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In recent years, three large populations of Cyperus flavescens were found in Poland, the richest occurrence of this species in over 30 years. The goal of this research is to determine the habitat factors lead to the mass occurrence of C. flavescens and the present situation of that species and its habitat in Central Europe. Soil conditions of the three populations were studied. To determine the correlation between the occurrence and abundance of species and the chemical parameters of the soil, the DCA and CCA methods were used. The DCA of environmental Ellenberg values was made for all relevés known from Poland. The occurrence of C. flavescens in plant communities in Central Europe was studied. The maximum entropy method was used for potential distribution analysis of C. flavescens. All analyzed traits are important for this species and none has an advantage over another, so the environmental factor affecting the occurrence of C. flavescens is different from the tested. Analysis on Ellenberg values indicate that the longest gradients are temperature, moisture and nutrients. The analysis of vegetation data involving Cyperus flavescens available from Central Europe indicates that this species occurs mainly in the company of Juncus bufonius and Plantago intermedia, whereas other species of the Isoëto-Nanojuncetea class appear rarely. In MaxEnt analysis based on bioclimatic variables, the most important variable is BIO1 (Annual Mean Temperature). The results of our observation indicate that anthropogenic factors such as grazing livestock have a positive effect on the occurrence of the species. It is also very likely that the species is promoted by very warm summers with only short periods of heavy rains. A map of the potential distribution of C. flavescens in Central Europe created according historical and future data show an extension of the range of potential habitats to the north and east.

The Pannonian endemic species Vincetoxicum pannonicum was described from specimens collected in Hungary and occurs at only few locations. It is considered “vulnerable” according to the International Red List. The chromosome set was reported to be tetraploid, and the species was hypothesized to be an allotetraploid hybrid of the Balkan species V. fuscatum and the Adriatic species hirundinaria subsp. adriaticum. We investigated the origin of V. pannonicum using molecular phylogenetic methods by separately analyzing the multicopy nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (nrITS) and the plastid-encoded trnH-psbA DNA regions and by evaluating discrepancies between the produced gene trees. Paralogs in the nrITS region clustered in two main groups, one of which was closest to V. fuscatum, and the other included V. hirundinaria subsp. adriaticum. According to trnH-psbA sequences, V. pannonicum and V. hirundinaria subsp. adriaticum formed a single group. Our results show that V. pannonicum diversified because of hybrid speciation, in which V. fuscatum was the pollen donor. We discovered a similar placement of V. maeoticum, which suggests a further hybridization event between V. fuscatum and a species of the V. hirundinaria group. Our genome-size estimate indicates almost sixfold larger genome size in V. pannonicum compared to the maternal diploid parent, suggesting hexaploidy; however, V. pannonicum is tetraploid. This may suggest cytological diploidization in the allopolyploid V. pannonicum. We observed substantial genetic distance between V. hirundinaria subsp. adriaticum and all other subspecies of V. hirundinaria, and we therefore propose that V. adriaticum should be regarded as a separate species.

Formalized classification of the class Isoëto-Nanojuncetea has not been performed in Poland. We used 69,562 relevés stored in Polish Vegetation Database. Based on the literature and expert knowledge we selected 63 diagnostic species for the Isoëto-Nanojuncetea class. Unequivocal classification was applied in this work according to Cocktail method. A set of formal definitions was established using a combination of logical operators of total cover of species in case of high-rank syntaxa while sociological species groups and cover of particular species were used for logical formulas describing class, alliances and associations. An Expert System was prepared and applied to classify the whole data set of PVD and 1,340 relevés were organized at the class level. We stratifies the data and finally we used data set of 903 relevés to prepare synoptic tables, distribution maps and descriptions of the syntaxa. Twelve associations and two plant communities were identified. Vegetation of the Isoëto-Nanojuncetea class occur in Poland’s central and southern part, with scattered stands in northern region. We described two new plant communities within Eleocharition and Radiolion alliance. The first formal classification of the Isoëto-Nanojuncetea class revealed a high diversity of ephemeral vegetation wetland found in Poland in the eastern boundary of their geographical distribution in Europe.

Wieczorek, A., Łysko, A., Popiela, A. & Śliwa, L. 2017. Additions to the flora of lichenized and lichenicolous fungi of Bornholm (Denmark). — Herzogia 30: 304–308. Based on a recent collection from Bornholm island, two lichens, Lecanora thysanophora and Micarea nigella, and two lichenicolous fungi, Dactylospora parasitica and Illosporiopsis christiansenii are newly reported; the first species is new record for Denmark and the others are new to Bornholm.

In the geobotanical division of Poland, Pomerania was treated as a separate subdivision, divided into “coastal plains” and the “Pomeranian uplands” or, in the newest regionalization, the “Pomeranian division”. The goal of this paper is to determine how well the distinctiveness of Pomerania is floristically justified. A total of 1,467 native species occur within the area of Pomerania, representing 57.5% of the native flora of Poland. Fifty-seven species distinguishing Pomerania were selected and their phytogeographic features were discussed and compared to the Polish vascular flora. The distribution of 32 species (56.1%) is characterized as (sub)Atlantic/oceanic. Of the taxa that characterize Pomerania, 47.45% represent the northern element of the Polish flora and 7.01% the western element; species of the eastern element do not exist in Pomerania. The maximum entropy (MaxEnt) method was used for collective distribution analysis of the 57 selected taxa. The analyzes were performed using 41 environmental variables. All the species analyzed are strictly linked to the western and the North Atlantic part of Europe. Statistical evaluation of the MaxEnt model yielded an AUC value of 0.75 for both training and test. The most important environmental variables are minimum high (min_h), temperature annual range (bio07), and mean temperature of driest quarter (bio09). The results of the MaxEnt analysis allowed us also to verify the boundaries of the region and suggest new criteria for them. The southern limit of Pomerania should run along the northern boundary of the terminal moraine belt. Also, the area east of the Vistula does not contain abundant representatives of the flora characteristic for Pomerania. The results of the present study may be used for a broader discussion on the revision of the geobotanical division of Poland, at least in its northern part.

The name Elatine campylosperma Seub. is generally treated as one of the synonyms of E. macropoda Guss. However, recent morphological, phylogenetic and karyological studies indicate that this judgement should be revised. In the present paper we typify the name E. campylosperma, review its taxonomic history and provide a thorough description, with compilation of previously published data and our new measurements from in vitro cultures. Based on our herbarium survey, we outline its Atlantic-Mediterranean distribution area (Spain, France, Italy, Greece, Turkey and Algeria). Habitat preferences are summarized from our field observations, water quality measurements and the label information of the herbarium specimens examined. Intact E. campylosperma seeds were found in faecal samples of the Eurasian Coot (Fulica atra L.) in southern Spain and two of them were germinated, suggesting that E. campylosperma has a capacity for long distance dispersal via endozoochory

Elatine triandra Schkuhr is the most variable and widespread species within the genus Elatine L.; it has been recorded in all continents, except Antarctica, but it is mainly located in Europe. The study is based on an extensive data set of European literature, herbaria and web data that covers the period 1828–2012. The range of the species in Europe is disjunctive, covering the southern and western parts of the Central European Plain and the southern part of the Fennoscandian Shield. At a smaller scale, the species can also be found along some river valleys. In Central Europe many localities, particularly isolated ones in the northern part of the range, are now only historical. From the data set we determined that E. triandra may be best observed between May and October. We found that species records show a near-significant shift since 1828. Depending on the environmental conditions, individuals of the taxon develop as one of two morphs: terrestrial or aquatic. The aquatic morph is characterized b...

By the end of the 19th century, Lactuca tatarica was reported for the first time from an adventive occurrence on the North Sea and Baltic Sea coasts. In Wolin Island, the species has become established in the natural habitat and is clearly spreading in recent years. The community with L. tatarica was studied currently on the western point of Wolin Island along the stretch between the mouth of the Świna (Swine) River and a newly constructed breakwater of the external harbour. The taxon occupies relatively low parts of the sandy elevations of dune ridges, in patches of the Honckenyo-Agropyretum juncei association (habitat 2110). Furthermore, L. tatarica has been reported in recent years from some locations in Świnoujście (Usedom (Uznam) Island), Międzyzdroje, Wisełka and Międzywodzie.

In Western Pomerania, as in other areas of Europe, alien species play an increasingly important role. In particular, invasive plants tend to spread rapidly and in large numbers which may reduce diversity of native species, leading to the phenomenon of “trivialisation of flora”, and transform ecosystems. The list of invasive species (32 taxa) includes alien species occurring throughout Western Pomerania, and penetrating natural or semi-natural habitats. The second group consists of potentially invasive species (23 taxa), i.e. those distributed across the area under study and tending to increase the number of their localities in semi-natural and natural habitats, taxa invasive only locally, as well as species with missing data, which does not currently allow including them into the first group. Invasive weeds, as well as some epecophytes and archaeophytes occurring only on anthropogenic sites and tending to spread, were not taken into account. Among hemiagriophytes, the most common and troublesome ones are: Conyza canadensis, Erigeron annuus, Lolium multiflorum, Lupinus polyphyllus, Solidago canadensis, S. gigantea. Among holoagriophytes, i.e. the taxa which received the highest naturalisation status, very expansive species, successful in land colonisation, like Acer negundo, Bidens frondosa, B. connata, Clematis vitalba, Elodea canadensis, Epilobium ciliatum, Heracleum sosnowskyi, Impatiens glandulifera, I. parviflora, Padus serotina, Quercus rubra and Robinia pseudoacacia, should be given particular attention. Among the invasive and potentially invasive species, most taxa penetrate plant communities of the Artemisietea and Molinio-Arrhenatheretea class, followed by Querco-Fagetea, Vaccinio-Piceetea, Stellarietea mediae, Salicetea purpurae and Koelerio-Corynophoretea. The number of invasive species is twice as high when compared to the situation of these species in Poland; on the contrary, the number of species inhabiting anthropogenic, semi-natural and natural habitats is two times lower, while that of holoagriophytes and hemiagriophytes is 56.3% and 43.7%, respectively. It seems that in the case of some invasive and potentially invasive species, a decrease in the number of their locations may be observed from the west to the east (e.g. for Acer negundo, Bromus carinatus, Clematis vitalba, Helianthus tuberosus, Lycium barbarum, Reynoutria japonica, Rosa rugosa, Vicia grandiflora). Distribution patterns for some species (e.g. for Parthenocytisus inserta or Xanthium albinum) are indicative of a likely major role of the Odra River valley in the spreading of invasive species. It should be kept in mind that the area of the North-West Poland is poorly examined in terms of its flora, so the results provided in this paper are tentative. Nevertheless, the maps illustrate colonisation trends and directions and, moreover, have been so far the only attempt to synthesise this problem in NW Poland.

Hypogymnia physodes is a lichenized fungus of the family Parmeliaceae. The aim of this study was to compare the level of genetic diversity in eight psammophilous and three epiphytic populations of this species from the Baltic coast in Poland, based on randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers. In the reactions with nine primers, 153 fragments were obtained, of which 133 were polymorphic. In one reaction, from 0 (for lich2 primer) to 55 (for C02 primer) amplicons were obtained. A Dice’s genetic similarity index matrix was constructed based on the results of RAPD marker polymorphism examination. The values of similarity indices ranged from 0.00 to 0.73. Results of this study confirm the separateness of all three epiphytic populations from those found on sand dunes (100% support, UPGMA/1000 trees).

Elatine L. contains ca. 25 small, herbaceous, annual species distributed in ephemeral waters in both hemispheres. All species are amphibious and characterized by a high degree of morphological variability. The importance of seed morphology in Elatine taxonomy has been emphasized by many authors. The degree of seed curvature and seed coat reticulation have been traditionally considered very important in recognizing individual species of this genus. Seed morphometric characteristics of 10 Elatine species, including all European native taxa, are provided on the basis of material from two or three populations of each species. A total of 24–50 seeds were studied from each population, altogether 1,260 images were used for the morphometric study. In total, six parameters were measured from SEM pictures: object surface area, profile specific perimeter (object circuit), rectangle of the object (a) length, rectangle of the object (b) width, angle of the seed curvature, and number of pits in the seed coat counted in the middle row. Our study shows that the range of morphological variation of seeds in European species of Elatine is great, both between the species and the populations. Discrimination analysis showed that all six traits significantly differentiate the populations studied (λ = 0.001, p E. alsinastrum, E. macropoda, and E. hexandra. Regarding interspecific differences, a Kruskal–Wallis tests showed that, in many cases, lack of statistically significant differences between species relative to the studied seed traits. If distinction of species is only based on seeds, especially if only a few seeds are evaluated, the following species pairs can be easily confused: E. alsinastrum and E. orthosperma, E. hexandra and E. macropoda, E. campylosperma and E. hydropiper, as well and E. gussonei and E. hungarica. We found no diversity in seed coat micromorphology within pits that could have potential taxonomic importance. An identification key and descriptions of species are provided on the basis of seeds traits.

Elatine gussonei (Sommier) Brullo et al. is a rare freshwater plant previously assumed to be endemic to Lampedusa and the Maltase archipelago. Taxonomic uncertainties within the Elatine genus may have caused E. gussonei populations to be overlooked in the Mediterranean region. To clarify the distribution of E. gussonei, we reviewed Elatine specimens from 12 herbaria and conducted eight field surveys in Mediterranean countries. Through our herbarium review we documented previously unknown occurrences of E. gussonei from Portugal, Spain, France, Algeria, Egypt, Cyprus and Israel. Additionally, in field studies we found populations from Cyprus, Morocco and Spain. Elatine gussonei is therefore more widespread than previously assumed, although the species still has a scattered distribution around the Mediterranean and many of the records are old. We found intact E. gussonei seeds in the faeces of migratory Greylag Geese (Anser anser) collected in southern Spain, suggesting that E. gussonei has a high capacity for long distance dispersal.

The Isoëto-Nanojuncetea-class includes short-lived and ephemerical communities occurring on temporarily flooded places in Western, Southern and Central Europe and Northern Africa. Results of the numerical classification of 739 phytosociological releves of the communities occurring in Poland are presented and discussed. Ali the releves were made in accordance with the principles of the BRAUN-BLANQUET school of syntaxonomy. The calculations were performed using NCLAS program of the SYN-TAX IV package. The JACCARD formuła and the unweighted pair-group method, using arithmetic averages (UPGMA) were applied. There is a strong habitat and floristic differentation of the communities of the Isoëto-Nanojuncetea-class occurring in Poland. The results of the numerical classification indicate that, the distuinguished communities belong to two alliances: the Radiolion linoidis (Rivas Goday 1961) Pietsch 1965 (for associations occurring on synanthropic localities like stubble fields) and the Elatini-Eleocharition ovatae Pietsch 1965 (for communities growing on bottoms of dried ponds and exposed river or lakę banks). The distinguished communities arę phytosociologically characterized on basis of 223 selected releves. These arę: Spergulario-Illecebretum verticillati, Ranunculo-Myosuretum minimi, Centaurium pulchellum-Pottia truncata-commumiy, Heleocharetum ovatae, Cyperetum flavescentis and Cyperus fuscus-Limosella aquatica-commumiy. The study focused on: (1) attempting to solve the problem of phytosociological classification for the communities occurring in Poland, (2) preparing a complete catalogue of them and (3) giving the full list of character species (also among bryophytes) of distinguished syntaxa. It has led to finding out the relation between the communities occurring in Poland and the associations of Western Europe. The problem of the naturality of certain distinguished associations was discussed. The paper gives also some open questions demanding further studies and some suggestions of methods to be applied.

The general distribution of the endangered Euro-Siberian sub-Mediterranean species Elatine alsinastrum L. is provided using literature, web-sources and herbaria dataset. The distribution pattern shows some regularities: occurrence of locations along river valleys, formation of concentrated site clusters in some lowlands, wide distances between locations or site clusters or single locations between their clusters. The distribution patterns in central Europe seem to be rather well related to the history of the human migration in Europe at least since the Late Holocene. The scattered locations on the eastern part of the distribution area are likely to be a consequence of missing information, rather than to the fragmentation of its distribution.

Elatine L. contains ca. 25 small, herbaceous, annual species distributed in ephemeral waters in both hemispheres. All species are amphibious and characterized by a high degree of morphological variability. The importance of seed morphology in Elatine taxonomy has been emphasized by many authors. The degree of seed curvature and seed coat reticulation have been traditionally considered very important in recognizing individual species of this genus. Seed morphometric characteristics of 10 Elatine species, including all European native taxa, are provided on the basis of material from two or three populations of each species. A total of 24–50 seeds were studied from each population, altogether 1,260 images were used for the morphometric study. In total, six parameters were measured from SEM pictures: object surface area, profile specific perimeter (object circuit), rectangle of the object (a) length, rectangle of the object (b) width, angle of the seed curvature, and number of pits in the seed coat counted in the middle row. Our study shows that the range of morphological variation of seeds in European species of Elatine is great, both between the species and the populations. Discrimination analysis showed that all six traits significantly differentiate the populations studied (λ = 0.001, p

A distribution map of Elatine hydropiper L. (Elatinaceae), which belongs to the Euro-Siberian phytogeographic element, has been prepared based on literature and web-based data. The distribution range of the taxon, comparison to previous maps and reliability of the results are discussed.

General distribution map of Elatine hexandra (Lapierre) DC. was made based on literature and web-based data confronted and possible reasons of the formation of taxon's distribution range and history are discussed.

Data on distribution of Elatine macropoda Guss. are given, listing distribution map and a list of localities. Disjunctive distribution pattern of the species within the Mediterranean region as well as distribution of other species of the section Elatinella Seub. and the genera suggests a long history of the range formation.

Changes in the vegetation of "Wrzosiec" mire in 1991-2009 (Western Pomerania) Changes in the vegetation of a mire developing in forest lake hinterland in 1991-2009 are analysed and documented three times by phytosociological method. Within peat bog "islands", situated in the southern part of the lake, the most visible change is the development of a sparse pine-stand and thick shrubs of Salix species, Frangula alnus as well as increase in the participation of Molinia caerulea and some species of Scheuzerio-Caricetea class (Calamagrostis neglecta, Carex lasiocarpa and Sphagnum fallax). Vegetation of the lag zone shows fluctuating changes in the composition of plant communities depending on the water level that periodically changes. In the north-eastern part of the lake, a consistent slow process of terrestrialization was recognised.

Analysis of distribution patterns of selected ephemeral wetland species in Western Pomerania (NW Poland, NE Germany) Phytogeographical conditions of the occurrence of 13 selected ephemeral wetland species of the Isoëto-Nanojuncetea class in Western Pomerania are analysed and discussed on the basis of distribution in Western Pomerania (maps are provided), distribution in Europe, general distribution range, taxonomic relations and palynological data. Present distribution patterns of the analysed taxa in Western Pomerania can thus be permanent not for a very long time and reflect the history of the settling of Pomerania by these species.

New data on the distribution of dwarf ephemeral wetland vascular plant species and communities in western and north-western Poland New phytosociological data are provided on Eleocharito-Caricetum bohemicae occurring on the easternmost range border in Central Europe. The distribution maps of selected character species of Eleocharito-Caricetum in Central Europe are presented.

POPIELA, A.: Phytogeographic aspects of the occurrence of forest vascular plant species in Pomerania (northwest Poland). — Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 125: 97–228. 2004. — ISSN 0006-8152. Forest species occurring in Pomerania (NW Poland) are discussed from several points of view. The study considers the typology of their ranges in Pomerania, affiliations with geographical elements and the nature of their habitat. The material of the study includes 129 original maps of the species distribution in Pomerania. Taxa included in one type (subtype) of distribution have, in numerous cases, a similar general distribution. The typology of local ranges resulted in groupings of taxa associated with the same type of forest association. Hypotheses regarding the pathways and the age of forest species migration to the Pomerania territory in the Holocene were developed. The periods of most intense migration of forest species to Pomerania were the Boreal (9000–8000 C BP) and Atlantic (8000–5000 BP) periods. It is postulated that in this period Pomerania was inhabited by most of the taxa associated with mesophilous deciduous forest. The earliest invaders in Pomerania were taxa associated with pine woods, part of which was already present in this area from the Preboreal or even the Late-Glacial. Somewhat later in the Preboreal the arrival and distribution of the carr association taxa took place. The taxa currently associated with beech woods and oak-hornbeam forests probably appeared already in Pomerania in the period of climatic optimum, i.e. before the appearance of beech and hornbeam in this territory. Prehistoric, historic and recent transformation of forest communities by human activity played a very important role in the distribution of forest species. Expansion of some widespread taxa could be bound to anthropogenic transformation of the vegetation. The relationship between selected abiotic factors and the contemporary distribution of forest species was statistically tested (log-linear analysis). The results of this analysis confirm that the distribution of forest taxa depends on the differentiation of Pomeranian climatic parameters, the type of geological substrate and the size of forest complexes. Bot. Jahrb. Syst. 125 2 97–228 Stuttgart, 16. Februar 2004 DOI: 10.1127/0006-8152/ 2004/0125-0097 0006-8152/04/0125-0097 $ 33.00 © 2004 E. Schweizerbart’sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, D-70176 Stuttgart

The general distribution of the endangered Euro-Siberian sub-Mediterranean species Elatine alsinastrum L. is provided using literature, web-sources and herbaria dataset. The distribution pattern shows some regularities: occurrence of locations along river valleys, formation of concentrated site clusters in some lowlands, wide distances between locations or site clusters or single locations between their clusters. The distribution patterns in central Europe seem to be rather well related to the history of the human migration in Europe at least since the Late Holocene. The scattered locations on the eastern part of the distribution area are likely to be a consequence of missing information, rather than to the fragmentation of its distribution.