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Després d'alguns incidents provocats per gossos al segle XX es va regular la tinença dels gossos presumptament perillosos. En aquestes lleis s'estableix un llistat de races de gos o encreuaments que per les seves característiques morfològiques i la seva agressivitat, poden suposar un perill. En aquest estudi es vol demostrar que les raça de gos no és el factor determinant de l'agressivitat i que aquestes normatives no redueixen els incidents per mossegades. Después de algunos incidentes provocados por perros en el siglo XX se reguló la tenencia de los perros presuntamente peligrosos. En estas leyes se establece un listado de razas de perro o cruces que por sus características morfológicas y su agresividad, pueden suponer un peligro. En este estudio se quiere demostrar que las raza de perro no es el factor determinante de la agresividad y que estas normativas no reducen los incidentes por mordeduras. After some incidents caused by dogs in the 20th century, the possession of presumably dangerous dogs was regulated. These laws establish a list of dog breeds or crosses that, due to their morphological characteristics and their aggressiveness, can pose a danger. In this study we want to demonstrate that the breed of dog is not the determining factor of aggressiveness and that these regulations do not reduce incidents due to bites.

N-ethyl-pentylone (NEP), also known as "ephylone" and N-ethylnorpentylone, has been identified as one of the most recent novel psychostimulants to emerge into the illicit drug market and it has been associated with some intoxications and even fatalities. However, little is known about the consequences of its repeated consumption as well as the role of the monoaminergic system in such consequences. Thus, the aim of our study was to investigate the neurochemical profile and the behavioural effects after both acute and repeated NEP exposure. Male OF1 mice were acutely (1, 3, 10 mg/kg, i.p.) or repeatedly (1, 3, 10 mg/kg, i.p., 5 days, twice/day) exposed to NEP, and anxiety-like behaviour, aggressiveness, social interaction, depressive-like symptoms, body temperature, changes in monoaminergic enzymes and neurotransmitters levels as well as ΔFosB in striatum and prefrontal cortex (PFC) from post-mortem tissue were analysed short after drug-exposure or during drug-withdrawal. Acute administration of NEP induced anxiolytic effects but also an aggressive behaviour and social exploration deficits in mice, which persist during NEP-withdrawal. Moreover, NEP induced hyperthermia as well as depressive-like symptoms after repeated administrations that may be related to the decrease of serotonin and noradrenaline levels observed in striatum and PFC. Finally, the long-term increase in ΔFosB levels in striatum after NEP chronic exposure points to a high risk of dependence. Altogether indicates that NEP consumption induces different neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders accompanied by changes in the monoaminergic system, posing a threat to public health.

N-ethyl-pentedrone (NEPD, 2-(ethylamino)-1-phenyl-1-pentanone) is one of the latest synthetic cathinone derivatives that emerged into the illicit drug market. This drug has psychostimulant properties and has been related with several intoxications and even fatalities. However, information about the consequences of its acute and repeated consumption is lacking. Thus, the aim of our study was to investigate the behavioral effects after both acute and repeated NEPD exposure as well as the neurochemical changes. Male OF1 mice were treated with an acute dose (1, 3 or 10 mg/kg, i.p.) or received repeated injections of these doses (twice/day, 5 days) of NEPD. Shortly after drug-exposure or during drug-withdrawal, anxiety-like behavior, aggressiveness, social interaction, depressive-like symptoms, body weight and temperature were assessed. Also, monoamine synthesis enzymes, levels of neurotransmitters and their precursors and main metabolites, as well as ΔFosB, were determined in striatum and prefrontal cortex from post-mortem tissue. Acute administration of NEPD induced anxiolytic effects and reduced social exploration whereas during withdrawal after repeated administration the anxiolytic effect had vanished, and the reduced social exploration was still present and accompanied with increased aggressive behavior. Moreover, NEPD (10 mg/kg) induced slight hyperthermia and reduced weight gain during the repeated administration, whereas increased locomotor activity and lack of depressive symptoms were found during withdrawal. This was accompanied by increased plasma corticosterone and decrease in striatal dopamine. Finally, the long-lasting and robust increase in ΔFosB levels found in striatum after NEPD chronic exposure suggests a high risk of dependence. The increased aggressivity and locomotor activity, together with this potential of inducing dependence justify a warning about the risks of consumption of NEPD if translated to humans. Keywords: Addiction; Aggressive behavior; Monoamine levels; N-ethyl-pentedrone; Synthetic cathinones.

Mediation analysis has been confirmed as a very useful statistical tool in the social sciences, especially in school-related studies. This type of analysis was used in the present study to examine the mediating role of classroom climate (measured with the classroom environmental scale), categorized into three dimensions, namely involvement, affiliation, and teacher support, on the relationship between peer victimization and peer aggression. The participants consisted of 2011 adolescents (50.67% boys and 49.32% girls), aged between 12 and 18 years old (M = 14.17, SD = 1.47), enrolled in schools in Andalusia (Spain). Findings revealed a significant direct relationship of all the dimensions. They also revealed that teacher support was the only dimension that mediates in the relationship between peer violence and peer aggression. The results and their implications for improving classroom climate and school violence are discussed.

En el marco de la escuela inclusiva, el aprendizaje socioemocional y personalizado fomenta la implicación del alumnado en la vida del aula y se relaciona con la disminución de la conducta desadaptativa. El objetivo de este estudio es analizar el impacto de un programa de educación socioemocional en la agresividad y la inestabilidad emocional en la infancia. Han participado 555 niños/as de 7 a 12 años (M=9,2 y DT=1,5), 55,5% niños y 45,5% niñas. Estudian Educación Primaria en seis colegios públicos del área metropolitana de Valencia (España). La muestra se ha distribuido en un grupo experimental (317 niños/as; 57,2% de la población total participante) y un grupo control (238 niños/as; 42,8% del total). El profesorado del grupo experimental recibió formación para implementar el programa en clase. El profesorado del grupo control no recibió formación ni aplicó el programa. Se analizan los resultados en la fase pretest y postest en ambos grupos. En la fase pretest, aparecen diferencias significativas entre los dos grupos: el grupo experimental muestra niveles más altos en agresividad e inestabilidad emocional que el grupo control. En la fase postest bajan significativamente la agresividad y la inestabilidad emocional en el grupo experimental, con un tamaño del efecto medio-alto; mientras que en el grupo control suben la agresividad y la inestabilidad emocional. Se discuten los efectos del programa en el alumnado. Abstract In the context of inclusive schools, social-emotional learning encourages student involvement in classroom life and is related to a decrease in maladaptive behaviour. The objective of this study is to analyse the impact of a social-emotional education program on aggressiveness and emotional instability in childhood. Participants were 555 children aged 7 to 12 years (M=9.2 and SD=1.5), 55.5% boys and 45.5% girls. The children were students of primary education at six public schools in Valencia (Spain). The sample was distributed into an experimental group (317 children; 57.2% of the total participating population) and a control group (238 children). The teachers of the experimental group received training to implement the program in class. The teachers of the control group received no training and did not apply the program. The results in the pre-test and posttest phases in both groups are analysed. In the pretest phase, significant differences appeared between the groups: the experimental group showed higher levels of aggressiveness and emotional instability than the control group. In the post-test phase, aggressiveness and emotional instability decreased significantly in the experimental group (medium-high effect size), whilst aggressiveness and emotional instability increased in the control group. The effects of the program on the students are discussed further. Palabras clave / Keywords Inclusión, aprendizaje socioemocional, agresividad, inestabilidad emocional, infancia, Educación Primaria. Inclusion, social-emotional learning, aggressiveness, emotional instability, childhood, primary education.

Text escrit en motiu de la taula rodona "El malestar en la civilització: un seriós avís sobre les possibilitats de la felicitat humana" celebrada a la Biblioteca de Ciències Socials (UAB) el 6 de maig de 2013 El propòsit de l'article és fer una lectura de El malestar en la cultura identificant les condicions que fan possible la vida en comú i els factors que poden contribuir a la desintegració social. A tal fi es recullen les aportacions de Freud en relació a la felicitat, els fonaments de la vida social, les bases del dret i la moral, i la font del malestar que experimentem. Per acabar es presentaran las implicacions polítiques de les tesis desenvolupades en l'obra. The purpose of the paper is to show Civilization and its Discontents by identifying the conditions that make life in common possible and the factors that can contribute to social disintegration. For this purpose we collect the contributions of Freud in relation to happiness, the foundation of society, the foundation of law and morality, and the source of the discomfort we experience. Finally, the political implications of the thesis developed by the author will be considered.

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) include “Good Health and Well-being” (SDG3) and “Quality Education” (SDG4). Nevertheless, many students cannot achieve these goals if they suffer peer victimization at their schools, and intervention programs to reduce it are necessary. These programs should consider the possible differences in the coping strategies preferred by students according to some personal (e.g., gender, grade, victimization status) and contextual (e.g., perceived classroom social climate) factors to be more effective. Therefore, the objective of this study was to analyze the possible differences in the coping strategies preferred by students (ask a friend for help, ask a teacher for help, ask parents for help, not ask anyone for help, fighting back, avoid the aggressor and ask the aggressor why) to handle situations of relational, physical and verbal peer victimization according to their gender, school grade, victimization status and perceived classroom social climate. The sample comprised 479 students (52.2% boys, 47.8% girls) aged from 9 to 14 years (M = 11.21, SD = 1.52). The results showed that girls chose the strategies of asking friends or adults for help and asking the aggressor why more than boys, while boys chose the strategies of fighting back and not ask anyone for help more than girls. The coping strategy of asking a teacher for help was preferred more by students of lower school grades and by students with a positive perception of the classroom climate. Victimized students preferred the strategy of not asking anyone for help. These results may be useful for developing more effective intervention programs. These programs should aim to enhance the teacher–student relationship in upper school grades, help victimized students to inform about peer aggression situations and improve perceived classroom social climate.

The present study had two main goals. The first was to analyze the differences between parenting dimensions&mdash, strictness/imposition and involvement/acceptance&mdash, in adolescents&rsquo, engagement in peer aggression as aggressors, victims, aggressive victims, and non-involved. The second goal was to examine differences between parenting dimensions and peer-aggression roles by gender of both parents and adolescents. Participants were 779 adolescents (49.16% boys and 50.84% girls), aged between 12 and 16 years old (M = 14.21, SD = 1.35), enrolled in schools in Andalusia (Spain). Findings showed significant differences in parenting dimensions depending on gender of both adolescents (boy or girl) and parents (mother and father). For sons, non-involved adolescents scored higher in mother and father involvement than aggressors and aggressive victims. For daughters, non-involved scored higher in mother involvement than aggressors. Furthermore, girl aggressors and aggressive victims reported higher levels of mother imposition than non-involved. Results and their implications for sustainable development in adolescence are discussed.

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Background: Recently, RBFOX1, a gene encoding an RNA binding protein, has consistently been associated with aggressive and antisocial behavior. Several loci in the gene have been nominally associated with aggression in genome-wide association studies, the risk alleles being more frequent in the general population. We have hence examined the association of four RBFOX1 single nucleotide polymorphisms, previously found related to aggressive traits, with aggressiveness, personality, and alcohol use disorder in birth cohort representative samples.Methods: We used both birth cohorts of the Estonian Children Personality Behavior and Health Study (ECPBHS; original n = 1,238). Aggressiveness was assessed using the Buss–Perry Aggression Questionnaire and the Lifetime History of Aggressiveness structured interview at age 25 (younger cohort) or 33 (older cohort). Big Five personality at age 25 was measured with self-reports and the lifetime occurrence of alcohol use disorder assessed with the MINI interview. RBFOX1 polymorphisms rs809682, rs8062784, rs12921846, and rs6500744 were genotyped in all participants. Given the restricted size of the sample, correction for multiple comparisons was not applied.Results: Aggressiveness was not significantly associated with the RBFOX1 genotype. RBFOX1 rs8062784 was associated with neuroticism and rs809682 with extraversion. Two out of four analyzed RBFOX1 variants, rs8062784 and rs12921846, were associated with the occurrence of alcohol use disorder.Conclusions: In the birth cohort representative sample of the ECPBHS, no association of RBFOX1 with aggressiveness was found, but RBFOX1 variants affected basic personality traits and the prevalence of alcohol use disorder. Future studies on RBFOX1 should consider the moderating role of personality and alcohol use patterns in aggressiveness.

Background: Schizoaffective disorder, bipolar type (SAD) and bipolar disorder I (BD) present a large clinical overlap. In a 1-year follow-up, we aimed to evaluate days to hospitalization (DTH) and predictors of relapse in a SAD-BD cohort of patients. Methods: A 1-year, prospective, naturalistic cohort study considering DTH as primary outcome and incidence of direct and indirect measures of psychopathological compensation as secondary outcomes. Kaplan-Meyer survival analysis with Log-rank Mantel-Cox test compared BD/SAD subgroups as to DTH. After bivariate analyses, Cox regression was performed to assess covariates possibly associated with DTH in diagnostic subgroups. Results: Of 836 screened patients, 437 were finally included (SAD = 105; BD = 332). Relapse rates in the SAD sample was n = 26 (24.8%) vs. n = 41 (12.3%) in the BD sample (p = 0.002). Mean ± SD DTH were 312.16 ± 10.6 (SAD) vs. 337.62 ± 4.4 (BD) days (p = 0.002). Patients with relapses showed more frequent suicide acts, violent behaviors, and changes in pharmacological treatments (all p < 0.0005) in comparison to patients without relapse. Patients without relapses had significantly higher mean number of treatments at T0 (p = 0.010). Cox regression model relating the association between diagnosis and DTH revealed that BD had higher rates of suicide attempts (HR = 13.0, 95%CI = 4.0-42.0, p < 0.0005), whereas SAD had higher rates of violent behavior during psychotic episodes (HR = 12.0, 95%CI = .3.3-43.5, p > 0.0005). Conclusions: SAD patients relapse earlier with higher hospitalization rates and violent behavior during psychotic episodes whereas bipolar patients have more suicide attempts. Psychiatric/psychological follow-up visits may delay hospitalizations by closely monitoring symptoms of self- and hetero-aggression.

La reorganización de los servicios públicos de salud como empresas de mercado reconfigura los roles tradicionales de paciente y profesional, así como las relaciones entre ambos. Paralelamente, emergen riesgos de violencia ocupacional de pacientes a profesionales que les atienden. El objetivo de este trabajo es identificar y describir formas de violencia ocupacional manifestadas por escrito a través de un proceso de reclamación. De los textos registrados en los formularios de reclamación de un hospital de Barcelona entre 2012 y 2017, seleccionamos n=201 casos con connotaciones claras de violencia de los que se obtuvo, además, otras documentaciones relacionadas con el caso objeto de la reclamación, como, por ejemplo, las alegaciones/respuesta a las reclamaciones. Un análisis de contenido permitió evidenciar y categorizar diferentes formas de expresión o manifestaciones de violencia. La información sobre los “motivos” declarados en la reclamación violenta complementa y matiza la obtenida mediante encuestas o entrevistas y señala factores de riesgo para una acción preventiva., The public health services reorganization as market companies reconfigures the traditional roles of patient and professional, as well as the relationships between them. In parallel, risks of occupational violence from patients to professionals who attend them emerge. The aim of this paper is to identify and describe written forms of occupational violence manifested through a claim process. From the texts registered in complaint forms of a hospital in Barcelona between 2012 and 2017, we selected n=201 cases with evident connotations of violence from which we obtained, in addition, other documentation related to the case that is the subject of the complaint, such as response arguments. A content analysis allowed us to evidence and categorize different forms of violence expression. The information on the declared "grounds" of the violent claim complements and qualifies what has been obtained through surveys or interviews and brings up risk factors for a preventive action.

UN VAIVÉ D'EMOCIONS: SÓN CRUELS ELS INFANTS? és un reportatge narratiu que relata els comportaments de tres infants que, des de la mirada adulta, es podrien considerar cruels, i n'intenta explicar algunes de les raons de fons tot flirtejant amb temes com la bondat de la naturalesa humana, el sorgiment de la moral o la importància del llenguatge i la creació de la pròpia identitat en els infants. UN VAIVÉN DE EMOCIONES: Son crueles los niños? es un reportaje narrativo que relata el comportamiento de tres criaturas que, desde la mirada adulta, se podrían considerar crueles, y trata de explicarne algunas de las razones de fondo mientras flirtea con temas como la bondad de la naturalesa humana, el surgimiento de la moral o la importancia del lenguaje y la creación de la propia identidad en las criaturas. A VAIVEN OF EMOTIONS: ARE CHILDREN CRUEL? is a narrative report that talks about the behaviour of three children that, from an adult point of view, could be considered as cruel children, and it tries to explain the reasons for their behaviour while flirting with some topics such as the goodness of human nature, the appearance of moral or the importance of language and the creation of children's identity.

L’autora mostra el tractament d’un nen des dels 4 fins als 9 anys d’edat. Al començament el pacient callava, per por quela seva destructivitat danyés el seu objecte intern i a ell mateix.A poc a poc, va trobar en l’espai terapèutic un lloc on es vasentir acollit i comprès; un lloc on poder mostrar, amb paraules i dibuixos, els seus aspectes destructius i comptar amb l’experiència d’una analista que pot pensar i sobreviure. El treball analític ajuda el pacient a portar a terme la transició des d'una relació preedípica amb la mare arcaica fins a la instal·lació progressiva d’un Èdip estructurant.

Human genome-wide association studies (GWAS), transcriptome analyses of animal models, and candidate gene studies have advanced our understanding of the genetic architecture of aggressive behaviors. However, each of these methods presents unique limitations. To generate a more confident and comprehensive view of the complex genetics underlying aggression, we undertook an integrated, cross-species approach. We focused on human and rodent models to derive eight gene lists from three main categories of genetic evidence: two sets of genes identified in GWAS studies, four sets implicated by transcriptome-wide studies of rodent models, and two sets of genes with causal evidence from online Mendelian inheritance in man (OMIM) and knockout (KO) mice reports. These gene sets were evaluated for overlap and pathway enrichment to extract their similarities and differences. We identified enriched common pathways such as the G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling pathway, axon guidance, reelin signaling in neurons, and ERK/MAPK signaling. Also, individual genes were ranked based on their cumulative weights to quantify their importance as risk factors for aggressive behavior, which resulted in 40 top-ranked and highly interconnected genes. The results of our cross-species and integrated approach provide insights into the genetic etiology of aggression.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate aggressiveness during a major depressive episode (MDE) and its relationship with bipolar disorder (BD) in a post hoc analysis of the BRIDGE-II-MIX study.METHOD: A total of 2811 individuals were enrolled in this multicenter cross-sectional study. MDE patients with (MDE-A, n = 399) and without aggressiveness (MDE-N, n = 2412) were compared through chi-square test or Student's t-test. A stepwise backward logistic regression model was performed.RESULTS: MDE-A group was more frequently associated with BD (P < 0.001), while aggressiveness was negatively correlated with unipolar depression (P < 0.001). At the logistic regression, aggressiveness was associated with the age at first depressive episode (P < 0.001); the severity of mania (P = 0.03); the diagnosis of BD (P = 0.001); comorbid borderline personality disorder (BPD) (P < 0.001) but not substance abuse (P = 0.63); no current psychiatric treatment (P < 0.001); psychotic symptoms (P = 0.007); the marked social/occupational impairment (P = 0.002). The variable most significantly associated with aggressiveness was the presence of DSM-5 mixed features (P < 0.001, OR = 3.815). After the exclusion of BPD, the variable of lifetime suicide attempts became significant (P = 0.013, OR = 1.405).CONCLUSION: Aggressiveness seems to be significantly associated with bipolar spectrum disorders, independently from BPD and substance abuse. Aggressiveness should be considered as a diagnostic criterion for the mixed features specifier and a target of tailored treatment strategy.

Els colors influeixen en la nostra percepció de la realitat. Molts animals els fan servir per comunicar-se entre ells de manera instintiva, tot sovint per establir les relacions de dominància. Diana Wiedemann i els seus col·laboradors, dels departaments d'antropologia i de psicologia de la Universitat de Durham, al Regne Unit, han analitzat l'efecte del color vermell sobre la percepció que tenim de les altres persones. Segons conclouen al seu treball, que han publicat a Biology Letters, dur roba de color vermell transmet inconscientment la sensació de ser més agressiu, i fa que les altres persones percebin més sensació de perill i de més capacitat de dominància social. Tanmateix, també han observat diferències significatives entre homes i dones, especialment pel que fa a la percepció de dominància.

URL: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0191886917303628?via%3Dihub DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2017.05.033 Filiació URV: SI Several studies have shown that the relationships between intelligence and self-reported aggression are low or non-existent.Most have focused on direct forms of aggression,which often have an impulsive component, unlike indirect aggression, which is usually delayed and allows more time to find alternative solutions to the problem. The present study analyses the relationships between differentmeasures of intelligence and an overall estimate of “g” with direct and indirect forms of aggression and impulsivity in a sample of adolescents (N=532). The results showed that impulsivity and intelligence showed a different pattern of relationshipswith different forms of aggression.While intelligence measures were more related to indirect aggression, particularly to the g factor estimate, impulsivity was more related to direct forms of aggression. Furthermore, the relationships observed between aggression and intelligence cannot be explained by impulsivity having the same effect on both kinds of measure and are independent of sex effects. Taking everything into account, intelligence should be regarded as a relevant predictor for the prevention of aggressive behaviour in adolescents, particularly indirect aggression.

El TFM (Treball Final de Màster) parla sobre les conductes disruptives dels alumnes que pateixen molts centres educatius actualment, i que és un element problemàtic i distorsionador per al bon funcionament de les classes. Aquests determinats comportaments disruptius afecten greument el procés d'aprenentatge de la resta de companys, i dificulten la tasca del professorat en poder gestionar correctament l'Aula. Amb aquest treball es pretén donar eines al professorat i als alumnes per que pugui afrontar la problemàtica de les conductes disruptives a través de l'Aprenentatge Emocional, específicament en la utilització de Tècniques Emocionals que ens permetin corregir-les, i dotar als alumnes d'habilitats emocionals que els permetin controlar les emocions i pensaments negatius, que les propicien. Però per poder-lo aplicar, els docents necessiten preparació en aquest camp ja que els són peça fonamentat per l'èxit de l'aprenentatge emocional, i el centre ha d'incloure l'educació emocional dintre dels propòsits de formació a tots els nivells i dintre del currículum acadèmic.

Testosterone and cortisol have been proposed to influence aggressive behavior by altering the neural processing of facial threat signals. However, this has not been investigated in direct social interactions. Here, we explored the joint impact of testosterone, cortisol, and brain reactivity to anger expressions on women’s reactive aggression in the Social Threat Aggression Paradigm (STAP). The STAP is a competitive reaction time task in which the purported opponent displays either an angry or a neutral facial expression at the beginning of each trial and delivers increasingly loud sound blasts to the participants, successfully provoking them. Strikingly, salivary testosterone at scan-time was negatively related to both aggression and basolateral amygdala (BLA) reactivity to angry faces, whereas cortisol had no effect. When the opponent looked angry, BLA-orbitofrontal coupling was reduced, and BLA reactivity was positively related to aggression. The latter relationship was fully mediated by bilateral superior temporal gyrus (STG) activation. Our results thus support previous neurobiological models of aggression, and extend them by demonstrating that fast amygdala responses to threat modulate STG activity in order to favor aggressive retaliation. Furthermore, our study agrees with recent evidence underscoring a fear-reducing and strategically prosocial effect of testosterone on human social behavior.

Treball Final de Grau en Psicologia. Codi: PS1048. Curs: 2015/2016 En la actualidad ha surgido un fenómeno que poco a poco va cobrando bastante fuerza, es el fenómeno de la violencia filio-parental. Aunque este problema ha existido siempre, es en nuestros días donde está aumentando de forma considerable el número de padres que son agredidos por sus hijos adolescentes. En este estudio nos hemos centrado en hacer una revisión bibliográfica de los artículos más representativos en este ámbito. Para ello hemos buscado definiciones, cifras a nivel nacional y principalmente hemos tenido en cuenta posibles explicaciones para entender este fenómeno. Una vez realizada esta revisión se ha realizado un estudio cuantitativo usando series temporales, con el objetivo de ver la evolución de los casos por comunidades autónomas desde el 2007 al 2015, donde podemos destacar Andalucía y la Comunidad Valenciana como las comunidades donde hasta día de hoy se han registrado más casos. El presente trabajo es una aproximación a la violencia filio-parental con la limitación de la obtención de cifras, puesto que hoy día este tipo de delito cometido por jóvenes están bastante oculto por parte de las víctimas, probablemente por vergüenza a admitir que son maltratados por sus hijos y por el sentimiento generalizado de culpa que sufren los padres agredidos. Today there has been a phenomenon that is slowly gaining enough strength; it is the phenomenon of filio-parental violence. Although this problem has always existed, it is today where it is significantly increasing the number of parents who are assaulted by their teens. In this study we focused on doing a literature review of the most representative articles in this area. So we've sought definitions, figures at national level and have mainly been considered possible explanations for this phenomenon. Once this review was performed a quantitative study using time series, with the aim of both the evolution of cases by autonomous communities from 2007 to 2015, where we highlight the Valencia and Andalusia and communities where until today there have been more cases. This paper is an approach to violence filio-parental with limiting obtaining figures, since today this type of crime committed by young people are quite hidden by the victims, probably ashamed to admit that they are mistreated by their children and the widespread feeling of guilt experienced by parents assaulted.

[cat] Objectiu: Identificar els factors de risc que influeixen en que les infermeres de Salut Mental siguin objecte de conductes violentes per part de pacient diagnosticats d’esquizofrènia. Metodologia: Estudi descriptiu, observacional, transversal de 146 pacients ingressats a unitats de salut mental. Els factors de risc es van classificar d’acord al model de Chappell i Di Martino. Es van recollir variables sociodemogràfiques, clíniques mitjançant l’escala de predicció i avaluació del risc de violència (EPERV-55) i l’escala de Risc de Violència de Plutchik (RV) i registres d’incidents violents. Resultats: Els factors de risc que van presentar diferencies estadísticament significatives van ser, per a la violència verbal vers el personal d’infermeria: el sexe masculí (p=0,033), el consum de cànnabis (p=0,001), l’absència de permisos (p, [eng] Objective: To identify risk factors that influence Mental Health Nursing are subjected to violent behavior from patients diagnosed with schizophrenia. Methodology: descriptive, observational, transversal study of 146 patients admitted to mental health units. Risk factors were classified according to the conceptual model Chappell and Di Martino. Sociodemographic and clinical variables were collected by the scale prediction and assessment of risk of violence (EPERV-55) and Risk scale Violence Plutchik (RV) and records of violent incidents. Results: The risk factors were statistically significant differences for the verbal violence against nursing: male gender (p = 0.033), cannabis (p = 0.001), the absence of permissions (p

Aim: The present study employed Experience Sampling Methodology to examine whether the interaction between childhood bullying and FKBP5 variability (i) is associated with the expression of psychotic-like experiences, paranoia, and negative affect, and (ii) moderates psychotic-like, paranoid, and affective reactivity to different forms of momentary stress (situational and social) in daily life. Methods: A total of 206 nonclinical young adults were interviewed for bullying with the Childhood Experience of Care and Abuse and were prompted randomly eight times daily for one week to complete assessments of their current experiences, affect, and stress appraisals. Participants were genotyped for three FKBP5 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) (rs3800373, rs9296158, and rs1360780) that have been linked to hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis reactivity. Multilevel analyses were conducted to examine the effect of the interaction between childhood bullying and the FKBP5 haplotype derived from these three SNPs. Results: The interaction between bullying and the FKBP5 haplotype was associated with positive, but not negative, psychotic-like experiences, paranoia, and negative affect. The bullying x FKBP5 interaction also moderated the association of a social stress appraisal (specifically, being alone because people do not want to be with you) with psychotic-like experiences and negative affect in daily life. Simple slopes analyses indicated that, in all cases, the associations were significantly increased by exposure to bullying in participants with the risk haplotype, but not for those with the non-risk haplotype. Discussion: The present study provides the first evidence of the interplay between childhood bullying and FKBP5 variability in the real-world expression of psychosis proneness and social stress reactivity. The findings underscore the importance of investigating how gene-environment interactions are involved in mechanistic pathways to the extended psychosis phenotype and lend further support to the increasing relevance given to socially defeating appraisals in the experience of reality distortion.

L’autora parla sobre diferents aspectes de la violència institucional, posant l’èmfasi en l’anomenada «violència necessària» (Piera Aulagnier), aquella que es fa, no només sense voluntat de causar perjudici, si no pel bé d’un altre. Reflexiona breument sobre els conceptes de violència i agressivitat, les seves diferències quant a la intencionalitat i a l’asimetria dels protagonistes. Fa esment de la violència exercida per part de les institucions sobre els usuaris, que ho som tots, i també sobre els propis professionals que en formen part. Presenta la figura, concepte i rol de l’acompanyant terapèutic com a professional que treballa, en el si d’un equip multi- i interdisciplinari, establint una relació quasi simètrica amb l’altre.

Treball Final de Grau en Mestre o Mestra d'Educació Infantil. Codi: MI1040. Curs acadèmic 2014-2015 Aquest treball és el resultat d’una recopilació i anàlisi bibliogràfica que parteix de l’estudi sistemàtic i de la investigació dels documents més significatius sobre la temàtica conductes agressives i violència escolar, enfocada a l’assetjament entre iguals. Com que aquest fenomen ha anat en augment, ha intensificat la seva presència durant els últims anys i, s’està convertint en un dels riscs més comuns per als nens/es i adolescents, l’objectiu principal d’aquest estudi va encaminat a l’anàlisi de les causes o factors de risc que poden condicionar o generar la seva aparició. Aquesta recerca ha segut realitzada a partir de revistes electròniques indexades; trobades a partir d’exploracions en la base de dades de Google Acadèmic i també en la Biblioteca de la Universitat Jaume I. Es conclou que hi ha múltiples factors associats que deriven, principalment, del context social, la família, els mitjans de comunicació i del context escolar.

Treball Final de Grau en Criminologia i Seguretat. Codi: CS1044. Curs: 2014/2015 Desde la popularización de los videojuegos y sobre todo de los videojuegos violentos, siempre se ha dicho que este tipo de entretenimiento influye en los jóvenes volviéndolos más agresivos y antisociales. En este TFG vamos a tratar de ver qué entendemos por conducta antisocial, por agresión y conducta agresiva, y también qué se entiende por videojuegos violentos, qué contenido tienen para considerarlos así y cómo se clasifican. Después hemos realizado un estudio experimental en el que pretendemos ver qué influencia pueden tener esta tipo de videojuegos en la conducta antisocial y agresiva de los adolescentes. Para ello, hemos pasado un cuestionario a los alumnos de un colegio que hemos seleccionado y les hemos preguntado por su relación con los videojuegos, si juegan o no, cuánto tiempo lo hacen, qué tipo de videojuegos suelen usar, etc. También tenían que rellenar un Cuestionario de Conductas antisociales y otro de Agresividad. Tras el estudio de los resultados hemos comprobado que los alumnos no presentaban conductas antisociales ni agresivas, y que el hecho jugar a videojuegos, no tiene ninguna influencia, como tampoco lo tiene el tipo de juegos. Aunque sí que hemos encontrado diferencias en la frecuencia de uso con respecto a las conductas antisociales. Since the popularization of video games and especially violent video games, always it has been said that this type of entertainment influences on young people making them more aggressive and anti-social. In this essay, we are going to try to see what it means by antisocial behaviour, aggression and aggressive behavior, and also what is meant by violent video games, what content have to consider them violent, and how are classified. We then conducted a pilot study in which we want to see what influence can have this type of video games in antisocial and aggressive behaviour of adolescents. To do this, we have passed a questionnaire to a student’s of a school that we have selected and have them asked by its relationship with video games, whether playing or not, how long do, what kind of video games commonly use, etc. They also had to fill out a questionnaire of antisocial behaviour and another of aggressiveness. After the study's results have proven that students have not antisocial or aggressive behavior and the fact of playing video games, has no influence, as it does not have the type of games. Although we have found differences in frequency of use in relation with antisocial behaviour

Es van analitzar quins factors identitaris desvetllen més el sentiment d"unió i protecció cap a la pròpia nació, i a través de quins mecanismes neurals. Se"n van valorar diversos, entre els quals iferents manifestacions culturals, monuments, la propensió a adquirir productes propis, aspectes gastronòmics i, també, les banderes. El resultat fou clar: les banderes són els únics trets identitaris dels analitzats que estimulen aquest sentiment d"unió i protecció, i ho fan precisament a través de les funcions socials i grupals de l"oxitocina.

Treball de Fi de Màster en Criminologia i Execució Penal. Curs 2013-2014 Tutor: Josep Maria Tamarit Sumalla El fenómeno del ciberacoso, también conocido como acoso cibernético o cyberbullying, es un área de alto interés científico para la criminología, pero a su vez constituye un tema controvertido y difícil de estudiar. En este contexto, el presente estudio está encaminado a explorar la complejidad de esta problemática y sus consecuencias para el individuo y la sociedad. Con este propósito, se ha llevado a cabo una revisión bibliográfica de las publicaciones existentes que hacen referencia a la prevalencia, incidencia y consecuencias de este tipo de victimización, así como el análisis de los resultados obtenidos de 150 cuestionarios administrados a jóvenes universitarios de Cataluña para poder determinar si los datos obtenidos a través de este estudio se ajustan a los encontrados en la literatura existente o por el contrario, existen diferencias en relación a este fenómeno. Así mismo, este estudio pretende contribuir a conocer un tipo de victimización poco estudiado y explorado. The cyberbullying phenomenon, also known as online harassment, is an area of increasing scientific interest to criminology, but is also controversial and a difficult topic to study. In this context, this research aims to explore the complexity of this problem and its consequences for both the individual and the society. For this purpose, it has been carried out a literature review of the current publications referring to the prevalence, incidence and consequences about this type of victimization, and the analysis of the results of 150 questionnaires filled out by university students of Catalonia to determine whether the data obtained from this analysis agrees with what has been found in the global literature or on the contrary, there are some differences in relation to this phenomenon. This paper also aims to contribute in the research of a kind of victimization which nowadays has not been enough studied.

La adolescencia es una etapa de cambios físicos, psicológicos y emocionales, maduración que no sólo ocurre en el entorno real sino también en el virtual, también conocido como 'La Nube'. En el presente artículo se analiza el proceso del grooming-online, el rol de las víctimas adolescentes y sus agresores, haciendo hincapié en la necesidad de desarrollar políticas preventivas basadas en la educación de los adolescentes sobre el uso responsable de las nuevas herramientas tecnológicas.

Les persones, com tots els animals, manifestem conductes agressives. L'agressivitat forma part del programari bàsic del cervell, i ha estat afavorida per la selecció natural, atès que ens permet defensar-nos davant situacions potencialment perilloses.

Antisocial and criminal behaviors are multifactorial traits whose interpretation relies on multiple disciplines. Since these interpretations may have social, moral and legal implications, a constant review of the evidence is necessary before any scientific claim is considered as truth. A recent study proposed that men with wider faces relative to facial height (fWHR) are more likely to develop unethical behaviour mediated by a psychological sense of power. This research was based on reports suggesting that sexual dimorphism and selection would be responsible for a correlation between fWHR and aggression. Here we show that 4,960 individuals from 94 modern human populations belonging to a vast array of genetic and cultural contexts do not display significant amounts of fWHR sexual dimorphism. Further analyses using populations with associated ethnographical records as well as samples of male prisoners of the Mexico City Federal Penitentiary condemned by crimes of variable level of inter-personal aggression (homicide, robbery, and minor faults) did not show significant evidence, suggesting that populations/individuals with higher levels of bellicosity, aggressive behaviour, or power-mediated behaviour display greater fWHR. Finally, a regression analysis of fWHR on individual's fitness showed no significant correlation between this facial trait and reproductive success. Overall, our results suggest that facial attributes are poor predictors of aggressive behaviour, or at least, that sexual selection was weak enough to leave a signal on patterns of between- and within-sex and population facial variation., Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo

The A-kinase-anchoring protein 5 (AKAP5), a post-synaptic multi-adaptor molecule that binds G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) and intracellular signaling molecules has been implicated in emotional processing in rodents, but its role in human emotion and behavior is up to now still not quite clear. Here, we report an association of individual differences in aggressive behavior and anger expression with a functional genetic polymorphism (Pro100Leu) in the human AKAP5 gene. Among a cohort of 527 young, healthy individuals, carriers of the less common Leu allele (15.6% allele frequency) scored significantly lower in the physical aggression domain of the Buss and Perry Aggression Questionnaire (BPAQ) and higher in the anger control dimension of the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI). In a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) experiment we could further demonstrate that AKAP5 Pro100Leu modulates the interaction of negative emotional processing and executive functions. To investigate implicit control-processes of anger control, we used the well-known flanker-task in order to evoke processes of action-monitoring and error-processing and added task-irrelevant neutral or angry faces in the background of the flanker stimuli. In line with our predictions, Leu carriers showed increased activation of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) during emotional interference, which in turn predicted shorter reaction times and might be related to stronger control of emotional interference. Conversely, Pro homozygotes exhibited increased orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) activation during emotional interference, with no behavioral advantage. Immunohistochemistry revealed AKAP5 expression in the human ACC and OFC. Our results suggest that AKAP5 Pro100Leu contributes to individual differences in human aggression and anger. Further research is warranted to explore the detailed role of AKAP5 in human emotional processing.

Els conflictes són inherents a la condició humana, igual que en tots els éssers vius. Les disputes sobre els recursos o l'accés a companys per a aparellar-s'hi són algunes de les causes més freqüents dels conflictes. Aquí, el conflicte es defineix com una lluita o una competició entre individus o grups i pot incloure tota una varietat de comportaments agressius. Tradicionalment, en el cas dels humans, sempre s'ha considerat que l'agressivitat, la violència i els conflictes, inclosa la predisposició individual a la resolució de conflictes, tenen unes arrels culturals molt profundes, però les últimes recerques tant en el camp de la neurociència com en el de la genètica han demostrat la influència dels gens en aquests trets de comportament tan complexos. En aquest estudi, es presenten dades recents sobre els aspectes genètics d'aquests comportaments interrelacionats, inclosos els efectes de gens concrets, l'efecte de l'estrès i del gènere en la regulació dels gens i les interaccions entre gens i entorn; tots són elements que poden afectar la predisposició biològica a la resolució de conflictes. També s'hi tracten altres aspectes del comportament que són afectats per la genètica i que estan relacionats amb els conflictes i la resolució de conflictes, com ara la sociabilitat. A més, s'hi destaca la importància de tenir en compte dades genètiques i biològiques per a oferir estratègies de resolució de conflictes. Conflicts are inherent to the human condition, as they are for all living beings. Disputes about resources or access to mating partners are among the most common causes of conflict. Conflict is herein defined as a struggle or contest between individuals or parties, and may involve a variety of aggressive behaviours. In humans, aggressiveness, violence and conflicts, including individual predisposal to conflict resolution, have traditionally been said to have deep cultural roots, but recent research in both neuroscience and genetics has shown the influence of genes on such complex behavioural traits. In this paper, recent data on the genetic aspects of these interrelated behaviours will be put together, including the effects of particular genes, the influence of stress and gender on gene regulation, and gene¿environment interactions, all of which may influence biological predisposal to conflict resolution. Other genetically influenced behavioural aspects involved in conflicts and conflict resolution, such as sociability, will also be discussed. The importance of taking into account genetic and biological data to provide strategies for conflict resolution will be highlighted. Los conflictos son inherentes a la condición humana, igual que en todos los seres vivos. Las disputas sobre los recursos o el acceso a compañeros de apareamiento son algunas de las causas más frecuentes de los conflictos. Aquí, el conflicto se define como una lucha o competición entre individuos o grupos y puede incluir toda una variedad de comportamientos agresivos. Tradicionalmente, en el caso de los humanos, la agresividad, la violencia y los conflictos, incluida la predisposición individual a la resolución de conflictos, siempre se han considerado que tienen raíces culturales muy profundas, pero las recientes investigaciones tanto en el campo de la neurociencia como en el de la genética han demostrado la influencia de los genes en estos rasgos de comportamiento tan complejos. En este estudio, se presentan datos recientes sobre los aspectos genéticos de estos comportamientos interrelacionados, incluidos los efectos de genes concretos, el efecto del estrés y del género en la regulación de los genes y las interacciones entre genes y entorno, todo lo cual puede afectar a la predisposición biológica a la resolución de conflictos. También se tratan otros aspectos del comportamiento que se ven afectados por la genética y que están relacionados con los conflictos y la resolución de conflictos, como la sociabilidad. Además, se destaca la importancia de tener en cuenta datos genéticos y biológicos para ofrecer estrategias de resolución de conflictos. Les conflits sont inhérents à la condition humaine, de la même manière que chez tous les êtres vivants. Les disputes sur les recours ou l'accès aux compagnons d'accouplement sont certaines des causes les plus fréquentes des conflits. Ici, le conflit est défini comme une lutte ou une compétition entre individus ou groupes et peut comprendre toute une variété de comportements agressifs. Traditionnellement, chez les humains, l'agressivité, la violence et les conflits, y compris la prédisposition individuelle à la résolution de conflits, ont toujours été liés à des racines culturelles très profondes, mais les recherches récentes autant dans le domaine de la neuroscience que dans celui de la génétique ont démontré l'influence des gènes dans ces traits de comportements si complexes. Cette étude présente des données récentes sur les aspects génétiques de ces comportements interdépendants, y compris les effets de gènes précis, l'effet du stress et du genre dans la régulation des gènes et les interactions entre les gènes et l'environnement, tout cela peut altérer la prédisposition biologique à la résolution de conflits. Elle traite aussi d'autres aspects du comportement qui peuvent être altérés par la génétique et qui sont liés aux conflits et à la résolution de conflits, comme la sociabilité par exemple. Elle souligne en outre l'importance de tenir compte des données génétiques et biologiques de façon à pouvoir offrir différentes stratégies de résolution de conflits.

Aquest estudi va examinar la repercussió del Programa Delfos d’educació en valors a través de l’esport en els nivells d’agressivitat de joves escolars. La mostra va estar formada per estudiants de vuit col·legis públics (N=160), d’una mitjana d’edat de 10,6 anys (grup experimental = 79, grup control = 81). Es va aplicar el Programa d’Intervenció al grup experimental en vint-i-quatre sessions d’una hora de durada. Alhora, el grup control va realitzar les sessions d’educació física que tenien programades. Els resultats van mostrar, en el grup experimental, millores significatives en els comportaments assertius i una disminució de les conductes agressives, tant en l’esport com en altres contexts. En el grup control no es van trobar canvis significatius.

[cat] L'any 2002, Caspi et al. informaren per primer cop d'una interacció entre un factor genètic concret (el gen de la monoamino-oxidasa A o MAOA) i un factor ambiental concret, el maltractament infantil, i de llurs efectes sobre el comportament antisocial en l'edat adulta. Aquest treball seminal originà posteriors recerques que tractaren de replicar aquesta interacció amb diferents mostres i metodologies. Tots aquests treballs, però, tenen en comú la utilització de dissenys correlacionals. És a dir, cap d'ells pot assegurar la causalitat dels efectes de la interacció genotip-ambient en el comportament antisocial. L'objectiu d'aquest treball és, principalment, replicar les troballes de Caspi et al. (2002) de forma experimental, mitjançant la utilització d'anàlegs de laboratori. Per una altra banda, la majoria de treballs no han trobat una relació directa entre el gen de la MAOA i l'agressió, però fins ara no havia estat estudiat el paper dels trets de personalitat com a possibles endofenotips que estiguin mediant en aquesta relació. Les hipòtesis d'aquest treball són dues, 1) que els subjectes portadors de l'al·lel de baixa activitat del gen de la MAOA sota una condició d'adversitat ambiental respondran de forma significativament més elevada en una tasca d'agressió experimental. Per contra, no hi haurà diferències entre aquells subjectes que no hagin estat exposats a adversitat ambiental en funció del seu genotip MAOA. 2) Els trets de personalitat "agressivitat" i "impulsivitat" tindran un paper significatiu en la relació entre genotip i fenotip (MAOA i agressió respectivament), essent els portadors de l'al·lel de baixa activitat del gen de la MAOA més agressius i impulsius i puntuant així més alt en la tasca d'agressió de laboratori. Per tal d'induir l'adversitat ambiental o ostracisme utilitzem la tasca Cyberball, genotipem als subjectes mitjançant procediments estàndard i com a variable dependent utilitzem una tasca d'agressió experimental anomenada Point Subtraction Aggression Paradigm (PSAP). Per tal de posar a prova la primera hipòtesi utilitzem una Anàlisi Multivariant de la Variància, i per tal de posar a prova la segona hipòtesi, un Model d'Equacions Estructurals. Els resultats ens indiquen que el gen de la MAOA no té cap efecte sobre la agressió mesurada segons el PSAP, mentre que l'ostracisme i la interacció entre ambdós sí, explicant un 30% de la variabilitat de l'agressió gràcies a les variables independents. Els resultats avalen la rèplica de les troballes de Caspi et al. en una situació controlada de laboratori. Així doncs, mitjançant un disseny experimental, aquest treball ha reproduït una interacció entre el gen de la MAOA i l'ostracisme i els seus efectes sobre l'agressió. D'altra banda, hem contrastat parcialment la segona hipòtesi del treball, trobant efectes indirectes del gen de la MAOA en l'agressió en el PSAP a través del tret de personalitat "impulsivitat". Com a conclusions generals, podem afirmar que el tipus de disseny que hem utilitzat en aquest treball podria generalitzar-se a d'altres formes d'interacció genotip-ambient que han estat detectades. Sens dubte, creiem que pot ésser una eina molt útil per a d'altres investigadors. També hem observat com és possible d'emprar variables de personalitat com a endofenotips. De fet, no només és possible sinó que creiem que és desitjable, per tal de reduir la distancia entre el genotip i el fenotip., [eng] In 2002, Caspi et al. reported for the first time an interaction between a specific genetic factor (monoamine-oxidase A or MAOA gene) and a specific environmental factor, child abuse, and their effects on antisocial behavior in adulthood. This seminal work originated research that tried to replicate this interaction with different samples and methodologies. All these studies, however, have in common the use of correlational designs. The main aim of this study is mainly to replicate the findings of Caspi et al. (2002) experimentally. The hypotheses of this study are two, 1) that subjects carrying the low-activity allele of the MAOA gene under adverse environmental condition will respond significantly higher in the aggression experimental task. However, there won't be differences between those subjects that have not been exposed to environmental adversity regardless of their MAOA genotype. 2) Personality traits "aggressiveness" and "impulsiveness" will show a significant role in the relationship between genotype and phenotype (MAOA and aggression, respectively), being carriers of the low-activity allele of the MAOA gene more aggressive and impulsive, and thus scoring higher in the aggression task. We induced environmental adversity (ostracism) using the Cyberball task, genotype was obtained following standard procedures. As dependent variable we used the experimental aggression task Point Subtraction Aggression Paradigm (PSAP). Results indicate that MAOA gene has no effect on PSAP aggression, while the interaction between ostracism does have, explaining up to 30% of the variance. Thus, using an experimental design, this study has reproduced an interaction between the MAOA gene and environmental adversity and its effects on aggression. Furthermore, we found partial support for the second hypothesis, finding indirect effects of the MAOA gene on PSAP aggression via "impulsiveness". As a general conclusion, we can state that the type of design that we used in this study could be generalized to other forms of genotype-environment interaction that have been detected. Undoubtedly, we can be a useful tool for other researchers. We have also observed how it is possible to use variables as personality endofenotips. In fact, not only possible but believe it is desirable to reduce the gap between genotype and phenotype.

La ira es una de las emociones consideradas básicas o primarias. Esto es, tiene un carácter innato, está presente en casi todas las especies y culturas y, además, presenta una manifestación expresiva universal, lo cual subraya su utilidad adaptativa. Sin embargo, han existido otras aproximaciones que consideran que la emoción de ira no tiene un fundamento biológico ni básico, señalando que sus connotaciones son sociales, y que se trata de un “síndrome” o “rol social transitorio”, culturalmente determinado, “que escapa al mecanicismo fisiológico” (Averill, 1982, p. 3) Anger is considered one of the basic or primary emotions. It has an innate character; it is present in almost all species and cultures, and also presents a universal expressive manifestation, which emphasizes its adaptive utility. However, there have been other approaches that consider that the emotion of anger does not have a biological or basic basis; that it has social connotations, and that it is a ‘syndrome’ or ‘transitory social role’, culturally determined, ‘that escapes the physiological mechanism’ (Averill, 1982, p. 3). Building on comparative historical sociolinguistics, the study analyses two phases in the evolution of a linguistic change that affected demonstrative adverbs of remoteness in the sixteenth century. The analysis of an epistolary corpus composed of 895 private letters by 670 writers of diverse social status shows that the pre-eminence of adverbs in the first classical Spanish was progressively diluted, especially during the last four decades of the century. During this time, unlike previous periods, a notable increase in the use of the adverb “allí” is noticed, together with diverse evolutionary patterns. On the one hand, some conditioning factors of the past continue to exist, such as the explanatory direction of the adverbs. Yet, the use of some of them starts to decrease, which may stand as one of the reasons behind the sharp increase in the use of “allí”. On the other hand, some tendencies in the variable conditioning of adverbs, whose origin might be traced back to the previous period, can be noted. The data does not reflect any kind of sociolinguistic significance. Therefore, it can be concluded that, at least during this period of time, the change circulated mostly below the level of consciousness as a consequence, fundamentally, of internal pressures.

Aufgrund der vorgestellten Ergebnisse aus empirischen Forschungen des Pilar-Instituts zur Wahrnehmung von Gewalt und Kriminalität in der Republik Kroatien lässt sich abschließend festhalten, dass Gewalt und Kriminalität in den letzten Jahren zunehmend als große gesellschaftliche Probleme angesehen werden. Aus Sicht der kroatischen Öffentlichkeit nehmen Gewalt und Kriminalität in der Gesellschaft tendenziell zu. Allerdings steht dies im Mißverhältnis zu den eigentlichen Entwicklungen von Kriminalität und Gewaltdelikten, folgt man den Statistiken der Polizei. Informationen über Gewalt und Kriminalität entnehmen die Bürger in erster Linie den Medien, allen voran dem Fernsehen. Allgemein werden mit Gewalt und Kriminalität assoziierte Phänomene und Probleme eher auf nationaler als auf lokaler Ebene angesiedelt. Wird in der Öffentlichkeit eine zunehmend latente Bedrohung des gesellschaftlichen Friedens und der inneren Stabilität wahrgenommen, so steht dies in Wechselwirkung zur Berichterstattung der Medien über Gewalt und Kriminalität. Nicht nur Ereignisse an sich, sondern die Diskurse über sie, in welchen die Medien den Ton vorgeben, beeinflussen maßgeblich die Wahrnehmung von Agressivität und Gewalt in der (kroatischen) Öffentlichkeit.

Tanto la impulsividad como la agresividad están relacionadas con conductas desadaptativas y numerosos trastornos mentales. En el caso concreto de niños y adolescentes, la impulsividad está implicada en problemas como el trastorno por hiperactividad y déficit de atención o la lectura, que, a su vez, generan problemas de aprendizaje y fracaso escolar (Harmon-Jones, Barratt & Wigg, 1997). Según E. Barratt, los sujetos impulsivos tienen más problemas para aprender que los sujetos con bajos niveles de impulsividad, lo que implica que la impulsividad podría estar relacionada con el fracaso escolar, que a su vez, podría mantener también algún tipo de relación con la conducta agresiva.Considerando la importancia y el impacto que las conductas agresivas tienen actualmente a nivel social y la preocupación que generan actualmente en el ámbito educativo, en esta tesis se ha tratado de comprobar hasta qué punto la impulsividad favorece la agresividad en adolescentes, qué tipo de relación mantienen la agresividad y los diferentes tipos de impulsividad, y cómo influyen sobre otras variables como las capacidades intelectuales, el fracaso escolar o el género.Los resultados muestran que no existe relación entre la impulsividad disfuncional y el potencial intelectual innato del individuo, pero que la impulsividad disfuncional afecta al aprendizaje posterior que permite desarrollar ese potencial, porque presenta relación con las competencias intelectuales vinculadas a la inteligencia cristalizada pero no a la inteligencia fluida. Por eso la impulsividad disfuncional afecta también a los resultados académicos, favoreciendo un mayor número de suspensos. Además, la impulsividad funcional y la disfuncional facilitan que la persona responda de forma agresiva, probablemente por la tendencia a responder dejándose llevar por el impulso del momento, aunque la impulsividad disfuncional predispone a la desconfianza hacia los demás y a los sentimientos de ira, lo que también facilita la manifestación de conductas agresivas. Por otra parte, en otros estudios realizados con población adulta no se ha obtenido una relación significativa entre la impulsividad funcional y los aspectos instrumentales de la agresividad, al contrario que en este estudio, llevado a cabo con adolescentes. Por lo tanto, puede ser que durante la adolescencia se perciba como un potencial beneficio el hecho de responder agresivamente, mientras que los adultos con elevada impulsividad funcional inhibirían sus respuestas agresivas por no considerarlas beneficiosas. Finalmente, los resultados apoyan la teoría de E. Barratt sobre que la impulsividad y la ira constituyen variables necesarias pero no suficientes para la agresividad impulsiva. En consecuencia, existen otras variables, como pueden ser los problemas relacionados con las habilidades sociales o el pobre procesamiento de la información, que intervienen en esta relación. En este estudio se han utilizado dos versiones del cuestionario Aggression Questionnaire de Buss & Perry (1992) con el fin de contrastar la validez de criterio en relación con los instrumentos de impulsividad, obteniendo resultados similares con ambas versiones. En estudios previos se obtuvo que la versión reducida tampoco implica una disminución de la consistencia interna. Por lo tanto, la versión reducida es una buena alternativa a la versión original, dado que con menos ítems se consiguen las mismas propiedades psicométricas., Both impulsivity and aggressiveness are associated with disadaptative behaviours and many mental disorders. In children and adolescents, impulsivity is also associated with problems such as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder or reading, which can cause learning problems and academic failure (Harmon-Jones, Barratt & Wigg, 1997). According to E. Barratt, impulsive people have more problems to learn than people with low levels of impulsivity, which implies that impulsivityeness could be associated with academic failure and aggressive behaviour.Taking into account the impact of aggressive behaviours in current society and the concern that they are causing in the school context, the main objective of this thesis is to test to what extent impulsivity influences aggressiveness in adolescents. Other objectives are to test the sort of relationship between aggressiveness and the different kinds of impulsivity, and their influence on other variables such as intellectual abilities, academic failure or gender.The results show that there is no relationship between dysfunctional impulsivity and individual intellectual resources, but impulsivity impairs later learning that allows these resources to develop. In fact, dysfunctional impulsivity is associated with the intellectual abilities involved in crystallized intelligence, but not with fluid intelligence. For this reason, dysfunctional impulsivity impairs academic results, and leads to higher failure rates. Furthermore, functional and dysfunctional impulsivity predispose subjects to answer aggressively, probably because they tend to respond without thinking, though dysfunctional impulsivity is also associated with mistrusting other people and feeling anger, which predispose to aggressive behaviours. On the other hand, other studies made with adults have found no relationship between functional impulsivity and instrumental aspects of aggressiveness, unlike this study in adolescents. Adolescents may think that acting aggressively can bring benefits, while functional impulsive adults inhibit their aggressive behaviours because they do not believe that aggressiveness brings any benefit. Finally, the results support E. Barrat's theory that impulsivity and anger are necessary but not enough for impulsive aggressiveness. Consequently, other variables, such as poor social skills or poor information processing, may be involved in this relationship. In this study, two versions of Buss & Perry's Aggression Questionnaire (1992) have been used to verify the validity of the criteria used with the impulsivity tests. The results are similar with both versions. Previous studies showed that the short version does not reduce internal consistency. Consequently, the short version is a good alternative to the original version, because fewer items provide the same psychometric properties.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La hostilidad se ha estudiado tradicionalmente en muestras masculinas o mixtas como un factor de riesgo de enfermar, especialmente de enfermedades cardiovasculares (Fredickson, 2000; Christensen, 2004; Olson et al., 2005). La reactividad cardiovascular (aumento significativo de TA y FC respecto a la línea base) ante una condición de estrés se ha observado como un posible marcador de riesgo de enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV), especialmente de HTA (Lovallo y Gerin, 2003; Treiber, 2003; Linden, 2003; Matthews, 2003; Ming, 2004, Moseley y Linden, 2006 ). La reactividad cardiovascular (RCV) podría ser uno de los mecanismos que vincularía la hostilidad a las ECV. La falta de estudios concluyentes sobre la relación entre hostilidad, RCV, y riesgo de ECV en mujeres, y la evidencia de diferencias género en la expresión de la hostilidad (Davidson y Hall, 1995), y en RCV (Lawler, 2001), justifican el estudio del impacto de estas variables en la salud de las mujeres.OBJETIVOS:1. Analizar el complejo hostilidad y el Patrón de Conducta Tipo A (PCTA) en un grupo de mujeres de población general (n= 254). 2. Analizar la RCV ante una condición de estrés interpersonal (EE, Entrevista Estructurada del PCTA) según el nivel de hostilidad (n= 70). 3. Determinar la relación de la hostilidad con hábitos tóxicos y antecedentes médicos y psicopatológicos.RESULTADOS: El grupo de elevada hostilidad presenta mayor reactividad de la TAD (t= -2.35; pCONCLUSIONES: Las mujeres hostiles presentan mayor TA basal y mayor reactividad de la TAD que las no hostiles. Además, la hostilidad influye significativamente en la reactividad de la TA. Las mujeres impacientes presentan mayor reactividad de la TAD, y la impaciencia influye significativamente en la TAS basal. Por lo tanto, las mujeres hostiles, impacientes, así como las que presentan puntuaciones elevadas en PCTA, someten a su sistema cardiovascular a cambios más bruscos ante estresores interpersonales. La hostilidad influye en la aparición y mantenimiento de las ECV no sólo por la vía de la RCV, sino también aumentando la exposición a factores de riesgo directamente implicados como el tabaquismo y la obesidad.La hostilidad de la EE evalúa en esta muestra de mujeres aspectos diferentes de lo observado en hombres. Infravalora el componente más tóxico, la hostilidad antagónica (elementos conductuales como la agresividad verbal). En cambio, evalúa en mayor proporción hostilidad neurótica (componentes emocional y cognitivo). Esto explicaría la falta de resultados con la hostilidad de la EE. La escala hostilidad del JAS y el Cuestionario de Agresión de Buss-Perry podrán ser instrumentos útiles para detectar individuos más reactivos ante estresores interpersonales y, por lo tanto, con mayor probabilidad de presentar una HTA posterior. Los resultados contribuyen al abordaje multicisciplinar de las ECV.