inequality using a survey data. Employed the quantile regression, they estimate the Mincer equation of migrant workers' earnings, and decompose earning inequality by the regression-based decomposition. It has been found that the effects of work experience had been one of most important contributors to earnings inequality, and its contribution is close to 20%. Furthermore, the authors use the same method to examine the effects for male migrant workers, the results show that work experience had a steady contribution to earing inequality.

Lands managed by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) and the U.S. Forest Service (USFS) are an important source of livestock grazing for many ranching operations in the Western United States. There are currently more than 22,000 authorized federal grazing permits representing 15.7 million animal unit months (AUMs) of grazing. Idaho, Oregon and Wyoming are examples of western states where many ranches are dependent on federal grazing. The combined total for the three states is 5,389 federal grazing permits, representing 5.6 million AUMs of grazing. In recent years, the use of federal lands for livestock grazing has become increasingly controversial with some organizations calling for the complete removal of all livestock grazing from public lands. The purpose of this analysis is to estimate the economic impact of removal of federal grazing by cattle on the combined Idaho, Oregon and Wyoming economy. The net effect of removal of federal cattle grazing in the three-state area is estimated to be a loss of $186.2 million in direct economic impact, and a reduction of $560.5 million in total economic impact. These impacts equate to a loss of more than 4,000 jobs and decreased labor income of $205.4 million annually. Due to the cumulative nature of the impact, these negative effects are expected to continue for many years into the future if federal grazing is removed. The analysis indicates that removing federal cattle grazing would have significant negative economic impact on the three-state area, particularly on many rural counties that have sensitive economies due to their dependency on agricultural production and limited alternative employment opportunities.

This study investigates the impacts of the Russia-Ukraine conflict on agricultural commodities price volatilities. The analysis is conducted considering the movements in crude oil prices and their consequences in the global and Brazilian agricultural commodities markets. We employ a bivariate DCC-GARCH model to examine the volatility spillover and volatility contagion among the crude oil, wheat, corn, and soybean markets. Our results indicate an increase in volatility transmission after a military conflict. The increase in price cross-correlation in this period confirms the existence of contagious in crude oil and agricultural markets. The impacts seem to be greater at the international level, especially in the wheat and corn markets, highlighting the importance of Russia and Ukraine in grain production. Despite the participation of Brazil in global market, volatility transmission was similar to the pre-conflict period in local markets, indicating that emerging countries had also experienced other effects, as the exchange rate fluctuation.

Overweight and obesity rates across low- and middle-income countries have approached levels found in high-income countries. While overweight and obesity are more prevalent in urban areas, they are also on the rise in rural areas. Little research has been conducted on the effects of food systems on overweight and obesity. This paper presents the findings of a comprehensive literature review of the evidence on the main drivers of overweight and obesity, described using a food systems framework and illustrated with concrete examples from five countries. Available evidence on intervention strategies with the potential to prevent and/or reduce overweight and obesity was also reviewed and compared with identified drivers and practice-based examples from the selected countries. This paper shows how systemic the issue of overweight and obesity is, with drivers being present in nearly each segment of the food system. It helps to explain the complexities of addressing overweight and obesity across different levels, and why there are few proven interventions that are effective at the individual level. The study results show that food system-related interventions are applying traditional approaches such as food package labelling, price manipulation and changing the food environment, and that there is a gap in evidence on what works and what does not. The findings in this paper could be used to inform future agriculture and food systems investments for better nutrition and health outcomes

Fiscal tools—taxes and/or subsidies—are increasingly used to address diet-related health problems. However, some studies have found that these tools are markedly more effective if attention is draw to the tax or subsidy, suggesting that the price change alone may go unnoticed in the complex food environments that consumers face. Interventions that prompt individuals to consider health during choice show promise for promoting healthy food choices in both simple laboratory settings and complex, real-world markets. In this pre-registered study, I examine the impact of dietary fiber health prompts and/or dietary fiber subsidies on the per-serving fiber content of foods chosen, the documented set of products considered, and (self-reported) nutrition information use by participants in an online supermarket setting. Participants were randomized to one of four conditions: 1) control, 2) subsidy, 3) fiber prompt, and 4) fiber prompt + subsidy. Results show that both the prompt and prompt + subsidy conditions significantly increase fiber content of foods chosen (with the latter having a larger effect). While all three interventions influence the probability of using nutrition information during food choice and affect the set of products that respondents consider relative to the control condition, the effects were larger for the prompt and prompt + subsidy conditions. A multiple mediation analysis illustrates that both direct and indirect (through the set of products considered and the use of fiber information during choice) pathways lead to the significant overall increase in fiber content of selected foods.

This paper analyzes the evolution and structure of Colombia's agricultural research network, paying special attention to the role of government expenditures in modeling this system. The authors also compare the Colombian agricultural network with the path followed by the Brazilian agricultural sector, which has been considered a pattern in South America. For this purpose, a bibliographic review and historical and institutional data are presented. Although agricultural research in Colombia began in the early 20th century, it has evolved more recently with the creation of different public and private institutions linked to the National Science and Technology System. However, agriculture and its research sector have faced major challenges related to government endowments that are needed to fund infrastructure and demand for researchers, as well as lower competitiveness compared to their Brazilian counterparts determined by social profit.

The analysis presented in this report examines the impacts of repurposing food and agricultural fiscal support and border support on the cost and affordability of healthy diets and several other key socioeconomic, nutritional and climate indicators. The impacts are estimated at the global level, as well as for various income groups and geographic regions. Scenarios include repurposing fiscal support to producer support targeted to high-priority foods (those where current levels of consumption are below that of recommended levels) and to consumer subsidies targeting high-priority foods., FAO Document Repository: https://doi.org/10.4060/cc4348en

Das Ministerium für Landwirtschaft, Umwelt und Klimaschutz des Landes Brandenburg hat den Entwurf eines Gesetzes zum Erhalt und zur Verbesserung der brandenburgischen Agrarstruktur (Brandenburgisches Agrarstrukturgesetz - BbgASG) vorgelegt. Dieser Entwurf sieht deutliche Verschärfungen gegenüber den bestehenden Regelungen des Grundstücksverkehrsgesetzes und des Landpachtverkehrsgesetzes vor. Sie betreffen ein Vorkaufsrecht regionaler Landwirte, Obergrenzen für Kauf- und Pachtpreise sowie Begrenzungen der Betriebsgröße. In dem vorliegenden Policy Brief werden agrarstrukturelle und ökonomische Auswirkungen der vorgeschlagenen Bodenmarktregulierungen untersucht. Weiterhin wird das dem Gesetzentwurf zugrundeliegende agrarstrukturelle Leitbild diskutiert. Grundlage des Leitbilds ist das Narrativ renditeorientierter Finanzinvestoren, deren Aktivitäten einer vielfältigen und nachhaltigen Landwirtschaft in Brandenburg entgegenstehen. Wir zeigen, dass vielen der daran anknüpfenden Prämissen des Leitbildes eine schlüssige empirische Grundlage fehlt. Die im Agrarstrukturgesetzentwurf vorgeschlagenen Regelungen stellen massive Eingriffe in die unternehmerische Freiheit und die Funktionsfähigkeit des Bodenmarktes dar. Insbesondere stützt sich der Regelungsansatz auf planwirtschaftliche und kartellähnliche Prinzipien, wie die Orientierung von Kauf- und Pachtpreisobergrenzen an administrativ festzulegenden Grundrenten und Ertragswerten. Daraus resultieren Beeinträchtigungen der agrarstrukturellen Entwicklung und Wettbewerbsfähigkeit der Landwirtschaft in Brandenburg ebenso wie eine drastische Entwertung von Bodeneigentum zulasten der Landwirte ebenso wie der großenteils in Brandenburg lebenden 175.000 privaten Bodeneigentümer. Die Umsetzung des Gesetzentwurfes wäre mit enormem bürokratischem Aufwand und erheblichen Rechtsunsicherheiten verbunden.

This paper evaluates the impact of the Commodity Container Assistance Program on containerized agricultural exports from U.S. ports. The program, implemented by the United States Department of Agriculture in March 2022, was designed to address logistical disruptions related to the exporting of agricultural goods from the ports of Oakland, Seattle, and Tacoma. To assess the program's trade implications, we employed a goodlevel empirical model of bilateral trade that allowed us to estimate the counterfactual treatment e ects. The dynamic treatment estimates provide limited evidence of positive trade e ects after the program implementation. Speci cally, we found an average post-event trade e ect of 1.0% from March to September 2022, which was statistically insigni cant. These results are consistent across a range of robustness checks. However, we observe considerable treatment heterogeneity, with positive trade e ects for raw and prepared meat products. Between March and September 2022, the program incurred costs of $2.8 million, while we estimate that monthly containerized agricultural exports from participating ports were about $18.6 million above the counterfactual during that period. These ndings suggest that the program had limited success in facilitating U.S. containerized agricultural exports.

The dynamics of stabilization policies and the effects of investment on agricultural output in Nigeria were explored in this study. (1981-2019). The study specifically looked at the impact of investment, monetary policy, policy mix, and fiscal policy on agricultural output. World Development Indicators (WDI), Index mundi, and Macrotrends were used as sources for the annual time series data on the research variables for the period 1981–2019. The Autoregressive Distributed Lagged Model was used in the investigation. The unit root test revealed in the pre-diagnostic tests that the variables were 1(0) and I.(1). The ARDL Bound test for co-integration revealed that the variables related to fiscal, monetary, and policy mix had long-run co-integrating relationships while the variables related to investment had none. Additionally, empirical findings indicated that, in the short term, only government agricultural expenditure (P = 0.0007 < 0.05) as a fiscal policy variable affected agricultural output. Exchange rate (P = 0.0000 < 0.05) and inflation rate (P = 0.0000 < 0.05) as monetary policy variables significantly effected agricultural output. All policy mix variables significantly effected agricultural output in the short run. However, only private domestic investment (P = 0.0322< 0.05) as an investment variable significantly effected agricultural output.

The Primary Production Dialogue Forum and the Processing Dialogue Forum are sector-specific projects that are part of the German National Strategy for Food Waste Reduction. During the dialogue forums, sector-specific round tables were organized and conducted for the respective sectors of primary production and processing. These round tables brought actors from practice, research, politics and associations together to discuss and take the topic of food waste reduction forward. Data for these two projects was collected in December 2021 and January 2022 via an online survey. Participants were asked about food flows, reasons for food waste, food losses and measures to reduce it. In addition, questions about political support for waste reduction were asked. Furthermore, pre-harvest and harvest losses were also considered in the primary production sector. 460 branch experts from this sector participated in the survey. About two thirds of the harvested agricultural products were marketed directly (64 %) and a further 12 % used within the food chain. This includes food donations and sales to food processing companies. A further 22 % of agricultural products were reused outside. This turns them into food losses. The remaining two percent were disposed of through commercial waste treatment (food waste). For the food processing sector, 163 entrepreneurs reported that more than two thirds of their products (69 %) were distributed through the main channels. A further 15 % were re-used within the food chain and another 12 % were utilized outside the food chain by other businesses. A percentage of 5 % is food waste and was disposed of via commercial waste treatment. The challenge now is to address the causes of food waste and losses on a larger scale through effective reduction measures. In the event that further use as food is not possible, maximum high-quality use should be achieved within the meaning of the waste hierarchy. This study shows how policies can support this. An important point is the examination and relaxation of the current legal quality standards, especially those which are particularly strict. In addition, politics is called upon to raise awareness among consumers about food waste and to increase the appreciation of food in our society. Moreover, there is a need for further research to examine what measures are needed to transfer food that is currently used outside the food chain, back inside the food chain., DOI:10.3220/WP1678867614000

This study investigated the implication of various factors, including climatic conditions, social-economic variables, agricultural inputs, technological development, institutional support, and adaptation strategies in the agricultural sector of Gujarat. A confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to analyse the farm-level data from 240 randomly selected farmers across eight districts. The study found that farm income per hectare is influenced by climate adaptation strategies, appropriate technology, annual income, education level, family size, fertilizer application, farm income from cash crops, financial support from the government, and access to credit. The study recommends the use of appropriate technology and adaptation strategies to mitigate the negative impact of climate change, as well as increase farmers’ access to credit, diversify crops, and encourage technological development in the agricultural sector. In addition, agricultural extension and development agencies should train farmers regularly to improve their understanding of climate adaptation practices and other inputs.

Organic agriculture can support global and domestic food needs, expand consumer food choices, enhance farm profitability, and increase agricultural sustainability. Public policy has played a key role in the development of the organic industry in the United States, beginning with the passage of the Organic Foods Production Act of 1990 and the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) subsequent publication of national organic rules in 2000. While U.S. organic acreage was still only 1 percent of U.S. farmland in 2019, organic farm sales accounted for about 3 percent of U.S. farm receipts. Consumer demand for organically produced products has driven an expansion in U.S. organic production since 2000. The premiums paid by consumers give farmers the opportunity to recover the cost of production and improve their financial well-being. This report describes U.S. organic policy initiatives since 2000 and examines the importance of investment in research on organic practices. The report also investigates key components of organic supply chains—including production, certification, farm-level costs and returns, wholesale markets, and industry structure—along with the evolving characteristics of organic food consumers and retail markets.