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Han intentado siempre hacernos vivir en un zoológico de cuerpos sin pensamiento, en una filosofía de la miseria del cuerpo que ha terminado siendo una miseria de filosofía del cuerpo. Hay que volver a pensar la ley de movimiento del cuerpo, puesto que no tiene - felizmente- leyes naturales, instintos predeterminados, animales. Es más, hay que volver a pensar cómo construir el cuerpo según un método, es decir, por medio de la relación con otros cuerpos pensados y pensantes. Finalmente, habitando el cuerpo podemos habitar el mundo, engendrar un universo de cuerpos pensados y pensantes.

La espiritualidad cristiana no puede ser desvinculada de la dogmática. En este sentido, aunque se ha dicho que en el De imitatione Christi está presente esta separación, pensamos que en esta obra, por medio de una lectura que entre en su misma lógica, se pueden reconocer algunos núcleos teológicos-dogmáticos bien sólidos que pueden ser un aporte muy provechoso para que la actual espiritualidad cristiana sea sana en sus contenidos y provechosa en su colaboración en la redención de los hombres obrada por Cristo.

En este ensayo se propone una lectura de la narración de Eros y Psique de Apuleyo, extrayendo de ella, principalmente, dos temas de reflexión. El primero es una crítica al modo de entender el pensamiento, es decir, la filosofía, que es generalmente desvinculado del amor, del cuerpo y de la belleza. El segundo tema es la propuesta de cómo se puede co-instituir un sano pensamiento filosófico. Este ensayo pretende continuar la propuesta de Apuleyo y, por lo mismo, repensar desde su herencia las ideas que generalmente se sostienen en Occidente en torno al amor y el pensamiento.

La filosofía ha reflexionado a menudo acerca de la naturaleza de la burocracia, de su lógica y método, de sus consecuencias. En este artículo se quiere presentar cómo la inimputable y, por ello, irrazonable lógica burocrática se fundamenta en una psicopatológica religiosa, “mística”. Para mostrar esta temática nos servimos de lo que han escrito Max Weber en su Economía y sociedad y Hannah Arendt en Los orígenes del totalitarismo, ya que nos parecen los autores que más han comprendido y señalado el fundamento místico-religioso de la lógica burocrática. Por ello, en un primer punto mostraremos en qué consiste según estos autores la lógica del pensamiento burocrático y, en un segundo punto, señalaremos el fundamento patológico-religioso de esta lógica.

Guy Debord califica la forma de vida creada por la economía mercantil como una sociedad del espectáculo. Poco a poco, según el pensador francés, la mercancía ha ido transformándose en un fetiche espectacular logrando imponer una imagen pre-fabricada por sobre la experiencia directa con el mundo y los otros sujetos. Esto último causa, inevitablemente, una sociedad de consumidores pasivos, en cuanto meros contempladores de ideas ya hechas. En base a lo anterior, Debord concluye que la sociedad del espectáculo no es más que la concreción material y técnica de lo que él considera la ilusión religiosa. La modernidad que le ha tocado observar no sería, en absoluto, una época secularizada, sino, muy por el contrario, agudamente religiosa. Para superar el pensamiento contemplativo-religioso del espectáculo, Debord pone sus esperanzas y sus esfuerzos de análisis en los ‘consejos obreros’, una especial forma de pensamiento compuesto en los que podría encontrarse el método filosófico propiamente debordiano. Todo esto nos permitirá generar algunas reflexiones sobre su diagnóstico y prolongar su pensamiento en torno a las soluciones que ofrece para una salida de la dominante sociedad del espectáculo aún presente en nuestros días.

Resumen En su obra Pénombres: glanes et aproches théologiques el escritor francés Joseph Malegue (1876-1940) ha incluido un original e importante ensayo: Ce que le Christ ajoute a Dieu (Lo que Cristo añade a Dios). Después de elaborar unas premisas, nos hemos detenido sobre el contenido propiamente cristológico de este ensayo. No solo lo hemos presentado sintéticamente, sino que hemos querido identificar los núcleos de su discurso que podrían ofrecer unos caminos abiertos y novedosos para la reflexión teo-cristológica. En este sentido, hemos querido releer la herencia de su pensamiento presente en este ensayo y, si es posible, prolongarla y coronarla.

Rationale Acute chest syndrome (ACS) is a life-threatening complication of sickle cell disease (SCD). Current treatment is supportive-supplemental oxygen, transfusions, and antibiotics. Prevention of ACS may reduce morbidity and mortality in patients with SCD. Acute chest syndrome appears similar to pulmonary fat embolism (PFE), a complication of severe skeletal trauma or orthopedic procedures from pulmonary micro-vessel blockage by bone marrow fat. Vascular obstruction and bone marrow necrosis occur in PFE and ACS. Pulmonary fat embolism rat models have shown that angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) and angiotensin II receptor blockers (ARB) mitigate damage in PFE. These medications could work similarly in ACS. We hypothesize that time to readmission after one hospitalization for ACS will be reduced in patients taking ACEI or ARB compared to patients who are not. Methods This is a retrospective cohort study. Inclusion criteria are adults (18 to 100 years) with sickle cell anaemia (HbSS), hemoglobin SC (HbSC) disease, sickle cell thalassemia (HbSβThal), hospitalized with ACS over 16 years (January 1, 2000, to March 31, 2016); patients who take and don't take ACEI or ARB. Children (18 years old), elderly adults (100 years old), pregnant patients, and patients with sickle cell trait were excluded. Data was collected from the Health Facts database, which contains de-identified information from the electronic medical records of hospitals in which Cerner© has a data use agreement. Kaplan-Meier estimates explored a time-to-event model of ACS readmission. Multivariable analysis (age, gender, smoking history) was conducted using Cox proportional hazards regression. Results were reported around a 95% confidence interval. Results There were 6972 patients in total. Of which, 9.6% (n = 667) reported taking ACEI or ARB. Results for the covariates were: average age of 38 years old; 63% female (n = 4366/6969); 16% smokers (n = 1132). Readmission rates were higher for patients not taking ACEI/ARB than those who did: 0.44 (95% CI 0.43, 0.46) versus 0.28 (95% CI 0.24, 0.31) at one year, and 0.56 (95% CI 0.55, 0.58) versus 0.33 (95% CI 0.29, 0.37) at two years. Age had the strongest effect on readmission rates for patients taking ACEI/ARB (adjusted hazards ratio 0.78 [95% CI 0.68, 0.91]). Conclusion Patients with SCD who reported taking ACEI or ARB had lower readmission rates for ACS; age was the strongest covariate. Our results may have a significant impact on the prevention of ACS. Prospective studies comparing ACEI or ARB therapy versus placebo are needed to confirm this preventative effect.

Resumen El presente trabajo es un ensayo que se propone volver a pensar la lógica que engendra y mueve la obra de Miguel de Cervantes El ingenioso hidalgo don Quijote de la Mancha. Partiendo del planteamiento de que Cervantes y don Quijote son un mismo pensador, se trabajará sobre lo que se considera el principio de generación de esta novela, a saber, la noción del acontecer de la lengua heredada por medio de la elaboración de actos lingüísticos y de pensamiento compuestos. En este sentido, se presenta en este estudio la obra cervantina como una propuesta filosófica que podría replantear algunas tesis reiteradas y presupuestas de lo que, en variadas ocasiones, se entiende por la naturaleza del lenguaje y del pensamiento. Abstract The present essay proposes to rethink the logic that moves the work of Miguel de Cervantes El ingenioso hidalgo don Quijote de la Mancha. The initial proposition that Cervantes and Don Quixote are the same thinker, will bring to what is considered the beginning of the generation of this novel, that is the notion of the occurrence of the inherited mother tongue through the elaboration of linguistic acts and composite thinking. Cervantes' work is presented in this essay as a philosophical proposal to rethink what is commonly understood regarding the nature of the language and the thought.

La autora, Caherine Millot, que se hizo analizar por Lacan, desde 1972, cuando ella tiene veinte y ocho años y Lacan setenta y uno, se convierte en su compañera y amante hasta 1980. Esta Vida con Lacan es, por tanto, el relato de los últimos diez años de la vida de Lacan pasados junto a ella. Un libro que no está dividido por capítulos, sino que, a través del relato de episodios y circunstancias, es una crónica unitaria del individuo-Lacan, de su singularidad.

Este artigo tem como objetivo apresentar os quatro artigos fundamentais para a co-instituição dos acontecimentos do pensamento. Com esses quatro artigos, queremos propor uma dogmática (conceitos claros e distintos) do pensamento do sujeito competente de atos lógicos imputáveis por suas conclusões-benefícios. Pretende-se, portanto, propor um acontecer de pensamento que seja lato sensu jurídico-econômico, o que pode proporcionar uma ampliação da mesma lógica de pensamento. Isso poderia oferecer as condições de possibilidade para a co-instituição de um pensamento cívico tão necessário em nosso tempo. Este trabajo tiene por objetivo presentar los cuatro artículos fundamentales para la co-institución del acontecer del pensamiento. Con estos cuatro artículos se quiere proponer una dogmática (conceptos claros y distintos) del pensamiento del sujeto competente de actos lógicos imputables por sus conclusiones-beneficios. Se quiere, por tanto, llegar a proponer un acontecer del pensamiento que sea lato sensu jurídico-económico, lo que puede aportar un ensanchamiento de la misma lógica del pensamiento. Lo anterior podría ofrecer las condiciones de posibilidad para la co-institución de un pensamiento cívico tan necesario en nuestro tiempo. This article aims to present the four fundamental articles for the co-institution of the occurrence of thought. With these four articles we want to propose a dogmatics (clear and distinct concepts) of the thought of the competent individual of logical arts attributable for their conclusions-benefits. To propose is, therefore, to propose an occurrence of the thought that is lato sensu juridical-economic, which can provide a widening of the logic of thought itself. This could offer the conditions of possibility for the co-institution of a civic thought so necessary in our time.

Vitamin A plays a prominent role for maintaining optimal bone status, but its impact upon the bone in response to vitamin A deficiency is not well defined. The purpose of this study was to evaluate how replenishing vitamin A by either whole food cod liver oil (COD) or the active metabolite of vitamin A, retinoic acid (RA), altered bone thickness of vitamin A-deficient (VAD) rats. Weanling rats were administered a control diet (CTRL) or VAD diet for 9 weeks. This was followed by four weeks of treatment in which the VAD group was divided into the following 4 subgroups: (1) VAD (9 weeks)-VAD (4 weeks); (2) VAD-CTRL; (3) VAD-COD; and (4) VAD-RA. Compared to controls, VAD rats had thicker bones which showed marked dysplasia. VAD-rats treated with COD produced a thinner bone that was not significantly different from that of untreated rats. In contrast, RA did not significantly change the thicker bone, and also had significantly greater periosteal and endosteal osteoblast numbers compared to VAD-COD. Active osteoclasts were not detected in VAD rats, nor during the treatment period. These findings suggest that the abnormal bone thickness in VAD rats appears to be more effectively restored to bone thickness of untreated control rats when treated with COD.

Fat embolism (FE) and the consequent FE syndrome occurring after trauma or surgery can lead to serious pulmonary injury, including ARDS and death. Current treatment of FE syndrome is limited to supportive therapy. We have shown in a rat model that the renin angiotensin system plays a significant role in the pathophysiology of FE because drugs interfering with the renin angiotensin system, captopril and losartan reduce the histopathologic pulmonary damage. The purpose of the current study was to determine if inhibition of renin by aliskiren, an FDA-approved drug for treating hypertension, would produce effective protection in the same model.The FE model used intravenous injection of the neutral fat triolein in unanesthetized rats. Intraperitoneal injections of saline or aliskiren at either 50 or 100 mg/kg were performed 1 hour after FE induction via triolein. Rats were euthanized at 48 hours, and various histologic stains were used to examine the lungs.(1) Fibrosis: rats treated with triolein showed significant fibrotic changes with increased collagen and myofibroblast activation (p0.0001 for both trichrome and α-smooth muscle actin staining). Aliskiren blocked this inflammatory and profibrotic process to a level indistinguishable from the controls (p0.0001 for both trichrome and α-smooth muscle actin staining). (2) Fat: rats treated with triolein showed a statistically significant increase in fat (p = 0.0006). Subsequent aliskiren administration at both doses reduced the size, distribution, and amount of fat droplets (low dose, p = 0.0095; high dose, p = 0.0028). (3) Vessel patency: the low dose of aliskiren blocked the reduction of lumen patency observed after triolein administration (p = 0.0058).Aliskiren protected the lungs of rats from gross and histopathologic FE-induced pulmonary damage at 48 hours. Clinical implications include the use of aliskiren both prophylactically (before certain orthopedic procedures) and therapeutically (after severe trauma) to prevent the consequent severe pulmonary pathologic sequelae.

espanol?Es posible un pensamiento anarquico que, al mismo tiempo, sea civico, constructor de la polis? Es lo que ha sostenido Charles Peguy a traves de la formulacion de tres reglas metodologicas para bien conducir el pensamiento anarquico-civico. Estas son la autoridad de competencia universal de la razon del sujeto; la libertad del pensamiento; el arraigo de ambas en una memoria que genera el acontecimiento del pensamiento. Este metodo anarquico-civico permite pensar de modo nuevo los factores que fundamentan a la polis. EnglishIs it possible that an anarchic thought, be at the same time, civic, builder of the polis? This is what Charles Peguy has argued through the formulation of three methodological rules to properly conduct the anarchic-civic thinking. These are the universal competence authority of the reason of the subject; the freedom of thought; the rooting of both in a memory that generates the thought event. This anarchic-civic method allows thinking in a new way, the factors that support the polis.

Resumen Kierkegaard, en su Diario, ha dado un juicio filosófico favorable sobre los actos con los que Lutero ha iniciado la Reforma, pues con estos ha afirmado la autoridad de competencia del individuo que es un prius respecto al Estado y a la Iglesia. Por otro lado, Kierkegaard ha señalado que estos actos han sido viciados por razones filosóficas que han llevado no sólo a la formación de la Iglesia de Estado, sino a la del Estado-Iglesia. Primeramente, se trata de razones de carácter político-filosóficas: una concepción del Poder confusa, una desvalorización del individuo a favor de la comunidad y del Estado, una perspectiva equivocada de la felicidad-salvación del hombre. Además, Kierkegaard ha señalado razones estrictamente filosóficas que han llevado al Estado-Iglesia: una equivocada concepción del ser y una errónea visión de lo que es la razón y el conocimiento. Estas razones, positivas y negativas, señalan cuestiones aún no resueltas en nuestros tiempos.

It is hypothesized that thiolated chitosan (TCS) core/shell nanofibers (NFs) can enhance the drug loading of tenofovir, a model low molecular weight and highly water-soluble drug molecule, and improve its mucoadhesivity and in vivo safety. To test this hypothesis, poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) core with TCS and polylactic acid (PLA) shell NFs are fabricated by a coaxial electrospinning technique. The morphology, drug loading, drug release profiles, cytotoxicity and mucoadhesion of the NFs are analyzed using scanning and transmission electron microscopies, liquid chromatography, cytotoxicity assays on VK2/E6E7 and End1/E6E7 cell lines and Lactobacilli crispatus, fluorescence imaging and periodic acid colorimetric method, respectively. In vivo safety studies are performed in C57BL/6 mice followed by HE and immunohistochemical (CD45) staining analysis of genital tract. The mean diameters of PEO, PEO/TCS, and PEO/TCS-PLA NFs are 118.56, 9.95, and 99.53 nm, respectively. The NFs exhibit smooth surface. The drug loading (13%-25%, w/w) increased by 10-fold compared to a nanoparticle formulation due to the application of the electrospinning technique. The NFs are noncytotoxic at the concentration of 1 mg/mL. The PEO/TCS-PLA core/shell NFs mostly exhibit a release kinetic following Weibull model (r

Many novel vaginal/rectal microbicide formulations failed clinically due to safety concerns, indicating the need for the early investigation of lead microbicide formulations. In this study, the preclinical safety of an HIV-1 gp120 and mannose responsive microbicide delivery system (MRP) is evaluated in C57BL/6 mice. MRP was engineered through the layer-by-layer coating of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) with Canavalia ensiformis lectin (Con A) and glycogen. MRP mean particle diameter and zeta potential were 857.8 ± 93.1 nm and 2.37 ± 4.12 mV, respectively. Tenofovir (TFV) encapsulation and loading efficiencies in MRP were 70.1% and 16.3% w/w, respectively. When exposed to HIV-1 rgp120 (25 μg/mL), MRP released a significant amount of TFV (∼5-fold higher) in vaginal and seminal fluid mixture compared to the control (pre-exposure) level (∼59 μg/mL) in vaginal fluid alone. Unlike the positive control treated groups (e.g., nonoxynol-9), no significant histological damages and CD45+ cells infiltration were observed in the vaginal and major reproductive organ epithelial layers. This was probably due to MRP biocompatibility and its isosmolality (304.33 ± 0.58 mOsm/kg). Furthermore, compared to negative controls, there was no statistically significant increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL1α, Ilβ, IL7, IP10, and TNFα. Collectively, these data suggest that MRP is a relatively safe nanotemplate for HIV-1 gp120 stimuli responsive vaginal microbicide delivery system.

Aim: To elucidate the anti-apoptotic properties of nuclear factor kappa light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and feedback regulation of NF-κB by nuclear factor of kappa light-chain-enhancer of activated B-cells inhibitor alpha (IκBα). Methods: We developed an in vitro model of Sjogren’s syndrome by transfecting human salivary gland (HSG) and acinar cells (NS-SV-AC) with a plasmid-encoding IκBαM (pCMV-IκBαM), a degradation-resistant IκBα (nuclear factor of kappa light polypeptide gene enhancer in B-cells inhibitor, alpha)-mutant, and examined TNF-induced apoptosis and anti-apoptotic properties of NF-κB. Apoptosis and induction of pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic genes were investigated by cDNA arrays, RT-PCR, electrophoretic mobility shift assays, and western blot. Results: In the presence of NF-κB inhibitors, TNF-induced apoptosis was markedly increased in both salivary gland and acinar cells. Increased caspase-3 activity was present in both HSG and NS-SV-AC cells. IκBαM-transfected salivary gland cells were more sensitive to TNF-induced apoptosis than IκBαM-transfected acinar cells. Transcription of pro-apoptotic genes was confirmed in both HSG and NS-SV-AC cells that were transfected with IκBαM. Results from caspase-3 activity assay confirmed previous experiments showing an apoptotic role for NF-κB. Conclusion: Data from gene expression arrays suggest that different mechanisms may operate during TNF-induced apoptosis in salivary gland ductal and acinar cells.

Pulmonary sarcoidosis, a human disease of unknown cause, has no animal model. Sarcoidosis patients have serum antibodies specific for Helicobacter pylori and its surface enzyme urease. H. pylori do not survive in the high-oxygen pulmonary atmosphere, but urease may access the lung by oesophageal reflux. A model was established in rats to study gastro-oesophageal reflux of urease into the airways. Pathology in tissues from human sarcoidosis patients was compared with that in the rat model. Changes observed in the rat model included prominent peribronchial lymphocytic infiltration, which is seen occasionally in human sarcoidosis. Granulomas, pathognomonic for human sarcoidosis, occurred occasionally in the lungs of rats given urease protein intratracheally, but were widespread when urease was coupled to microbeads and administered intravenously. Biomarkers associated with human sarcoidosis (interleukin1-β and platelet-activating factor) were up-regulated acutely in the rat model. Further investigations with this model may provide significant insights into the origin and pathogenesis of pulmonary diseases in man and other species that carry gastric Helicobacter spp. and its associated enzyme.

Aim: To develop a seminal enzyme bioresponsive, mucoadhesive nanofibers (NFs) as safe and effective nanocarriers for the prevention of HIV vaginal transmission. Methods: A novel thiolated hyaluronic acid (HA-SH) polymer was synthesized to fabricate tenofovir (TFV)-loaded electrospun NFs (HA-SH-NFs) and characterized in vitro/in vivo. Results: A triggered drug release (87% w/w) from the engineered HA-SH-NFs (mean diameter ∼75 nm) occured within 1 h under the influence of seminal hyaluronidase enzyme. HA-SH-NFs were noncytotoxic, induced no damage on the C57BL/6 mice genital-tract and other organs. No significant CD45 cell-infiltration and changes in cytokines level in cervicovaginal tissues were observed. HA-SH-NFs significantly enhanced both TFV retention and bioavailability in vaginal tissue compared with the 1% TFV-gel. The anti-HIV activity of TFV (on pseudotyped virus followed by luciferase assay) was not adversely affected by the electrospinning process. Conclusion: HA-SH-NFs developed in this study could potentially serve as a safe nanotemplate for topical intravaginal delivery of HIV/AIDS microbicides.

El realismo cristiano y el idealismo griego, obra de Laberthonnière, propone una cuestión que es actual justamente por el hecho que ha sido dada por obvia, censurada y olvidada en el contexto teológico de casi toda la historia de la Iglesia. Es decir, plantea preguntas acerca de la posibilidad y conveniencia del uso de la forma mentis del pensamiento griego (expresado por su filosofía) en el ámbito de la fe cristiana y de su filosofía-teología. Para Laberthonnière, como muestra en esta obra, es imposible una concordancia entre estos dos pensamientos so pena de una desnaturalización de la misma fe cristiana. Indirectamente, esta obra pone a tema la originalidad del pensamiento de Cristo que es hebreo y no griego y cómo la asunción del pensamiento filosófico griego puede llevar a una desnaturalización del pensamiento hebreo de Cristo y de la fe cristiana vivida en la Iglesia.

It is hypothesized that novel thiolated chitosan-coated multilayer microparticles (MPs) with enhanced drug loading are more mucoadhesive than uncoated MPs and safe in vivo for vaginal delivery of topical anti-HIV microbicide. Formulation optimization is achieved through a custom experimental design and the alginate (AG) MPs cores are prepared using the spray drying method. The optimal MPs are then coated with the thiolated chitosan (TCS) using a layer-by-layer method. The morphological analysis, in situ drug payload, in vitro drug release profile, and mucoadhesion potential of the MPs are carried out using scanning electron microscopy, solid-state 31P NMR spectroscopy, UV spectroscopy, fluorescence imaging and periodic acid Schiff method, respectively. The cytotoxicity and preclinical safety of MPs are assessed on human vaginal (VK2/E6E7) and endocervical (End1/E6E7) epithelial cell lines and in female C57BL/6 mice, respectively. The results show that the MPs are successfully formulated with an average diameter ranging from 2 to 3 μm with a drug loading of 7–12% w/w. The drug release profile of these MPs primarily follows the Baker-Lonsdale and Korsmeyer-Peppas models. The MPs exhibit high mucoadhesion (20–50 folds) compared to native AGMPs. The multilayer MPs are noncytotoxic. Histological and immunochemical analysis of the mice genital tract shows neither signs of damage nor inflammatory cell infiltrate. These data highlight the potential use of TCS-coated AG-based multilayer MPs templates for the topical vaginal delivery of anti-HIV/AIDS microbicides.

Exenatide or Exendin-4 is a 39-amino acid agonist of the glucagon like peptide (GLP-1) receptor approved for the adjunctive treatment for type 2 diabetes. Recent reports suggest that GLP-1 agonists may also have distant effects including C-cell thyroid hyperplasia. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of exendin-4 on the thyroid and parathyroid cells in a rat model. Rat thyroids were stained for calcitonin, HE and for carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). Thyroid C-cell hyperplasia was graded on HE stained slides using cell size and secretory granule numbers, morphological features of the parathyroid glands and the serum calcium concentrations of the rats were also evaluated. Counts of stained cells/high power field and intensity of staining were recorded by two pathologists. Data were analyzed by ANOVA/post-tests. C cell hypertrophy was elevated in exenatide-treated vs. untreated animals (22.5 ± 8.7 vs. 10.5 ± 2.7 cells/HPF). CEA staining failed to show effects by exendin. Calcitonin staining was significantly elevated in exenatide treated controls (P0.001). Parathyroid glands were histologically normal in both groups, and serum calcium levels were within normal range in all animals. In summary, exenatide was associated with C cell hyperplasia and increased calcitonin staining of thyroids, but was unrelated to CEA levels. These data raise important concerns about the effects of exenatide which, given its wide clinical use, should be clarified with urgency.