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Using data from 360 smallholder farmers in Southeast Nigeria, the study creates the architecture for a new farmer's hybrid credit rating system used in classifying farmers who applied for microfinance loans based on their creditworthiness. We discovered new evidence that the hybridized credit scoring algorithm demonstrated unprecedented concordance in assessing the financial viability of farmers along gender lines. The discriminant analysis, in particular, closely aligned with the credit score model, with 34.4% and 46.7% of male and female farmers grouped as creditworthy, reflecting the model's estimates of 33.3% and 45.5%, indicating gaps of 12.3% and 12.2%, respectively, to the advantage of the female farmers. Our findings further suggest that annual income, marital status, and farm size strongly influence the separation between creditworthy and non-creditworthy farmers. While age, loan term, and a history of defaults had a negative impact on discrimination, in light of the findings, we recommend a collaboration between authorities, financial institutions, and extension workers in offering tailored trainings to both male and female farmers, assisting them in meeting up-to-date credit prerequisites, adopting modified farming techniques, and improving their general preparedness to be accepted for loans in this changing credit evaluation landscape so as to bridge the disparity and promote financial inclusion for farmers irrespective of gender affiliations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lending to the agricultural sector by commercial banks in Ghana is characterized by high credit risk. Empirical evidence suggests that commercial banks in Ghana have credit risk management (CRM) challenges. This study explores the credit risk mitigation strategies adopted by commercial banks to minimize credit risk in agricultural finance in Ghana. The study adopted a mixed-method approach using a survey questionnaire and interview instruments. The findings indicate that some of the strategies used by commercial banks to mitigate credit risk in agricultural finance do not meet commercial banks' CRM needs. In addition, Ghanaian commercial banks have not fully adopted some of the recommended strategies that are used to mitigate credit risk associated with agricultural lending. The study unveils some appropriate strategies used to mitigate credit risk exposure in agricultural finance among commercial banks. These strategies include agricultural value-chain financing, collaboration with off-takers, incentive-based and risk-sharing schemes, adoption of a holistic agricultural value chain financing, policy interventions, use of agricultural insurance pool, and the proper structuring of agricultural loans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Indo-Gangetic Plains represents one of South Asia’s most productive agricultural regions, yet it is highly vulnerable to climate change and requires the widespread adoption of Climate-Smart Agriculture. Although farmers understand the benefits of such technologies, financial constraints often undermine adoption. Using a case study from Haryana, we assess the opportunities and challenges aligned with the different pathways available for farmers to adopt and finance two capital-intensive technologies: laser land levelers and happy seeders. Our analysis uses unique data from Karnal, where stakeholders have partnered in Climate-Smart-Villages, and combines a household survey from 120 farmers, interviews, and focus group discussions with banks and cooperatives. Our results indicate adoption rates of 77% for laser land levelers and 52% for happy seeders, with only 7% and 21% of farmers owning the technologies, respectively. Hiring is highly preferred over purchase, mainly due to the flourishing of Custom-Hiring Centers, which are vital in driving large-scale implementation. We find that farmers prefer funding from family, savings, and moneylenders (indirect pathways) rather than from commercial banks (direct pathways) to get immediate access to credit and avoid bureaucratic procedures. Our study offers broader insights into the state of agricultural finance in India and adaptation to climate change and reveals that institutional innovations can enhance the financing of CSA technologies for smallholder farmers. Our findings have important implications for decision-makers seeking to streamline credit access for CSA machinery rental. Future research should focus on the efficacy of different finance channels and their causal impact on pathways for technology adoption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The durability of operations is an important category from the point of view of public policies, including the Common Agricultural policy (CAP). The main objective of the article is to identify and assess factors affecting the durability of CAP financial operations on the example of measure 4.1. “Modernization of farms” based on the opinions of experts – advisors of agricultural advisory centers (ODR). We used primary data from expert surveys amongst agricultural counsellors: CAWI technique was employed. Diversification of production at farm-level, employment outside the farm and running non-agricultural activities should be assessed as key internal factors having a beneficial impact on the durability of the investment. The significant internal factors that were considered to have a strongly unfavorable impact on the durability of investments projects are those related to the insufficient level of capital and land held. Specialization in milk production, then pig production had a beneficial effect on durability of operations. Strengthening the quality of human capital in rural areas, including farm management should be recommended. This includes strengthening their flexibility and resilience, for example through diversification.

ABSTRACTAgricultural finance plays a pivotal role in facilitating the modernization and commercialization of farming practices and bolstering global food security. However, the provision of sustainable financial services in remote regions poses a significant challenge within the developing and underdeveloped countries. Consequently, farmers often grapple with inadequate access to formal credit sources and essential productive assets due to diverse constraints. Although, several studies have investigated constraints to agriculture finance; the literature is divergent and a holistic framework of constraints to agriculture finance is missing. Therefore, this research explores the constraints to agriculture finance in 31 developing and underdeveloped countries using systematic review approach, and synthesizes a holistic framework of the constraints using Qualitative Evidence Synthesis (QES) method that can be used as dependable framework for conceptualization and policy formation. Moreover, it describes the interplay and mutual reinforcement between the challenges faced by different stakeholders to elaborate how they influence each other in complex ways. Additionally, this study suggests a collective and multi-faceted approach for overcoming barriers to agricultural financing, and highlights the limitations and unintended consequences of agricultural credit and its implications for agricultural sustainability.

Formal credit plays an important role for the development of the agriculture sector in developing countries because many farmers are characterized as liquidity constrained. Access to credit can increase farmers' purchasing power for inputs and agricultural technology, thus raising the overall productivity. Farmers in Mali are particularly vulnerable to shocks, such as heavy precipitation events. Access to liquidity to increase the resilience of the agricultural sector is essential. Therefore, higher financing volumes are required, which make the analysis of loan demand in agriculture of interest. The purpose of this paper is to empirically investigate the role of the interest rate, the macroeconomic environment, the agricultural cycle and the gender of the farmer on the loan demand in the agricultural sector from a country in the Sahel. Unique and comprehensive loan data at the farm level, provided by a commercial Malian bank, is used for this analysis. The analysis covers the period from 2010 to 2020. Two different estimation strategies are combined. First, an ordinary least square regression is applied with the granted loan amount as the dependent variable. Second, the machine learning technique, least absolute shrinkage and selection operator, is applied to select the most relevant features to be used as explanatory variables in the estimation. The results reveal that the interest rate, the gross value added, the farmer's gender as well as the agricultural cycle have statistically significant effects on the granted loan demand in agriculture. These results are of interest to policymakers, who deal with financial inclusion as well as market failures, and agricultural financial institutions who could incorporate such information in the design of future loan products to stimulate farmers' loan demand, especially for female farmers. [EconLit Citations: G20, G21, O13, O16, Q14, Q18]. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the article is to present an assessment of the economic effects of replacing the WIBOR rate with the WIRON rate for preferential credits in Polish agriculture. The study is an in-depth case study and uses the simulation analysis method. The introduction of the WIRON 3M rate will result in a reduction in the interest rate on preferential credits granted in the future, and the nominal scale of the discount will depend on the phase of monetary policy in the country and the level of the applicable interest rates set by the National Bank of Poland (NBP). However, in the case of credits granted according to the currently applicable mechanism (interest rate based on WIBOR 3M) or the promissory note rediscount rate, the change will most likely be neutral. The largest part of the interest rate reduction in all phases of the monetary policy cycle is obtained by borrowers (farmers) using credit lines: RR (credits for investments in agriculture and inland fishing, Z (credits for the purchase of agricultural land) and most activities financed under the PR line (credits for investments in the processing of agricultural products, fish, crustaceans and molluscs, as well as the purchase of stocks and shares). In the case of disaster loans granted to insured borrowers, the only beneficiary of the index change will be the State Treasury. Quantifying the potential savings for borrowers in the agricultural sector related to changes in reference rates is not easy due to the scarcity of the available detailed data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Woody biomass feedstock processing, including sorting, drying, and size reduction of biomass to provide standardized reactor-ready biomass to the biorefinery, is crucial to biofuel conversion. This study compares two comminution technology systems applied to woody biomass processing at a depot before being utilized for biofuel production at a biorefinery. The conventional comminution technology, known as the hammermill system, is compared with a rotary shear system developed by Forest Concepts™. Potential economic savings of using the new technology are evaluated by applying a deterministic and a stochastic partial capital budgeting model based on results from an experiment that processed chipped hybrid poplar chips and forest residues with both systems. The stochastic partial capital model estimates that savings will vary between approximately USD 28 and USD 42 per ton of reactor-ready processed biomass, with mean and median values around USD 34 per ton. It is 90% likely that savings will be between USD 30 and USD 39 per ton of reactor-ready processed biomass. The estimated savings are mainly due to differences in input (feedstock) to output (reactor-ready biomass) yields between technologies, affecting feedstock and drying costs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oil palm has been identified as one of the key agricultural products that can diversify Nigeria's economy. However, its production and export have been hampered by capital constraints. Consequently, the Agricultural Credit Guarantee Scheme Fund (ACGSF) was introduced to encourage lending to farmers and agro-processors to enhance agricultural productivity. Therefore, this study aims to determine the effectiveness of ACGSF allocations to the oil palm production subsector. Time series data on oil palm production, as well as data on ACGSF allocations to oil palm and cash crop production, prime lending rate and commercial banks' loans to agriculture were obtained from FAOSTAT and the Central Bank of Nigeria. Vector autoregression, Granger causality and impulse response functions were used to estimate the short-run relationship. The results reveal that ACGSF allocations to the oil palm subsector and commercial banks' loans to agriculture have negative and positive effects, respectively, on oil palm production. There was unidirectional causality from ACGSF and commercial banks to agriculture to oil palm production. The findings suggest expansion and close monitoring of the ACGSF scheme, and the intensification and esterification of oil palm production. The study shows that estimating the effect of ACGSF on overall agricultural productivity does not provide deep insight into commodity-specific credit packages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural & Agribusiness Economists is the property of Polish Association of Agricultural & Agribusiness Economists and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Son yıllarda Covid-19 salgını ve Rusya-Ukrayna savaşı gibi nedenlerle tarım sektöründe yaşanan sorunlar sektörün önemini bir kez daha ortaya çıkarmıştır. Çünkü salgının neden olduğu tam kapanma politikaları ve savaş nedeniyle oluşan güvenlik gerekçeleri tedarik sorunlarını ve buna paralel olarak enflasyonist baskıları beraberinde getirmiştir. Tarım sektöründe ortaya çıkan bu sorunların çözümünde uluslararası iş birliğine ulusal önlemlerin eşlik etmesi gerekmektedir. Gerekli ulusal ve uluslararası önlemler alınmazsa tahıl ürünlerinin üretiminde veya tedarikinde yaşanacak sorunlar gıda krizlerine dönüşebilir. Tarım sektörünü destekleme amacıyla Dünya Bankası (DB) ve Birleşmiş Milletler (BM) bünyesinde bulunan Gıda ve Tarım Örgütü (GTÖ) gibi uluslararası kuruluşlar aracılığıyla uluslararası politikalar geliştirilmektedir. Bunun yanı sıra her ülke kendi politikalarını çeşitli desteklerle uygulamaktadır. Tarım sektörünün geliştirilmesi ve güçlendirilmesi için ülkelerce çeşitli ekonomik ve teknik destekler sunulmaktadır. Bu destekleri doğrudan ve dolaylı gelir desteği, fiyat desteği ve diğer destekler şeklinde gruplandırmak mümkündür. Ülkelerce sektöre yönelik sunulan çeşitli desteklere rağmen finansmana erişim sorunlarının bulunduğunu söylemek mümkündür. Finansmana erişim sorununun farklı nedenleri olmakla birlikte temel nedenlerinden biri kredilerin yüksek faiz içermesidir. Bu nedenle sektörün finansmana erişimini kolaylaştıracak alternatif finansman araçlarının geliştirilmesi gerekmektedir. Tarımı finanse edecek alternatif araçlardan biri de selem finansmanıdır. Genel hatlarıyla malın vadeli, ödemenin peşin yapılması esasına dayanan selem finansmanı faizsizlik özelliğiyle tarımsal destek yelpazesini genişletebilecek finansman araçlarından biri olabilir. Hâlihazırda dünya genelinde selem finansmanı İslami bankalar eliyle sunulmaktadır. Ancak İslami bankalar tarafından çiftçilere sunulan selem finansmanı düşük düzeylerdedir. Diğer taraftan selem finansmanın İslam bankaların yanı sıra tarımsal kurum ve kuruluşlarca sunulması da mümkündür. Bu bağlamda İslami bankalarca veya tarımsal kurum ve kuruluşlarca selem finansmanının bir finansman aracı olarak sunulması hususunda bu aracı talep edecek çiftçilerin uygulama esaslarına dair düşüncelerinin keşfedilmesi uygulamanın başarılı olması için elzem görülmektedir. Bu amaçla çalışmada İslami finansman araçlarından olan selemin İslami bankacılıkta veya tarımsal kurum ve kuruluşlarca uygulanabilirliği konusunda çiftçi algısını keşfetmeye odaklanılmıştır. Söz konusu çiftçi algısını keşfetmek için nitel araştırma yöntemi benimsenerek yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme tekniği kullanılarak 17 çiftçiyle yüz yüze görüşme yapılmıştır. Görüşmelerden elde edilen veriler tasnif edilerek sekiz tema belirlenmiştir. Her bir tema ayrıntılı bir şekilde analiz edilerek mevcut literatürle karşılaştırılmaya çalışılmıştır. Araştırma sonuçları, selem finansmanının faizsiz olması ve çiftçilere sermaye sağlaması nedeniyle, hem katılım bankacılığı hem de tarımsal faaliyet yürüten kuruluşlar tarafından uygulanabileceğine dair olumlu bir algı olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Ancak, uzmanlık ve güven gibi nedenlerle tarımsal kuruluşlar tarafından uygulanmasına odaklanmak, bu aracın yaygınlaşmasını en azından kısa vadede kolaylaştırabilir. Selem uygulamasının başarılı olması ve yaygın hale gelmesi için, tespit edilen risklerin azaltmak önemli bir husus olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Özellikle tarım sigortası ve çiftçilerin üretim potansiyelinin altındaki miktarlar için selem sözleşmesi yapılması, riskleri azaltabilir. Uygulanması durumunda selem finansmanını tercih edeceğini ifade eden katılımcıların oranı, faizsizlik ilkesi nedeniyle selem finansmanını tercih edeceğini ifade eden katılımcılardan daha yüksektir. Bu durum selem finansmanının sadece faiz hassasiyetine sahip olan çiftçilere değil, tüm çiftçilere sunulabilecek bir araç olduğunu göstermektedir. Sonuç olarak tarım sektörünü geliştirmek ve bu sektörde yaşanacak finansman sorunlarının neden olacağı olumsuz sonuçları azaltmak için selem finansmanı alternatif bir araç olarak değerlendirilip geliştirilmelidir. Bu kapsamda özellikle kamu katılım bankalarında ve tarımsal kurum ve kuruluşlarda selemi yaygınlaştıracak politikaların geliştirilmesine odaklanmak ve gerekli yasal düzenlemeleri yapmak gereklidir.

Over the course of the last century, globalization and integration have increased significantly around the world. The rise in economic and financial globalization and integration has increased the connectedness between national economies and financial markets and secured an important place in the systemic risk spillover. It is important to analyze the issue in terms of different markets. Food prices around the world have increased significantly over the last 20 years. The price and volatility increase associated with food products lead to important socioeconomic and social problems. In this context, it will be important for decision-makers to assess the issue from the perspective of financial markets and to understand and reveal the dynamic structure of food commodity markets. This study aims to examine the connectedness of return and volatility in the Electronic Warehouse Receipt (EWR) market, where agricultural commodities are traded in Turkey, and to analyze its dynamic structure that changes over time. In this study, the Diebold-Yilmaz connectedness measurement method based on the forecast error variance decomposition after the VAR (p) model was used to analyze the connectedness between financial assets. According to the results of the static analysis performed, it was observed that while the return connectedness in the EWR market is very low, the volatility connectedness is at a higher level than the return connectedness. Based on the results of the dynamic analysis, no trend was observed in return connectedness; however, rapid increases and decreases were observed for certain periods. On the other hand, while an increasing trend was observed in the dynamic analysis of volatility connectedness, sudden increases and decreases were observed during periods of crisis. Of all agricultural commodities, it was observed that barley was the asset that sent the most net shock into the system. The EWR market in Turkey has come up recently. The market's structure, dynamics, and synchronization with other markets are still at a low level. The spillover effect of return and volatility shocks in the market are also low. The findings of this study can be used by producers, financial market participants and various decision makers for risk management, hedging and profit maximization purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The increasingly volatile conditions of doing business and the existence of societies are a clear reason to explore the category of resilience. The article aims to present and structure selected theoretical and methodological problems concerning resilience in agriculture. The results of a bibliometric analysis indicate a research gap referring to the category of financial resilience. The category of ‘resilience’ is based on relatively modern concepts from business management, particularly those close to risk management theory. Identifying and measuring capacities to build and strengthen resilience seems to be very important. Quantitative and qualitative methods may be used to explore the category ‘financial resilience’ in agriculture. There has been a noticeable research gap in agricultural finance to fill in. The indicator system for measuring the resilience of agricultural enterprises/farms has some limitations related to the aggregated nature of some financial categories. It would be advisable to develop a global measure of risk resistance in parallel (e.g., in the form of a synthetic index).

Agricultural firms are characterized by significant investments, both in fixed capital and in working capital. To finance investments, in addition to equity capital, access to credit becomes essential. Concerning this topic, various researches have shown that agricultural firms have difficulty accessing credit, due to reduced average size of farms, often poor financial culture and difficulty in communicating with lenders. To facilitate relations between agricultural firms and lenders in Italy, various regulatory provisions, over time, have changed the regulatory framework of agricultural credit. The offer of credit lines is today wide, even if granting of credit favors larger and more structured firms, and credit is concentrated in a few Italian regions. Public intervention through guarantees, and the introduction of a non-possessory revolving pledge, have favored access to credit for agricultural firms in recent years. The business cases analyzed have highlighted how investments of firms in fixed capital for the purchase of plants, and working capital, for aging of productions, amplify financial needs of firms and make it necessary to evaluate financial sustainability of operations. Recent increase in loans for ESG investments, and consequent regulatory framework, can facilitate financing of agricultural firms, enhancing their social role also in favor of smaller firms, cooperatives and firms in disadvantaged areas.

In order to explore the impact of trade uncertainty on the national grain supply, based on the BP neural network algorithm, this paper combines the characteristics of grain supply and trade data to construct an intelligent analysis model. Moreover, this paper uses historical data as the basic data to study the trade uncertainty and the relevant characteristics of grain supply, and combine the actual demand to construct the structure of the BP neural network model. After constructing the model, this paper analyzes the function of the model, combines the comparative analysis method to classify the data and studies the influence mechanism of trade uncertainty on the national grain supply. In addition, this paper combines the actual data to analyze the performance of the algorithm model of this paper, and the analysis results are consistent with historical data. Finally, this paper analyzes the cost control of national grain supply based on the results of the model analysis, and proposes several countermeasures.

Research background: The contribution of Nigerian companies and personal income taxes to agricultural development must be assessed. Throughout the years, comparable studies have focused on general economic growth rather than a specific facet of the national economy. Agriculture ensures food safety, job creation, and industrialization, which is why government revenue should be reassigned to improve agricultural production.

Keywords: Financial inclusion, Financial performance, RRBs, Agriculture finance, Weaker Sections, Microenterprise, Non-Performing Assets, DEA, PLS-SEM Among the financial inclusion agenda, financial provisions for the agriculture and rural development sector are more important. In this context, Regional Rural Banks (RRBs) were promoted to support agriculture and rural finance in 1975. This paper is an attempt to evaluate the performance of RRBs concerning their financial performance as well as their performance in meeting the objective of supporting agriculture, microenterprise, and weaker sections finance. This paper has adopted two-stage processes of analysis. In the first stage, Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) analysis was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of RRBs on four different models i.e. Financial performance, priority sector performance, loans to weaker sections, and agriculture finance. In the second stage, Partial Least Square Structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) was performed to identify the significance of the linkage between the agriculture, microenterprise, weaker sections, and non-performing assets in defining the financial performance of RRBs. The study's findings suggested that financially RRBs have been more efficient compared to the agriculture finance and loans to weaker sections. The results depict a strong positive significant relationship between agriculture and microenterprise finance on the financial performance of the RRBs. However, the results also depict a nonsignificant relationship between the weaker sections and non-performing assets on financial performance. This study suggests that RRBs were the victims of poor benchmarking as they were compared with the traditional banking system. They need to be given additional support to promote agriculture and rural lending.

Copyright of International Journal of Islamic Economics & Finance Studies is the property of Politik Ekonomik ve Sosyal Serdivan and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Agri-food companies play an economic, social, and environmental role. In Italy, the typical products protected by the European Union with the PDO and PGI marks are spread throughout the national territory, even in disadvantaged ones, and generate turnover, employment, and positive effects in related industries. These companies are often of medium or small size (SMEs) and are financially constrained. The research applies the assessment of financial sustainability to the balance sheet statement (BSS), financial ratios (FRs), interest coverage ratios (ICRs), duration of the cash conversion cycle (CCC), and net working capital (NWC) data. It shows that companies in the sector have high capital intensity in both the fixed asset (FA) and NWC cycles. Profitability is largely eroded by the cost of debt (COD). Financial sustainability is calculated through the following: (1) the duration of the cash conversion cycle (CCC), broken down into the cycle lengths of inventory, receivables, and payables; (2) the calculation of the income and financial margins generated by the management and their correlation; (3) the calculation of financial ratios (FRs) and the verification of financial leverage (ROA > ROD); (4) the calculation of income and financial interest coverage ratios (ICRs) and tests on the significant differences between them. The application of ICRs with the financial methodology applied in the research makes it possible to (1) improve the assessment of financial sustainability and reduce the related risk and (2) reduce the information asymmetry between the company and the bank, facilitating access to credit. The duration of the CCC is negatively correlated to profitability (ROE), while size and economic performance are positively correlated. The ICRs (interest coverage ratio) calculated with the financial approach are statistically different from the ones calculated with the economic one. The application of the result is relevant to industry operators and for future research. The research is replicable; the results can be tested on other sectors of the agri-food sector and disseminated to operators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Woody biomass feedstock processing, including sorting, drying, and size reduction of biomass to provide standardized reactor-ready biomass to the biorefinery, is crucial to biofuel conversion. This study compares two comminution technology systems applied to woody biomass processing at a depot before being utilized for biofuel production at a biorefinery. The conventional comminution technology, known as the hammermill system, is compared with a rotary shear system developed by Forest Concepts™. Potential economic savings of using the new technology are evaluated by applying a deterministic and a stochastic partial capital budgeting model based on results from an experiment that processed chipped hybrid poplar chips and forest residues with both systems. The stochastic partial capital model estimates that savings will vary between approximately USD 28 and USD 42 per ton of reactor-ready processed biomass, with mean and median values around USD 34 per ton. It is 90% likely that savings will be between USD 30 and USD 39 per ton of reactor-ready processed biomass. The estimated savings are mainly due to differences in input (feedstock) to output (reactor-ready biomass) yields between technologies, affecting feedstock and drying costs.

A country’s growth depends on how well the citizens are able to access, avail and afford the financial services. Finance is an important aspect for a country to prosper. Agricultural finance ensures that there is a full participation by everyone and that the underprivileged or the marginalized compartment of the society is not left behind in availing the basic financial services. India having a big population often face a problem when it comes to implementing the policies that reach a wider audience. The Agricultural Banking Services in India has undergone changes with time and have been working to provide a wide range of facilities but the infrastructure, insurance, financial literacy, the digital divide and the disparity in the availability of resource in urban and rural area is evident. There is one section that avails all the benefits and others who are excluded. In this paper, we study about the status of India, when it comes to Agricultural finance, using selected indicators, and understand the basic initiatives taken by the government under the recent National Strategy Planning and the action plan and milestones set to achieve the goal of providing inclusion and financial strength to maximum citizens of India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Scientific Journal European Policies, Finance & Marketing / Polityki Europejskie, Finanse & Marketing is the property of Wydawnictwo SGGW and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this study, we consider the problem whereby policy intervention in the financial market might hide the existence of credit constraints. We develop a theoretical model of the representative borrower utilizing credit from private banks and a governmental financial institution. Using the exogenous change in the transaction technology for borrowing from the governmental institution, we can identify the existence of credit constraints even if the policy remains in the market. Additionally, our model shows that the inefficiency of policy intervention is larger when we consider the borrower's choice of optimal effort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This paper analyzed the impact of federal government agricultural financing on economic growth in Nigeria. The study utilized the time series data which was extracted from the Central Bank of Nigeria statistical bulletin. The properties of the variables were tested using the Augmented Dickey- Fuller unit root test. A Single equation cointegration test confirmed no cointegration and a short-run vector autoregressive model was used to analyze the data, after which the diagnostic test was carried out to confirm the normality of the series. The study revealed that federal government agricultural financing has a negative contribution to economic growth in Nigeria and was statistically insignificant. Agricultural Credit Guarantee Scheme Funds had a positive but not statistically significant contribution to economic growth and there was no causal relationship among the variables. The study concluded that federal government agricultural financing has no significant impact on economic growth in Nigeria. Therefore, the study recommended that federal government should increase funding to the agricultural sector to be able to impact positively on the economic growth of Nigeria.

This study examines the potential effect of COVID‐19 on agricultural financing by drawing lessons from past global crises and their link to agricultural financing. With significant impact in multiple sectors, COVID‐19 has caused significant liquidity shortage in the banking and financial institutions sectors that led to widespread business failure. Analysis at the macro, sectoral, and farmer levels confirms the decline in the financing allotted to the agricultural sector in Africa, which could exacerbate the existing structural gap in agricultural financing. Many policy responses and stimulus packages designed to address the negative effects of the crisis are found not to be enough. At the farmer level, findings indicate that many farmers are finding it more difficult to access credit than before the COVID‐19 crisis. For individual governments, a better understanding of the magnitude of the agricultural sector financing and investment needs to propose appropriate complementary responses is lacking. We suggest that, in the face of such a crisis, while in the short term the agricultural sector needs emergency funding, in the medium and long term, greater financial support is required, including long‐term resources at concessional rates, guarantee funds, and more suitable insurance products combined with social safety nets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzed the impact of federal government agricultural financing on economic growth in Nigeria. The study utilized the time series data which was extracted from the Central Bank of Nigeria statistical bulletin. The properties of the variables were tested using the Augmented Dickey-Fuller unit root test. A Single equation cointegration test confirmed no cointegration and a short-run vector autoregressive model was used to analyze the data, after which the diagnostic test was carried out to confirm the normality of the series. The study revealed that federal government agricultural financing has a negative contribution to economic growth in Nigeria and was statistically insignificant. Agricultural Credit Guarantee Scheme Funds had a positive but not statistically significant contribution to economic growth and there was no causal relationship among the variables. The study concluded that federal government agricultural financing has no significant impact on economic growth in Nigeria. Therefore, the study recommended that federal government should increase funding to the agricultural sector to be able to impact positively on the economic growth of Nigeria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A high-tech, high-touch, high-impact (H3) approach to agricultural finance enables expansion of financial service markets to people facing poverty, gender, and age barriers to economic empowerment. This article explains the H3 approach and presents the case of Opportunity International's Agricultural Finance Programme (AgFinance) in Africa. At the centre of the model are community-based farm advisors, providing high-touch/high-tech training in financial management, good agricultural practices, inclusion, and resilience. They also link farmers to financial service providers, input and equipment suppliers, and markets. In Malawi, where Opportunity has applied this model, outreach was high: 72 per cent of clients were living in extreme poverty, 57 per cent were women and 40 per cent youth. In 2021, the AgFinance programme facilitated loans to 68,262 borrowers with an outstanding balance of US$24.82 m. This outreach and scale demonstrates a market systems model - the H3 approach - with deep outreach at scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to explore the impact of trade uncertainty on the national grain supply, based on the BP neural network algorithm, this paper combines the characteristics of grain supply and trade data to construct an intelligent analysis model. Moreover, this paper uses historical data as the basic data to study the trade uncertainty and the relevant characteristics of grain supply, and combine the actual demand to construct the structure of the BP neural network model. After constructing the model, this paper analyzes the function of the model, combines the comparative analysis method to classify the data and studies the influence mechanism of trade uncertainty on the national grain supply. In addition, this paper combines the actual data to analyze the performance of the algorithm model of this paper, and the analysis results are consistent with historical data. Finally, this paper analyzes the cost control of national grain supply based on the results of the model analysis, and proposes several countermeasures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose. The purpose of the study is to develop the accounting aspect of business process engineering as the main tool in management. Methodology / approach. The research uses methods of scientific abstraction, grouping and systematization to identify the current state and outline the directions of development of accounting engineering. Methods of analysis and synthesis, as well as the coefficient method for the development of the analytical component of cash management are used. Results. Engineering is an effective tool for optimizing business processes of enterprises. It should be considered as a way of implementation into a certain sphere of human activity non-specific (foreign) tools, techniques, methods, etc., aimed at solving problems that cannot be solved by the existing tools specific to this area of activity. Accounting engineering is the process of developing, designing and implementing innovative tools, methods and techniques borrowed from other sciences that are used to improve accounting as a system that provides information to the management system. It is a platform for generating the accounting information needed to make strategic management decisions. The effect of accounting engineering is analyzed on the example of cash management, as current trends are focusing more and more on cash flow as the main object of financial management of the enterprise. A cash management mechanism based on accounting engineering is proposed, which includes the following stages: cash flow planning and forecasting, adherence to the schedule of receipts and payments within budget limits, evaluation of cash management efficiency. Originality / scientific novelty. It is proved that the need for engineering for accounting science and practice is necessitated by the need to form special ways to solve problems that have remained unresolved for accounting for a long time and could not be solved due to limited methodological approaches, methods and techniques. The influence of accounting engineering on the efficiency of the management system on the example of cash management is outlined. Practical value / implications. The application of business process engineering in cash flow management of the enterprise by assessing the value of the integrated indicator of cash flow management has identified a number of cash flow management problems, their causes, consequences (risks) for the company and provide suggestions to minimize identified risks.

Adaptation of agricultural finance to climate change: the case of warrantage in Benin. The challenges of climate change require adapted forms of agricultural finance. The study analyzed the adaptability of forms of warrantage to climate change in Benin. Data on promoters of the warrantage, stakeholders and their roles, difficulties and risks linked to the warrantage and their relationship with climate change were collected from direct stakeholders using an interview guide. The analysis of discourses and contents made it possible to identify the factors that make the current forms of warrantage unsuitable to face climate change. Actors involved in warrantage are financial institutions, producer organizations and government support services respectively playing the role of setting up credit facilities, establishing joint guarantee, marketing and providing advice on the packaging of warranted products. Climate and market risks are not covered. The current forms of warrantage are not adequate to face climate change. Thus, adapting the forms of warrantage to the climate change requires the involvement of an insurance company to insure the climatic risks and a meteorological service to provide climatic information to producers. Extension services will provide additional advisory support on access to drought tolerant varieties.

The challenges of climate change require adapted forms of agricultural finance. The study analyzed the adaptability of forms of warrantage to climate change in Benin. Data on promoters of the warrantage, stakeholders and their roles, difficulties and risks linked to the warrantage and their relationship with climate change were collected from direct stakeholders using an interview guide. The analysis of discourses and contents made it possible to identify the factors that make the current forms of warrantage unsuitable to face climate change. Actors involved in warrantage are financial institutions, producer organizations and government support services respectively playing the role of setting up credit facilities, establishing joint guarantee, marketing and providing advice on the packaging of warranted products. Climate and market risks are not covered. The current forms of warrantage are not adequate to face climate change. Thus, adapting the forms of warrantage to the climate change requires the involvement of an insurance company to insure the climatic risks and a meteorological service to provide climatic information to producers. Extension services will provide additional advisory support on access to drought tolerant varieties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]