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Low salinity Waterflooding (LSWF) is a proven EOR technique which has emerged in the last few decades. In this, the salinity of the injected water is reduced. Studies have unveiled that the LSWF can improve about 5–38% of oil recovery. This work aims to study the effectiveness of LSWF by modeling Sea waterflooding (SWF) and LSWF using a commercial reservoir simulator and justifying the proposed mechanisms responsible for the incremental oil recovery due to LSWF. A critical parametric study has been undertaken, which led us to conclude that LSWF is a cost-effective, and environment-friendly method that results in additional oil recovery for sandstone reservoirs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Byline: Suresh. Giragani, Ashok. Kasireddy, Vikas. Agrawal, Swathi. Muthyala Intraparenchymal venous congestive changes secondary to carotico-cavernous fistula are not common. Isolated basal ganglia venous congestive changes in carotico-cavernous fistula have [...]

BackgroundSeveral high-throughput technologies can measure in parallel the abundance of many mRNA transcripts within a sample. These include the widely-used microarray as well as the more recently developed methods based on sequence tag abundances such as the Massively Parallel Signature Sequencing (MPSS) technology. A comparison of microarray and MPSS technologies can help to establish the metrics for data comparisons across these technology platforms and determine some of the factors affecting the measurement of mRNA abundances using different platforms.ResultsWe compared transcript abundance (gene expression) measurement data obtained using Affymetrix and Agilent microarrays with MPSS data. All three technologies were used to analyze the same set of mRNA samples; these samples were extracted from various wild type Arabidopsis thaliana tissues and floral mutants. We calculated correlations and used clustering methodology to compare the normalized expression data and expression ratios across samples and technologies. Abundance expression measurements were more similar between different samples measured by the same technology than between the same sample measured by different technologies. However, when expression ratios were employed, samples measured by different technologies were found to cluster together more frequently than with abundance expression levels.Furthermore, the two microarray technologies were more consistent with each other than with MPSS. We also investigated probe-position effects on Affymetrix data and tag-position effects in MPSS. We found a similar impact on Affymetrix and MPSS measurements, which suggests that these effects were more likely a characteristic of the RNA sample rather than technology-specific biases.ConclusionComparisons of transcript expression ratios showed greater consistency across platforms than measurements of transcript abundance. In addition, for measurements based on abundances, technology differences can mask the impact of biological differences between samples and tissues.

Speciation diagrams in pH-Eh space at some pressure, temperature, and composition are highly useful in indicating the thermodynamic behavior expected in a system. While these diagrams are found frequently throughout geochemical literature, they often overlook the geometric behavior of stability fields and fail to address the specific impacts of ionic strength and fluid composition. Modeling results from the Salton Sea and Krafla geothermal sites suggest a positive correlation between ionic strength and the H2O(l) stability field area or reactivity domain. In addition, the Si-bearing species (selected due to the propensity of adverse scale occurrence) within the Salton Sea brine are shifted farther apart than the centroids of the same Si species in the comparatively dilute Krafla. These modeling observations imply that geothermal brines at equilibrium accommodate a larger H2O reactive field in pH-Eh space, allowing for the possibility that water–rock interactions could occur at pH-Eh conditions that would conventionally be unexpected if ionic strength is not considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]