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The aim of the research was to know the factors that motivate women to decide about conceiving and having their first child depending on their preferences in terms of life orientations. The type of life orientation was analysed based on the Agata Cudowska's Life Orientation Survey Scale. The research was carried out in a group of 206 women from the Podlaskie Voivodeship, with the use of diagnostic survey method. To present the respondents more clearly, I divided them into four groups, due to the fact that they indicated many motives conditioning their family plans. The analysis of empirical data allows for the conclusion that the decision to have children depends on a combination of many factors, and their share is very similar both among family-oriented women and those who prefer not to have children. Although, it is worth emphasizing that in the group of family-oriented mothers, women decide to have their first child between 20 and 34 years of age, while among mothers with other life orientations, there were more women postponing childbirth after the age of 35.

Shortly after World War II, psychoanalytic societies in Central Europe were gradually resuming their pre-war activities. Starting in 1945, Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia and Poland saw the revival of their psychoanalytic circles which subsequently engaged in psychoanalytic knowledge transmission, especially in the face of the Communist state institutions' growing disapproval of psychoanalysis. This article traces the history of the psychoanalytic movement's rebirth in Central Europe. The author discusses the activities of Viennese, Budapestian, Praguian and Varsovian circles post-1945 in order to examine the practices of collective thinking and identify diverse models of the transmission of Freudianism. The attempt to explore the complex mechanisms of psychoanalytic knowledge dissemination in the immediate post-war period, both in its theoretical and practical dimensions, can contribute to a more profound understanding of the history of psychoanalysis in Central Europe after 1945. It also points to the significance of a more inquisitive approach to the internal dynamics of these intellectual circles which were forced to develop outside of state academic institutions due to socio-political reasons.

Sobolewska-Samorek Agnieszka, Zarzycka Danuta, Trojanowska Alina, Brodowicz-Król Magdalena, Dońka Katarzyna, SzewczykMonika, Hordyjewska Anna, Warowna Marlena, Sikora Kamil, Łuczyk Robert, Łuczyk Marta. New insight of parenteral nutrition in children – short review. Journal of Education, Health and Sport. 2020;10(6):56-67. eISSN 2391-8306. DOI http://dx.doi.org/10.12775/JEHS.2020.10.06.006 https://apcz.umk.pl/czasopisma/index.php/JEHS/article/view/JEHS.2020.10.06.006 https://zenodo.org/record/3884500 The journal has had 5 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education parametric evaluation. § 8. 2) and § 12. 1. 2) 22.02.2019. © The Authors 2020; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author (s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non commercial license Share alike. (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/4.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper. Received: 25.05.2020. Revised: 30.05.2020. Accepted: 08.06.2020. New insight of parenteral nutrition in children – short review Agnieszka Sobolewska-Samorek1, Danuta Zarzycka1, Alina Trojanowska1, MagdalenaBrodowicz-Król1, Katarzyna Dońka1, Monika Szewczyk2, AnnaHordyjewska3, Marlena Warowna4, Kamil Sikora5, Robert Jan Łuczyk6, Marta Łuczyk7 1Chair and Department of Pediatric Nursing, Medical University of Lublin, Poland 2Chair of Surgery and Nursing Surgery, Medical University of Lublin, Poland 3Chair and Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Poland 4Department of Dermatology, Cosmetology and Aesthetic Surgery, Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce, Poland 5Student of the Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lublin, Poland 6Chair of Internal Medicine with the Department of Internal Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lublin, Poland 7Chair of Oncology and Environmental Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lublin, Poland Abstract Admission. Parenteral nutrition (parenteral) is the supply of all essential nutrients - proteins, carbohydrates, fats, electrolytes, vitamins, trace elements and water intravenously. Parenteral nutrition is a generally available method of nutritional treatment used when the supply of food through the gastrointestinal tract is impossible, insufficient or contraindicated. Complete parenteral nutrition should be replaced as soon as possible with feeding to the gastrointestinal tract. Chronic diseases in children are often complicated by serious nutritional deficiencies. Key words: parenteral nutrition, newborns, children, carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids

Background Pregnant women in prisons are recognised as a marginalised group. However, there is a limited understanding of the women’s unique maternity needs and how correctional institutions and maternity service providers respond to these needs. Aim The aims of the review are threefold. 1. Identify pregnant women’s needs during the antenatal, birthing and postnatal periods in prison. 2. Examine how the pregnant incarcerated women’s needs are met by the correctional institutions. 3. Explore what maternity services are available and how these services are provided. Method An integrative literature review was undertaken. A comprehensive search strategy using seven electronic databases resulted in the retrieval of 363 articles. Of them, 32 peer-reviewed studies met the final selection criteria and were included in this review which utilised the Critical Appraisal Skills Program tools and adhered to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses flowchart. Thematic analysis identified universal themes. Findings Three dominant themes emerged related to the experience of pregnant women in prison: (1) risks and vulnerability factors; (2) prison enablers and supports; and (3) prison barriers. Extant research on risks and vulnerability factors is disproportionate to research examining how prisons can enable or obstruct responding to the women’s perinatal needs. Limited research on the midwifery support available to the women in prison is available. Significantly, only two out of 32 reviewed papers include research directly conducted with the pregnant women in prison. Conclusion Pregnant women in prisons have complex needs. More research is required to understand how prisons can enhance the pregnancy experience by engaging pregnant women in prisons as research participants.

Artykul stanowi analize i wprowadzenie do zamieszczonego dalej tekstu Maxa Saundersa Autobiografikcja. Eksperymenty z zyciopisaniem od przelomu wiekow po modernizm. Autorka objaśnia pochodzenie i znaczenie tytulowego pojecia autobiografikcji, a nastepnie przedstawia stanowisko Saundersa w debacie na ten temat. Poddawszy krytycznemu omowieniu najwazniejsze konteksty tego mniej znanego w polskim dyskursie akademickim zagadnienia, przybliza w konkluzji wnioski Saundersa, ktory przekonuje, iz zjawisko zacierającej sie granicy miedzy faktem a fikcją w pisarstwie autobiograficznym nalezy datowac nie na czasy najnowsze, lecz na znacznie wcześniejszy okres modernizmu.

Background: There is evidence reporting more positive outcomes from research capacity building programs that include a research facilitator role. Further, it has been suggested that research facilitator roles can be a useful strategy in building the research capacity of health care clinicians. However, until now, little attention has been applied to identifying the characteristics of the research facilitator role and how this role contributes to clinicians’ engagement with the research process. Methods: This qualitative study employed an inductive approach and utilised face to face interviews to gather data from a purposely selected cohort. Professionally transcribed responses were thematically analysed. Results: The role of the research facilitator emerged as comprising two main themes: 1) Facilitating the research process and 2) Engaging expert clinicians as novice researchers. Pragmatically, analysis of data led to the development of a table outlining the responsibilities, skills and attributes related to each theme. Conceptually, theme 1 encapsulates the Research Facilitators’ skills and experience and their role as knowledge brokers and co-creators of knowledge. Theme 2 provides insight to the clinician-centric approach the RFs utilised to build and foster relationships and support the clinicians through their research journey. Conclusion: This study reports on the characteristics of the research facilitator role in a research capacity building (RCB) program in one regional health service district in Australia and explains how the role fosters clinicians’ engagement with the research process. Findings from this study will inform the development of future RCB programs, which is important when you consider that clinicians’ increased engagement with the research process is vital for developing a sound evidence base to support decision-making in practice and leads to higher levels of skills and greater ability to perform useful research.

IntroductionCytokines are important immune modulator factors controlling homeostasis of the body and are involved in tissue regeneration after wound healing. The encapsulation of cytokines in liposomes has many advantages potentially useful for their transfer to the cells. Liposomes protect cytokines from neutralization, improving their pharmacokinetics or biologic activity in vivo. They are targeted to specific cell types and may delay the release of cytokines, allowing their sustained paracrine delivery. Their physicochemical characteristics such as size, shape, charge, and stability are important parameters improving bio-distribution and prolonged pharmacokinetics of encapsulated cytokines.Material and methodsWe developed an efficient protocol for the encapsulation of two types of cytokines, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) and granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), in liposomes that can be stored long term in the active state.ResultsThis method allows for the encapsulation of 12–13% of the total amount of cytokines and 50% of encapsulated cytokines are entrapped in liposomes of more than ≤ 600 nm in diameter. We show that in the studied cell lines the liposome-encapsulated cytokines do not affect cell morphology, proliferation or mortality.ConclusionsThe G-CSF or GM-CSF can be delivered to the cells in working concentrations through the encapsulation in the liposomes. Before the clinical application, the efficiency of these liposomes should be confirmed by an in vivo study.

An increase in energy demand that is caused by fast economic development, a limited and constantly decreasing supply of traditional energy sources, as well as excessive environmental pollution that is caused by an increasing concentration of dust and gases in the atmosphere constitute the main factors that contribute to the ever-increasing interest in renewable sources of energy. The most important and promising renewable source of energy is thought to be solar energy. The aim of the paper is to assess the macroeconomic investment efficiency of photovoltaic installations in order to meet the demand for electric energy in single-family homes in Polish conditions. The conducted analysis comprises market characteristics and legal regulations concerning the sale of electric energy in Poland. Calculations were made for 320 variants that differed with regard to investment location, building orientation, and roof inclination. The results indicate that the most beneficial region for photovoltaic micro-installations, from a social perspective, is the south-east of and central Poland. The highest values of economic efficiency were achieved in the case of a southern roof inclination as well as a south-eastern and south-western building orientation. No big differences were observed in the economic investment efficiency for the panel inclinations. The calculated Discounted Payback Period, depending on the calculation method, equals 5.4 to 10 years. The results of the study confirm that the implemented support instruments for investments in photovoltaic installations producing energy for single-family house demand is economically viable.

Aim To further develop and validate a new model of the early career transition pathway in the speciality of community nursing. Design Delphi policy approach, guided by a previous systematic review and semi‐structured interviews. Methods Four rounds of an expert panel (N = 19). Rounds one, two and four were questionnaires consisting of a combination of closed (Likert response) and open‐ended questions. Round three comprised of a focus group conducted using virtual meeting technology. Results The final model demonstrated reliable and valid measures. There were deficiencies in “pre‐entry”—where the marketing of community nursing was negligible and the support around orientation informal and minimal, mainly due to tight budgetary concerns. Community practice holds a whole new dimension for nurses transitioning from acute care as the concept of “knowing your community” took time and support—time to be accepted reciprocally and develop a sense of belonging to the community.

Few contingent valuation surveys have studied whether households in one country would be influenced by information on how citizens in another country invest in the same project. This study aims to fill this gap. We estimated the change in Israeli and Polish citizens’ willingness to pay (WTP) to protect the habitat of a trans-border migratory species, the white stork, when given new information. In our study, we randomized split samples with and without information on cooperation. Despite significant WTP for that species, the role of information on cooperation was mixed. Although in Israel, this information increased WTP, in Poland, it did not significantly alter it. Tentative explanations of these mixed behaviors are analyzed using socio-demographic variables.

Conjugation, besides transformation and transduction, is one of the main mechanisms of horizontal transmission of genetic information among bacteria. Conjugational transfer, due to its essential role in shaping bacterial genomes and spreading of antibiotics resistance genes, has been widely studied for more than 70 years. However, new and intriguing facts concerning the molecular basis of this process are still being revealed. Most recently, a novel family of conjugative relaxases (Mob proteins) was distinguished. The characteristic feature of these proteins is that they are not related to any of Mobs described so far. Instead of this, they share significant similarity to tyrosine recombinases. In this study MobK—a tyrosine recombinase-like Mob protein, encoded by pIGRK cryptic plasmid from the Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical strain, was characterized. This study revealed that MobK is a site-specific nuclease and its relaxase activity is dependent on both a conserved catalytic tyrosine residue (Y179) that is characteristic of tyrosine recombinases and the presence of Mg2+ divalent cations. The pIGRK minimal origin of transfer sequence (oriT) was also characterized. This is one of the first reports presenting tyrosine recombinase-like conjugative relaxase protein. It also demonstrates that MobK is a convenient model for studying this new protein family.

The book is the first attempt to comprehensively examine and describe the daily writing practices of a Polish psychologist Julian Ochorowicz (1850-1917). More than one hundred notebooks of the scientist, now stored in the archives of the library of the Ossoliński Institute in Wrocław, constitute an extraordinary and so far unexplored source of knowledge about his intimate writing practices. The author proves that the method of introspection, crucial for the psychologist and understood as constantly repeated turning towards oneself, made it possible for Ochorowicz to choose his own research path and, consequently, to abandon the well-trodden paths of scientific development.

PurposeThe purpose of the paper is to explore how the national, state and organisational health policies in Australia support the implementation of person-centred care in managing chronic care conditions.Design/methodology/approachA qualitative content analysis was performed regarding the national, state and organisational Queensland Health policies using Elo and Kyngas' (2008) framework.FindingsAlthough the person-centred care as an approach is well articulated in health policies, there is still no definitive measure or approach to embedding it into operational services. Complex funding structures and competing priorities of the governments and the health organisations carry the risk that person-centred care as an approach gets lost in translation. Three themes emerged: the patient versus the government; health care delivery versus the political agenda; and health care organisational processes versus the patient.Research limitations/implicationsGiven that person-centred care is the recommended approach for responding to chronic health conditions, further empirical research is required to evaluate how programs designed to deliver person-centred care achieve that objective in practice.Practical implicationsThis research highlights the complex environment in which the person-centred approach is implemented. Short-term programmes created specifically to focus on person-centred care require the right organisational infrastructure, support and direction. This review demonstrates the need for alignment of policies related to chronic disease management at the broader organisational level.Originality/valueGiven the introduction of the nurse navigator program to take up a person-centred care approach, the review of the recent policies was undertaken to understand how they support this initiative.

This essay approaches the large but surprisingly under-theorized topic of the relation between autobiography and fiction, concentrating on the period between 1880 and 1930, arguing for a new account of the relation between Modernism and life-writing. It introduces and analyses a key essay from 1906 by Stephen Reynolds, author of A Poor Man’s House, which, strikingly, coins the post-modern-sounding term ‘autobiografiction’. It argues that Reynolds’ central concept sheds light on the vexed theoretical question of the relation between autobiography and fiction, and in ways that reach further than either Reynolds or the essay’s few commentators have appreciated.

International audience; Introduction. Genistein (plant isoflavone) is a well-known anti-cancer drug with estrogenic-like properties. Genistein also regulates sugar and lipid metabolism; thus, it has anti-diabetic properties. The aim of the study was to evaluate in vitro effects of genistein on glucose transport, fatty acids oxidation, activation of PKB, and expression of genes related to insulin pathway in differentiated myoblast C2C12 mouse cell line. Material and methods. Differentiated myoblast C2C12 mouse cell line was used to assess the effects of different genistein concentrations on glucose transport and fatty acids oxidation measured by radioactivity technique, activation of PKB, and expression of selected genes related to insulin signaling pathway (IR-α, IR-β, IRS-1, PKB, GLUT-4, PP2A, SH-PTP2) at the mRNA and protein levels. Cells were incubated with various concentrations of genistein under standard conditions for 0–48 hours. Results. Genistein in low concentrations (0.1–1 μM) significantly increased glucose transport and decreased fatty acids oxidation in C2C12 cells after 48 h of incubation. High concentration of genistein (50 μM) had the opposite effect. Genistein stimulated PKB phosphorylation during the first 5–10 minutes of incubation. There was no significant impact on the protein expression of selected genes (IR-α, IR-β, IRS-1, PKB, GLUT-4, PP2A- -Cα, ER-α and ER-β) after 48 h treatment. We observed inverse correlation between genistein concentration and the expression of SH-PTP2 protein. Genistein affected the expression pattern of mRNAs for genes related to the insulin pathway, however, not the expression of the encoded proteins. Conclusions. The results of this study showed that depending on the concentration and time of incubation genistein significantly affects glucose and lipid metabolism and at low concentration modifies expression pattern of a few genes in C2C12 cells. © Polish Society for Histochemistry and Cytochemistry.

Introduction. Currently in Poland there is significant differentiation of parents’ attitudes towards vaccinating children. As a consequence, the number of unvaccinated children grows steadily by about 40 percent each year. Aim. Getting to know parents’ attitudes and their causes in relation to immunization based on the analysis of publications on this topic. Material and methods. Selection of publications for analysis was based on criteria of systematic review covering the last 10 years, cataloged in the following databases: Polish Medical Library, Google Scholar and Pubmed. The base searches were carried out according to the key words: protective vaccinations, parents’ attitudes, implementation of the vaccination calendar, immunization, vaccination, parental refusal of vaccines. As many as 32 publications were used in the study. Results. Vaccine knowledge of parents determines their attitude towards vaccination, which influences the implementation of primary and extended vaccinations in children. Implementation of the Protective Vaccination Program remains high in Poland, but the number of parents who refuse to vaccinate their children is systematically growing. Among the many reasons for the refusal of vaccination in children, the most often in literature there were those indicated by barriers of a religious, personal and philosophical nature, security and knowledge on this subject. Conclusions. Low level of parents’ knowledge, both general and specific, about vaccinations is the most common barrier in the implementation of mandatory vaccinations.

The Regional Fund for Environmental Protection and Water Management in Szczecin is an element of financing the environmental projects in the region. On the basis of public funding, sourced from environmental charges and penalties for environmental offences within the framework of statutory distribution, in order to meet the requirements of the beneficiaries, a set of financial tools has been developed which contribute to the implementation of environmental projects. On the basis of analytical-descriptive method, an evaluation of the functioning of the Fund was carried out, in relation to the basic budget categories within the years 2009-2016. In particular, the role the Fund played in regulating water and sewage management in the West-Pomeranian Voivodeship, also as the Implementing Authority for environmental axles of the Infrastructure and Environment Operational Program, has been addressed.

The objective of this article is to determine changes in municipal waste management in rural areas after introduction of a new waste management system in 2012. The study includes rural districts of Bielski and Hajnowski administrative districts. The results show that the changes made have contributed to the improvement of waste management in rural areas. The amount of municipal waste collected increased by about 42 kg/inhabitant/year. A considerable part of the population (above 93%) started to separate waste. The new waste management system resulted in considerable costs increase. In a two-person households, which constitute the most in this analysis, the charges for municipal waste disposal increased from 51 to 533%, depending on the rural district and the method of waste collection (mixed waste, separated waste).

BackgroundGene overlapping is a frequent phenomenon in microbial genomes. Excluding so-called “trivial overlapping”, there are significant implications of such genetic arrangements, including regulation of gene expression and modification of protein activity. It is also postulated that, besides gene duplication, the appearance of overlapping genes (OGs) is one of the most important factors promoting a genome’s novelty and evolution. OGs coding for in-frame proteins with different functions are a particularly interesting case. In this study we identified and characterized two in-frame proteins encoded by OGs on plasmid pIGRK fromKlebsiella pneumoniae, a representative of the newly distinguished pHW126 plasmid family.ResultsA singlerepRlocus located within the replication system of plasmid pIGRK encodes, in the same frame, two functional polypeptides: a full-length RepR protein and a RepR’ protein (withN-terminal truncation) translated from an internal START codon. Both proteins form homodimers, and interact with diverse DNA regions within the plasmid replication origin andrepRpromoter operator. Interestingly, RepR and RepR’ have opposing functions – RepR is crucial for initiation of pIGRK replication, while RepR’ is a negative regulator of this process. Nevertheless, both proteins act cooperatively as negative transcriptional regulators of their own expression.ConclusionsRegulation of the initiation of pIGRK replication is a complex process in which a major role is played by two in-frame proteins with antagonistic functions. In-frame encoded Rep proteins are uncommon, having been described in only a few plasmids. This is the first description of such proteins in a plasmid of the pHW126 family.

Purpose: The aim of the research is to identify and assess the negative external effects of agricultural activity and determine whether their level is dependent on the size of farms, agricultural area expressed, in spatial terms in Poland. Design/Methodology/Approach: The time range of the collected research material covered the years 2008-2015. A synthetic measure of the assessment was used, which enabled ranking the studied regions in terms of the indicator of agri-environmental externalities. In order to verify the accepted hypothesis, an econometric model explaining the relationship between the emerging environmental effects and the surface of farms is proposed. The collected empirical material aggregated in the panel form is used to build the model. Findings: The results indicate significant differences in the generation of negative environmental effects between regions in Poland. It is also found that there is a relationship between the size of agricultural area on farms and the level of negative agri-environmental externalities. Practical Implications: The results obtained may be used for development of the agricultural policy, aimed at agricultural companies, depending on their size, expressed as the area of arable land. Originality/Value: The results are original due to the possibility of being used in any country (region). They enable identification of environmental threats caused by agricultural production, depending on farm agricultural enterprise size. They may be used for development of prospective scenarios for agricultural policy., peer-reviewed

Conjugation, besides transformation and transduction, is one of the main mechanisms of horizontal transmission of genetic information among bacteria. Conjugational transfer, due to its essential role in shaping bacterial genomes and spreading of antibiotics resistance genes, has been widely studied for more than 70 years. However, new and intriguing facts concerning the molecular basis of this process are still being revealed. Most recently, a novel family of conjugative relaxases (Mob proteins) was distinguished. The characteristic feature of these proteins is that they are not related to any of Mobs described so far. Instead of this, they share significant similarity to tyrosine recombinases. In this study MobK—a tyrosine recombinase-like Mob protein, encoded by pIGRK cryptic plasmid from the Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical strain, was characterized. This study revealed that MobK is a site-specific nuclease and its relaxase activity is dependent on both a conserved catalytic tyrosine residue (Y179) that is characteristic of tyrosine recombinases and the presence of Mg2+ divalent cations. The pIGRK minimal origin of transfer sequence (oriT) was also characterized. This is one of the first reports presenting tyrosine recombinase-like conjugative relaxase protein. It also demonstrates that MobK is a convenient model for studying this new protein family.

The number of people with diabetes is estimated to be over 370 million, in 2030 it will increase to 552 million. In Poland, the number of people with diabetes is estimated to be 3.5 million (9.1%). According to the estimates of the International Diabetes Federation, the percentage of patients in the adult Polish population will increase to around 11% over the next 20 years. Despite the appearance of insulin analogues on the pharmaceutical market, insulin delivery is still the most effective method of pharmacotherapy in cases of extremely high hyperglycemia. A new bacterial host strain (Escherichia coli 20) was obtained at the Institute of Biotechnology and Antibiotics and a new pIBAINS expression vector was constructed that provides greater efficiency in the production of recombinant human insulin. In the IBA Bioengineering Department, successful attempts were made to produce recombinant human insulin on a laboratory and quarter-technical scale, and several batches were performed on a semi-technical scale. The production process has been divided into several stages: 1. biosynthesis of insulin in the fermenter, 2. isolation, purification and dissolution of inclusion bodies, 3. protein renaturation, 4. enzymatic reaction with trypsin, 5. multi-stage purification of insulin using low-pressure and HPLC techniques. At each stage of insulin production, qualitative and quantitative analyses were performed to confirm identity and purity. In particular, the molecular weight of insulin, the amount of insulin and the content of protein impurities were studied. The results of these experiments are presented in this work.