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Human demands on resources such as food and energy are increasing through time while global challenges such as climate change and biodiversity loss are becoming more complex to overcome, as well as more widely acknowledged by societies and governments. Reports from initiatives like the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services (IPBES) have demanded quick and reliable access to high-quality spatial and temporal data of species occurrences, their interspecific relations and the effects of the environment on biotic interactions. Mapping species interactions is crucial to understanding and conserving ecosystem functioning and all the services it can provide (Tylianakis et al. 2010, Slade et al. 2017). Detailed data has the potential to improve our knowledge about ecological and evolutionary processes guided by interspecific interactions, as well as to assist in planning and decision making for biodiversity conservation and restoration (Menz et al. 2011).

Este libro pretende aportar información sobre la polinización y la importancia de los polinizadores para los arándanos en Sudamérica, principalmente en Argentina, Brasil y Chile.

Este livro visa fornecer informações sobre a polinização e a importância dos polinizadores para o mirtileiro na América do Sul, principalmente na Argentina, no Brasil e no Chile.

This book aims to provide information on pollination and the importance of pollinators for blueberries in South America, mainly in Argentina, Brazil and Chile.

Background Animal pollination is an important ecosystem function and service, ensuring both the integrity of natural systems and human well-being. Although many knowledge shortfalls remain, some high-quality data sets on biological interactions are now available. The development and adoption of standards for biodiversity data and metadata has promoted great advances in biological data sharing and aggregation, supporting large-scale studies and science-based public policies. However, these standards are currently not suitable to fully support interaction data sharing. Results Here we present a vocabulary of terms and a data model for sharing plant–pollinator interactions data based on the Darwin Core standard. The vocabulary introduces 48 new terms targeting several aspects of plant–pollinator interactions and can be used to capture information from different approaches and scales. Additionally, we provide solutions for data serialization using RDF, XML, and DwC-Archives and recommendations of existing controlled vocabularies for some of the terms. Our contribution supports open access to standardized data on plant–pollinator interactions. Conclusions The adoption of the vocabulary would facilitate data sharing to support studies ranging from the spatial and temporal distribution of interactions to the taxonomic, phenological, functional, and phylogenetic aspects of plant–pollinator interactions. We expect to fill data and knowledge gaps, thus further enabling scientific research on the ecology and evolution of plant–pollinator communities, biodiversity conservation, ecosystem services, and the development of public policies. The proposed data model is flexible and can be adapted for sharing other types of interactions data by developing discipline-specific vocabularies of terms.

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Recent reviews of data on worldwide insect decline include almost no information on Brazil. We gathered evidence from the literature searches and a survey sent to researchers, to which 96 replied and 56 provided information and publications. We present 75 instances of trends recorded over an average span of 11 years for aquatic and 22 years for terrestrial insects. These include time-replicated samples and expert opinion based on long-term local collections. Most terrestrial data are for butterflies, bees and scarab beetles. Aquatic studies include several insect orders, usually sorted to genus or family. Terrestrial insects showed significantly more cases of declines than increases, both in abundance (17 : 3) and in diversity (11 : 1). In aquatic cases, no tendency was detected in abundance (2 : 2) or diversity (3 : 4), not counting cases with no trend. Differences of these results among habitats may be due to the shorter span and less change in environmental conditions in the aquatic surveys, which included sites already degraded before sampling. We offer guidelines for future long-term assessments, including resampling of legacy collection sites.

Orientador: Marlies Sazima Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia Resumo: Estudos reprodutivos em Leguminosae são escassos e restritos a espécies de importância agrícola e as de regiões temperadas. As informações disponíveis mostram alta incidência de aborto de frutos e sementes na família, mas pouco se conhece sobre as causas dos processos abortivos. No gênero Mucuna, cuja ecologia da reprodução é pouco conhecida, ocorre alta produção de frutos e sementes em M. urens, enquanto em M. japira a produção é muito baixa, devido aos abortos, embora em ambas haja grande número de flores. Os objetivos deste estudo referem-se ao estudo da biologia da reprodução, com ênfase em embriologia, citogenética e variabilidade genética de Mucuna urens e Mucuna japira, abordando com detalhe os aspectos relacionados nos seguintes itens: 1) descrever detalhadamente a biologia floral e sistemas de polinização de M. urens e M. japira, 2) estudar detalhadamente a produção e composição do néctar e avaliar a influência deste parâmetro na produção de frutos e sementes, 3) verificar os sistemas reprodutivos e os efeitos dos componentes de fecundidade no processo reprodutivos, 4) desenvolver estudos anatômicos e citogenéticos para verificar o índice meiótico e se existem anormalidades no decorrer da microsporogênese; 5) desenvolver estudos sobre a megasporogênese, megagametogênese e formação do zigoto para analisar processos que possam estar relacionados com o aborto de frutos e sementes, 6) desenvolver análises de sistemas isoenzimáticos para caracterizar a variabilidade genética nas populações naturais das duas espécies de Mucuna. A utilização conjunta de dados de biologia reprodutiva com os de embriologia, citogenética, genética populacional e ecologia da polinização trouxeram esclarecimentos sobre as possíveis causas e conseqüências dos abortos de frutos e sementes das duas espécies de Mucuna. O estudo de campo foi desenvolvido em Mata Atlântica, Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar ¿ Núcleo Picinguaba, SP e as análises de laboratório no Departamento de Botânica da Unicamp e Departamento de Ciências Farmacêuticas da USP-Ribeirão Preto. O aborto de frutos e sementes em Mucuna japira parece estar relacionado com: 1) Forrageamento do polinizador, pois todas as flores da inflorescência de M. japira abrem ao mesmo tempo, proporcionando que o polinizador, Cacicus haemorrhous, visite todas as flores favorecendo a geitonogamia e conseqüentemente o aborto de frutos e sementes; 2) Comportamento de visita do polinizador, pois quando C. haemorrhous visita as flores de M. japira pólen é desperdiçado, pois o pássaro apenas ativa o mecanismo explosivo de abertura da flor com o bico e uma quantidade de pólen não é depositada no corpo do polinizador; 3) para M. urens que produz mais frutos e sementes do que M. japira, reabsorção de néctar é um importante recurso para o desenvolvimento de sementes uma vez que a taxa de reabsorção de néctar por flor para M. urens é 3 mg/h e para M. japira é 0.25 mg/h; 4) devido a alta taxa de herbivoria pelas larvas de A. talus, os recursos das plantas são alocados para reconstituição das partes vegetativas, assim ocorre a diminuição dos recursos disponíveis para o desenvolvimento de frutos e sementes ocasionando o aborto; 5) Recursos maternos não disponíveis para nutrição do embrião, como a indisponibilidade do grão de amido e o isolamento do nucelo pela calose e 6) Ausência da sinérgide haustorial para captura de recursos para o desenvolvimento do embrião Abstract: Studies about reproduction in Leguminosae are scanty and generally confined to crop species. Fruit and seed abortion occurs in this family, but there is few information about the causes of abortion process. The knowledgement about reproductive ecology in Mucuna is little quantity, but in Mucuna urens the production of fruits and seeds is high while in M. japira it is low due to abortion. The present work studies the reproductive biology, using some aspects of embryology, cytogenetics and genetic variability of M. urens and M. japira, and such a study was developed through investigations of: 1) details about floral biology and pollination systems; 2) nectar production and composition related to fruit and seed development; 3) reproductive systems, herbivory and the components of fecundity in reproductive process; 4) cytogenetics and microsporogenesis to verify the occurrence of abnormalities; 5) megasporogenesis, megagametogenesis and zygote formation to verify if these processes are related to fruit and seed abortion and 6) isozymes systems to distinguish the genetic variability in natural populations of both Mucuna species. The reproductive biology data together with embryology, cytogenetics, population genetics and pollination ecology elucidated some possible factors and consequences of fruit and seed abortion in these Mucuna species. Field work was developed in Atlantic Forest, Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar, Núcleo Picinguaba and the laboratory analyses at Departamento de Botânica, Unicamp and Departamento de Ciências Farmacéuticas, USP-Ribeirão Preto. Fruit and seed abortion in M. japira might be related to: 1) pollinator route foraging, due to all flower in a inflorescence of M. japira open together, providing the pollinator C. haemorrhous visits all flowers, favoring geitonogamy and consequently fruit and seed abortion; 2) pollinator visiting behavior, because when C. haemorrhous visits M. japira flowers, great amount of pollen is lost, because the bird just triggers the flower explosive opening mechanism with its bill and a amount of pollen is not bonded on its body; 3) for M. urens that produces more fruits and seeds than M. japira, nectar resorption is an important resource for seed development once nectar resorption rate for M. urens is 3 mg/h per flower and for M. japira 0.25 mg/h per flower; 4) due to high rate of herbivory by A. talus larvae, plant resources are allocated to reconstitution of vegetative parts, then there are less resources for fruit and seed development, causing abortion of these structures; 5) maternal resources are not available for embryo nutrition, as starch grains are not available and nucellus is isolated by callose and 6) haustorial synergids are not present to capture resources for embryo development as in M. urens Doutorado Doutor em Biologia Vegetal

Orientador: Marlies Sazima Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia Mestrado