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Seit Gründung der Universität für Bodenkultur im Jahr 1872, haben 9 Professoren die Geschicke des Instituts für Landtechnik gelenkt. Aus der 1906/1907 gegründeten Prüfstation entwickelte sich ein Maschinen- und Prüfwesen, das mit der Gründung der Bundesversuchs- und Prüfungsanstalt für Landwirtschaftliche Maschinen 1946 zu Ende ging. 1953 wurde das Institut für Landmaschinen- und Arbeitstechnik geschaffen und zum „Institut für Landtechnik und Energiewirtschaft" ausgebaut (1967). 1992 erfolgte die Erweiterung des Themenfelds um die Fachgebiete Energie- und Umwelttechnik. 2004 wurde die BOKU neu strukturiert und das „Institut für Landtechnik“ unter dem Dach des Departments für „Nachhaltige Agrarsysteme“ firmiert. Ab 2011 wurden neue Schwerpunkte "Systemwissenschaften" und der Bereich „smart farming technologies“ gelegt. Mit der 2019 erfolgten Gründung des „Digitalisierungs- und Innovationslabors in den Agrarwissenschaften“ an der BOKU konnte ein erster Schritt gesetzt werden., Since the founding of the University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences in 1872, 9 professors have guided the fortunes of the Institute of Agricultural Engineering. The testing station, founded in 1906/1907, developed into a machine and testing department, which came to an end with the founding of the Federal Testing and Research Institute for Agricultural Machines in 1946. In 1953, the Institute for Agricultural Machinery and Work Technology was created and expanded into the "Institute for Agricultural Technology and Energy Management" (1967). In 1992, the subject area was expanded to include energy and environmental technology. BOKU was restructured and the "Institute of Agricultural Engineering" became part of the Department of "Sustainable Agricultural Systems" in 2004. From 2011 onwards, new focal points "systems science" and the field of "smart farming technologies" were established. The establishment of the "Digitalization and Innovation Laboratory in Agricultural Sciences" at BOKU in 2019 was a first step., Jahrbuch Agrartechnik 2022, vol. 34

Different prospects are offered by drones (small unmanned aerial vehicles) for the agricultural sector; typical drone applications being pesticide spraying, soil sampling and fertilizing, farm animal surveillance, real-time aerial imagery and sensor data collection etc. The Indian federal government is actively promoting drones for agriculture spraying. These 'Kisan drones' are primarily intended to cut down time, increase efficiency and efficacy of resource utilization in agriculture sprays (pesticides etc.) and mitigate adverse effects of manual pesticide spraying on human health. Going ahead, drones are also expected to help in transportation, surveying, and aerial imagery aspects in agriculture. This review finds that the government is actively pursuing a liberalised policy to promote drones and also offering substantial financial incentives to institutions, individual farmers as well as entrepreneurs to procure and use or manufacture drones as the case may be. Drones save time and are reported to be efficient in resource utilization with substantial water savings. Unit economics of drone spray cost per acre vis-à-vis manual labour cost is also catching up. Drone flying for agricultural operations can also be a good opportunity for rural youth. If drones are able to achieve confidence of farmers for spray related operations, there is a good chance their use can also be expanded to other advanced use cases, benefitting Indian agriculture.

Based on unique primary surveys, we study dairy transformation processes in East Africa, specifically in Ethiopia and Uganda. Evidence on transformation and differential paths followed in doing so in these countries is often limited due to a lack of data. We note significant changes in the dairy sector over the last decade - with more adoption of cross-bred cows and higher milk yields - seemingly driven by rapid changes in local demand (Ethiopia and Uganda) and export markets (Uganda). However, while small farmers were included in that transformation in Uganda, they were not in Ethiopia. This was seemingly driven by better and cheaper accessibility for cross-bred cows that small farmers can better bear in Uganda.

Bayern war und ist auch heute noch das größte Agrarland in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Allerdings hat sich deren Struktur deutlich verändert.

The adoption of modern technologies in agriculture is crucial for improving productivity of poor farmers and poverty reduction. However, the adoption of modern technology has been disappointing. The role of value chains in technology adoption has been largely ignored so far, despite the dramatic transformation and spread of modern agri-food value chains. We argue that value chain organization and innovations can have an important impact on modern technology adoption, not just by downstream companies, but also by farmers. We provide a conceptual framework and an empirical typology of institutional innovations through which value chains can contribute to technology transfer to agriculture in developing and emerging countries.

This paper evaluates the impact of an integrated rural development programme on farming techniques and food security in the Gaza area of rural Mozambique. We examine the impact of a group-based approach, in a country with few impact evaluations of technology adoption in farming. Using self-collected panel data on over 200 households from treatment and control villages from 2008-10, we examine the impact of the aid programme on people living in the treatment villages, using the difference-in-differences approach, and on those who participate in the farmers' groups, using instrumental variables techniques. The results on farming activities and food security indicate some positive immediate impacts on technology adoption and self-reported food security.

Transformation processes in the mode of agricultural production can significantly influence both, the farmers' and the labourers' social welfare. Active promotion of new forms of agricultural production through Governments and NGOs has to be in line with their policies. In the example of Bangladesh poverty reduction is the principle concern of rural development policies. Hence, an ex-ante evaluation to determine an agricultural project's impact on the rural people's livelihoods is a central precondition prior to the implementation of such a project. In this working paper an agricultural pilot project was analysed, which is going to be implemented in a vast area of Northern Bangladesh. Through agricultural extension a short-duration paddy variety, early planting dates, and mechanization of the plantation process are being promoted. This allows harvest of paddy one month ahead of current practice. Major positive welfare changes can be expected for the farmers, especially since earlier plantation of subsequent crops leads to higher yields. The labourers' social welfare will be affected by two aspects. Since mechanization is labour displacing, the overall employment is expected to decrease. Secondly, a positive effect of the project is expected because of the high seasonality of employment opportunities in the region. Harvest will take place in the current agricultural lean season, which corresponds to the period of seasonal food crisis. Hence, harvest is shifted to that period, when labourers are most in need of it. The expected change in social welfare of the farmers and the labours was determined independently by applying cost benefit analysis. Farmers are expected to be the winners of the project, while the labourers' loss in seasonality cannot be compensated by the benefit from smoothened seasonality. The working paper will discuss in how far normative development objectives of the implementing organizations are in line with the reality of the project, which favours those considered being less poor (farmers) and disfavours those considered being more poor (labourers). Additionally, an alternative project idea will be analysed and discussed, which does not mechanize agriculture and therefore has a less widening effect on rural income distribution.

Der Blick zurück. Landtechnik und Forschung in Bayern. Precision (Crop) Farming mit: - Teilschlagtechnik, - Automatische Prozessdatenerfassung, - Virtuelle Flurbereinigung, - Automatisierung und Feldrobotik. Precision Lifestock Farming mit: - Automatische Kälberaufzuchtanlage „Hirschau“, - Elektronik auf der Alm. Energie heute und morgen. Neue Antriebssysteme. Lehre und Lehrstuhl für Agrarsystemtechnik.

Die vorliegende Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit der Optimierung konventioneller Anbauverfahren durch die Umstellung auf ressourcenschonende Verfahren zur Körnerfrüchteproduktion in sechs für diese Arbeit befragten Agrarbetrieben im Gebiet Samara/Russland. Ziel der Optimierung ist es, die Wirtschaftlichkeit der Umstellung von konventionellen auf ressourcenschonende Anbauverfahren sowie den Einsatz von speziell an das Verfahren angepassten Landmaschinen zu beurteilen und darauf aufbauend praxisorientierte, effizienzsteigernde Lösungen zur Umsetzung zu empfehlen. Die Landwirtschaft gehört nach wie vor zu den wichtigsten Wirtschaftszweigen des Gebiets Samara an der mittleren Wolga. Um günstige Bedingungen für eine effiziente Getreideproduktion und für die Entwicklung des Getreidemarktes im Gebiet Samara zu schaffen, wurde im Jahr 1998 das Programm zur ?Verbesserung der Getreideproduktion durch die Anwendung ressourcenschonender bzw. wassersparender Anbauverfahren 1998-2002? in die Praxis umgesetzt. Dabei stellt die Umstellung von konventionellen Anbauverfahren auf die Anwendung ressourcenschonender Verfahren und die Anschaffung von in diesem Rahmen erforderlicher moderner und leistungsfähiger Agrartechnik insbesondere für mittelgroße und kleine Agrarbetriebe mit begrenztem Finanzierungspotential eine große Herausforderung dar. In Folge des Verzichts auf die wendende Bodenbearbeitung als einem sehr kostenintensiven Arbeitsgang können im Rahmen der Optimierung auf den befragten Betrieben die Maschinenkosten bei der konservierenden Bodenbearbeitung deutlich reduziert werden. Im Durchschnitt betragen sie beim pfluglosen Anbauverfahren 18,3 ?/ha und sind damit um 6 % niedriger als bei den in den Agrarbetrieben bisher praktizierten intensiven Produktionsverfahren. Der Durchschnittswert der Maschinenkosten beim Direktsaat-Verfahren beträgt ca. 15 ?/ha und kann somit im Vergleich zum pfluglosen Anbauverfahren nochmals um 18 % bzw. im Vergleich zum konventionellen Produktionsverfahren um 22 % reduziert werden. Im Rahmen des Einsatzes moderner Agrartechnik bei der Umsetzung ressourcenschonender Anbauverfahren liegen jedoch die entstehenden Fixkosten deutlich über denen der konventionellen Anbauverfahren. Da die moderne Agrartechnik allerdings wesentlich höhere Leistungspotentiale aufweist, kann langfristig davon ausgegangen werden, dass sie in diesem Zusammenhang wirtschaftlich überlegen wirkt. Die Wirtschaftlichkeitsanalyse der Umstellung des Anbauverfahrens erbrachte außerdem für die befragten Agrarbetriebe deutliche Vorteile bei der Entwicklung des Arbeitskraftbedarfs und somit der Lohnkosten. Die Anwendung ressourcenschonender Anbauverfahren trägt zu einer deutlichen Senkung des Arbeitskraftbedarfs bei. Die Arbeitskosten bei optimierten Anbauverfahren liegen im Durchschnitt bei 1,3 ?/ha und sind damit um ca. 60 % niedriger als die gesamten Arbeitskosten bei konventionellen Anbauverfahren. Obwohl der Einsatz ressourcenschonender Anbauverfahren grundsätzlich keine intensivere Anwendung von Dünge- und Pflanzenschutzmitteln erfordert, wird im Rahmen der Optimierung deren Ausbringungsmenge an das erforderliche Niveau angepasst und erhöht. Dadurch kann unter günstigen Witterungsbedingungen eine Steigerung des Hektarertrages sowie der Qualität erwartet und mittelfristig ein positiver Einfluss auf die Körnerfrüchteproduktion ausgeübt werden. Infolge der Durchführung der Optimierung der Anbauverfahren und der zur Umsetzung empfohlenen Maßnahmen in den befragten Agrarbetrieben im Gebiet Samara wird eine Veränderung des erzielten Deckungsbeitrags festgestellt. Beim pfluglosen Anbauverfahren sinkt der durchschnittliche Deckungsbeitrag um 24 % und beträgt 58 ?/ha. Der für das Direktsaat-Verfahren kalkulierte Wert des Deckungsbeitrags liegt bei 61 ?/ha und befindet sich immer noch unter dem Niveau des beim konventionellen Anbauverfahren erzielten Wertes. Die berechneten Gleichgewichtserträge weisen darauf hin, dass der Einsatz der optimierten Anbauverfahren in den befragten Agrarbetrieben eine Steigerung des Hektarertrages um durchschnittlich 2,5 dt/ha erfordert. Um einen positiven ökonomischen Effekt bzw. die Wirtschaftlichkeit der konventionellen Anbauverfahren zu erreichen, sollte der Ertrag bis auf ca. 23 dt/ha oder um 12 % erhöht werden. Trotz der im Rahmen der Optimierungsberechnungen gewonnenen Erkenntnisse über die rückläufige Entwicklung des Deckungsbeitrages bei Direktsaat sowie beim pfluglosen Anbauverfahren weisen die gewonnenen Ergebnisse im Gebiet Samara darauf hin, dass beim langfristigen Einsatz ressourcenschonender Anbauverfahren in der Körnerfrüchteproduktion eine kontinuierliche Steigerung der Wirtschaftlichkeit erwartet werden kann. Unter diesen Bedingungen stellt sich die Umstellung der konventionellen Anbauverfahren auf die optimierte ressourcenschonende Bewirtschaftung für die befragten Agrarbetriebe als langfristig vorteilhaft dar. The dissertation in hand refers to the optimisation of conventional cultivation methods by the use of resource-saving technologies in cereal production at six agricultural survey enterprises in the Region of Samara/Russia. The aim of the optimisation is to estimate the economic efficiency of the changeover from conventional to resource-saving cultivation methods as well as to evaluate the use of agricultural machinery adapted to the specific technology, and, starting from this basis, to develop practice-oriented and efficiency-increasing solutions. Agriculture is still one of the most important branches of the economy in the Region of Samara on the middle Volga. The climatic conditions are not optimal for a successful grain production, while this branch plays an important role in the region. Despite of the positive development, in grain production in the Region of Samara the production potential has not yet been completely used. During the last years a considerable reduction in the agricultural machinery stock could be noticed, mainly because of obsolescence and wastage of the agricultural machinery as well as the small number of new purchases. The equipment at the disposal of the agricultural enterprises for plant cultivation, during the years 1990 to 2002 ? if compared to the requirements in agricultural technics ? amounted to approximately 46 percent of the tractors needed and approximately 56 percent of the combine harvesters needed. This entailed that the optimal time periods were not matched which, as a consequence, led to the reduction in the yields and an extension of the area not harvested. In order to create favorable conditions for an efficient grain production and for the development of the grain market in the Region of Samara, in 1998 the programme for the "Improvement of the grain production by the application of resource and accordingly watersaving cultivation methods 1998-2002" was starting to be implemented. The changeover from conventional cultivation methods to the use of resource-saving methods including modern and efficient agricultural technics represents a big challenge especially for medium-sized and small farms with a restricted financial potential. Through excluding ploughing from the soil cultivation work process as a most cost-intensive operation, as a result of the optimisation, machine costs can be reduced considerably under the system of preserving soil tillage. On average, these machine costs amount to 18.3 ?/ha with no-till cultivation, and are thus approximately 6 percent lower than with the conventional cultivation methods that were practised in the survey enterprises before. The average machine costs for direct drilling methods amount to approximately 15 ?/ha and can consequently be further reduced by about 18 percent if compared to no-till cultivation methods, and by approximately 22 percent if compared to conventional production methods. However, in the case of applying modern agricultural technics for resource-saving cultivation methods, the resulting fixed costs considerably surmount those of conventional cultivation methods. The modern agricultural machinery shows, however, a substantially higher performance potential. In the long-term, it can be assumed that the modern agricultural machines in this context are the more efficient solution. Moreover, the economic efficiency analysis of the cultivation methods? rearrangement rendered considerable advantages as to the development of labour demand and costs at the questioned agricultural enterprises. The application of resource-saving cultivation methods contributes to a noticeable decrease in labour demand. Under application of optimised cultivation methods, the labour cost is approximately 1.3 ?/ha or 60 percent lower than the total labour costs in the case of conventional cultivation methods. Although the implementation of resource-saving cultivation methods basically does not require an intensified application of fertilisers and pesticides, their aplication volume is being raised and adapted to the necessary level within the frame of the optimisation process. Under favourable weather conditions thus an increase of the yield per hectare as well as of the quality, and in the medium-term, a positive influence on the cereal production can be expected. As result of the conducted optimisation of cultivation methods and of the implementation of the recommended measures at the survey agricultural enterprises in the Region of Samara, a change in the obtained gross margin can be detained. The average gross margin decreases under no-till cultivation by approximately 24 percent and amounts to 58 ?/ha. The calculated gross margin for the direct drilling methods amounts to 61 ?/ha and is still below the amount effected under conventional cultivation methods. The calculated equilibrium points at the fact that the implementation of the optimised cultivation methods requires an increase of the hectare yield in the survey farms by 2.5 dt/ha on average. In order to reach a positive economic effect or at least the same economic efficiency as with use of conventional cultivation methods, the hectare yield should be increased to approximately 23 dt/ha or, by 12 percent. In spite of the findings resulting from the optimisation calculations that the gross margins are reduced with direct drilling as well as with no-till cultivation methods, the results in Samara Region, however, indicate a continuous increase of the economic efficiency under the condition of a long-term application of resource-saving cultivation methods in cereal production. The rearrangement of the conventional cultivation methods towards the optimised resource-saving technologies is under these conditions for the survey agricultural enterprises advantageous in a long-term view.

Using multinomial logit we analyze factors that influence the choice of mechanization technologies in Nyanza Province. The results show that farmers are aware of the attributes of the mechanization technologies, and that animal traction is the most commonly used. Gender, formal and informal training of the household head, and technology attributes influence the choice of mechanization technology. This study recommends increased formal and informal training, extension, credit, and tractor hire services to facilitate knowledge transfer, credit, and tractor availability. The study also recommends enactment of laws that increase women's access and control of productive resources.

1. Anhand der Daten der Fütterungs- und Überwachungskomponenten sollen Steuerungsalgorithmen für die Prozessoptimierung in vernetzten Systemen abgeleitet, ungewöhnliche Situationen frühestmöglich signalisiert und der Tierhalter bei seinen Überwachungsaufgaben unterstützt werden. 2. Mögliche Konsequenzen für das einzeltierbezogene Kälbermanagement sind die Steuerung der Tränkemenge und –konzentration, eine individuelle Dauer der Aufzuchtphase, eine individuelle Anpassung des Fütterungsregimes, ein automatisiertes Gesundheitsmonitoring und die Möglichkeit der frühzeitigen Behandlung. 3. Optimierung von Arbeits- und Produktionsprozessen durch die Interaktion verschiedener Subsysteme.

This paper projects global food supply and demand to the year 2025, with a particular emphasis on Asia. Technological change is found to be the critical factor in determining whether or not food prices will preserve their long-run, downward trend, as well as the likely patterns of trade and structural change. Historical and projected rates of total factor productivity (TFP) growth are decomposed into outward movement in the frontier and "catching up" to the world frontier. Overall, the baseline scenario reduces the poverty headcount ratio in People's Republic of China (PRC) by more than 80 percent. In the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) it falls by about 40%. However, in South Asia, the falling headcount ratio (17%) is insuffi cient to lower aggregate poverty, due to the relatively strong rise in the region's population. In the baseline projections, crop productivity in the ASEAN region declines by 0.4%/year. This refl ects decades of neglect in research expenditures. In an alternative scenario, future ASEAN crop TFP is raised to the Asia-wide rate of 0.95%/year. This alternative scenario boosts production in nearly all sectors of the economy, and lowers the poverty headcount ratio by an additional 14%. This could be expected to lift more than 30 million additional people out of poverty in the ASEAN region.

Die Landtechnik steht weltweit in der Diskussion. Erste „weiße Flächen“ sind erkennbar (Großbritannien, ... ). Zugleich nehmen die technischen Herausforderungen zu: 1. Mit Elektronik wird Technik intelligent, sie wird zur Systemtechnik. 2. Intelligente Technik ist zugleich präzise Technik – Precision Farming und Precision Lifestock Farming werden damit zur Landtechnik von morgen. 3. Das Qualitätsmanagement wird heute durch die Biogasszene gefordert und muss schnellstens befriedigt werden. 4. Die Erzeugung von Biogenen Rohstoffen verlangt höchste Massenerträge und treibt damit die Bemühungen um Bodenentlastung bis hin zu kleinen autonomen Fahrzeugen voran. 5. Forderungen nach dem Erhalt der Kulturlandschaft und veränderte Bewirtschaftungsstrukturen verlangen virtuelle Land-Managementsysteme. 6. Die intelligente Technik ermöglicht die Automatische Dokumentation. Diese garantiert verbessertes Management und die Rückverfolgbarkeit der Produktion.

1. The established calf feeding and monitoring system allows to get individual, highly resolved data. 2. By networking, the data of the single technologies can be fed into one common database. 3. Control measurements are necessary to validate the technical acquired data. 4. Early illness is detectable and fore stomach growth can be estimated. 5. After further processing and data networking, algorithms have to be developed for the implementation within a knowledge-based decision support system.

This paper examines the political economy of coordination in a simple two-sector model in which individuals' choice of agricultural technology affects industrialization. We demonstrate the existence of multiple equilibria; the economy is either characterized by the use of a traditional agricultural technology and a low level of industrialization or the use of a mechanized technology and a high level of industrialization. Relative to the traditional technology, the mechanized technology increases output but leaves some population groups worse off. We show that the distributional implications of choosing the mechanized technology restrict the possibility of Pareto-improving coordination by an elected policy-maker, even when we allow for income redistribution.

Continued growth of agricultural output requires maintenance of the productive capacity of land through time. This paper analizes the linkages between firm size, land tenure and adoption of a soil conservation practice (no-tillage technology). Representative microeconomic data of the principal agricultural area of Argentina is used. The paper tests several hypothesis relative to determinants of adoption of conservation technology. Results show that adoption of this technology is positively related to firm size. Further, owner-renters show adoption levels that are higher than those for pure owners. The paper argues that soil conservation perspectives are currently more favorable than the ones prevalent 2 or 3 decades ago, notwithstanding the important increase in land-use intensity that has occured since then.

Das Ziel der Studie ist die Prognose der Entwicklungen auf dem Agrartechnikmarkt für Deutschland und Westeuropa. Als Prognoseverfahren diente die Delphi-Methode, eine mehrstufige Expertenbefragung mit Rückkopplung. Als zentrale Untersuchungsbereiche umfasst die Studie zum einen die Ermittlung der wichtigsten Einflussfaktoren auf die Nachfrage und die Abschätzung der Agrartechniknachfrage der Jahre 2005 und 2010 und zum anderen die Abschätzung der zukünftigen Entwicklung der Angebotsstruktur. Des Weiteren werden die wichtigsten erwarteten Tendenzen im Marketing aufgezeigt. Im Zusammenhang mit dem in der Landwirtschaft erwarteten Strukturwandel ist damit zu rechnen, dass wirtschaftliche Gesichtspunkte bei den Investitionsentscheidungen der Landwirte eine immer größere Bedeutung erlangen. Während für die stückmäßige Nachfrage nach Agrartechnik ein Rückgang prognostiziert wird, wird nach Ansicht der Experten ? bedingt durch die erwarteten qualitativen Verschiebungen ? die monetäre Nachfrage relativ stabil bleiben. Auf der Angebotsseite wird eine weitere Zunahme der Marktkonzentration erwartet. Der Wandel vom Verkäufer- zum Käufermarkt wird sich fortsetzen. Daher treten im Marketing kundenbezogene Serviceleistungen in den Vordergrund.

This paper investigates the role of social learning in the diffusion of a new agricultural technology in Ghana. We use unique data on farmers’ communication patterns to define each individual’s information neighborhood, the set of others from whom he might learn. Our empirical strategy is to test whether farmers adjust their inputs to align with those of their information neighbors who were surprisingly successful in previous periods. We present evidence that farmers adopt surprisingly successful neighbors’ practices, conditional on many potentially confounding factors including common growing conditions, credit arrangements, clan membership, and religion. The relationship of these input adjustments to experience further supports their interpretation as resulting from social learning. In addition, we apply our methods to input choices for another crop with known technology and they correctly indicate an absence of social learning effects.

This paper present a model of the Green Revolution in India, in which the development and diffusion of HYVs, the expansion of irrigation and the expansion of multiple-cropping are treated as endogenous responses to more basic investments in agricultural technology and infrastructure, as well as to climate and edaphic endowments. We incorporate explicit climate-technology interactions in the model, in order to identify climate effects on the diffusion of HYVs, irrigation and multiple- cropping, and on Net Revenue to agriculture. We find that climate affects technology development and diffusion, and that technology development and diffusion affect the impacts of climate on agricultural productivity in India.

This paper analyzes the institutional arrangements governing the international transfer of input-embodied new technologies in agriculture. While developed countries characteristically allow "multiple channel" private and public technological transfer, developing countries often force technology transfer through a "single channel" controlled by government agencies, with an emphasis on official performance tests. On the basis of case studies, it is shown that allowing private technology transfer and refocusing input regulations on externalities can lead to significant productivity and income gains in developing countries.

par M. Berthelot, Bd. 1: VIII, 141 S., [1] S., [1] Bl., 1-60 Kupfertafeln ; Bd. 2: VIII, 142 S., [1] Bl., 61-132 Kupfertafeln