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INTRODUCTION: In the postmenopausal period, an average of 25% of women will present symptomatic ovarian failure requiring hormonal replacement therapy. Estrogen can relieve vasomotor symptoms. Hormonal replacement therapy is generally not recommended for breast cancer patients due to the potential risk of tumor recurrence. To answer the questions about the safety of hormonal replacement therapy in this subgroup of women, it is necessary to establish the acceptance of treatment. METHODS: Between September 1998 and February 2001, a cohort of 216 breast cancer patients were asked to complete a questionnaire. All patients had completed their treatment and were informed about survival rates after breast cancer and hormonal replacement therapy. RESULTS: Among the 216 patients, 134 (62%) would refuse hormonal replacement therapy. A hundred patients were afraid of relapse (74.6%). Adjuvant tamoxifen therapy was the only statistically significant variable (70.3% versus 29.7% p=0.003). Understanding clinical stage (p= 0.045) and type of medical assistance (private versus public , p=0.033) also seemed to influence the decision. Early stage disease (p= 0.22), type of surgical procedure (radical versus conservative, p=0.67), adjuvant chemotherapy (p=0.082) or marital status (p=0.98 ) were not statistically significant in decision making. Several patients submitted to adjuvant chemotherapy (41.6%) would accept hormonal replacement therapy under medical supervision, as did most of advanced clinical stage patients (58.3%; p=0.022). CONCLUSION: There is a high level of rejection for hormonal replacement therapy among breast cancer patients when current data on tumor cure rates, and potential risks of estrogen use is available. Adverse effects of tamoxifen in the adjuvant setting may be the reason for refusal of hormonal replacement therapy .INTRODUÇÃO: Cerca de 25% das mulheres apresentarão deficiência estrogênica sintomática necessitando terapia de reposição hormonal. A utilização de terapia de reposição hormonal diminui os sintomas vasomotores e outras morbimortalidades. A terapia de reposição hormonal geralmente não é recomendada para as pacientes com câncer de mama, devido o possível aumento no risco de recorrência. Para responder às questões sobre a segurança da terapia de reposição hormonal neste subgrupo de mulheres, é necessário estabelecer a aceitação do tratamento. MÉTODO: Entre setembro de 1998 e fevereiro de 2001, 216 pacientes foram submetidas a um questionário auto-aplicável. As pacientes haviam encerrado o tratamento antineoplásico e, receberam informações sobre as taxas de sobrevida após câncer de mama e terapia de reposição hormonal. RESULTADOS: Entre as 216 pacientes, 134(62%) não fariam terapia de reposição hormonal. Cem pacientes receavam uma recorrência (74,6%). Tamoxifeno adjuvante foi a única variável estatisticamente significativa (70,3% versus 29,7% p=0,003). Conhecimento do estádio clínico (p= 0,045) e tipo de assistência médica (privada versus pública , p=0,033) parecem influenciar a decisão. Estádio inicial (p= 0,22), tipo de cirurgia (radical versus conservadora, p=0,67), quimioterapia adjuvante (p=0,082) ou estado civil (p=0,98) não foram estatisticamente significativos. Várias pacientes submetidas à quimioterapia adjuvante (41,6%) aceitariam terapia de reposição hormonal sob supervisão médica, assim como a maioria das pacientes com doença avançada (58,3%; p=0,022). DISCUSSÃO: Foi observada uma alta taxa de rejeição à terapia de reposição hormonal entre as pacientes quando informações atualizadas sobre taxas de cura, e potenciais riscos do uso de estrógeno estão disponíveis. Efeitos adversos associados ao tamoxifeno adjuvante poderiam estar relacionados à maior recusa .

Stage IV non-small cell lung cancer is a fatal disease, with a median survival of 14 months. Systemic chemotherapy is the most common approach. However the impact in overall survival and quality of life still a controversy. OBJECTIVES: To determine differences in overall survival and quality of life among patients with stage IV non-small cell lung cancer non-metastatic to the brain treated with best supportive care versus systemic chemotherapy. PATIENTS: From February 1990 through December 1995, 78 eligible patients were admitted with the diagnosis of stage IV non-small cell lung cancer . Patients were divided in 2 groups: Group A (n=31 -- treated with best supportive care ), and Group B (n=47 -- treated with systemic chemotherapy). RESULTS: The median survival time was 23 weeks (range 5 -- 153 weeks) in Group A and 55 weeks (range 7.4 -- 213 weeks) in Group B (p=0.0018). In both groups, the incidence of admission for IV antibiotics and need of blood transfusions were similar. Patients receiving systemic chemotherapy were also stratified into those receiving mytomycin, vinblastin, and cisplatinum, n=25 and those receiving other combination regimens (platinum derivatives associated with other drugs, n=22). Patients receiving mytomycin, vinblastin, and cisplatinum, n=25 had a higher incidence of febrile neutropenia and had their cycles delayed for longer periods of time than the other group. These patients also had a shorter median survival time (51 versus 66 weeks, p=0.005). CONCLUSION: In patients with stage IV non-small cell lung cancer, non-metastatic to the brain, chemotherapy significantly increases survival compared with best supportive care.O câncer de pulmão de células não pequenas em estádio IV é uma doença fatal, com uma sobrevida mediana de seis meses. Quimioterapia é a abordagem mais freqüente, apresentando um impacto na sobrevida controverso e questionável alteração na qualidade de vida. OBJETIVOS: Comparar o impacto na sobrevida global e na qualidade de vida em pacientes portadores de câncer de pulmão de células não pequenas, estádio IV, tratados com suporte clínico ou quimioterapia. PACIENTES: Entre fevereiro de 1990 e dezembro de 1995, 78 pacientes (pts) portadores de câncer de pulmão de células não pequenas estádio IV foram admitidos. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos: grupo A (n=31 -- tratados com suporte clínico) e grupo B (n=47, tratados com quimioterapia). RESULTADOS: A sobrevida mediana no grupo tratado com suporte clínico foi de 23 semanas (variando de 5-153 semanas) e de 55 semanas no grupo tratado com quimioterapia (variando de 7,4 a 213 semanas), p= 0,0018 -- Qui-quadrada. Em ambos grupos, a incidência de internações hospitalares para a administração intravenosa de antibióticos e hemoderivados foi similar. Pacientes recebendo quimioterapia, foram estratificados entre àqueles que receberam mitomicina, vinblastina e cisplatina, n=25 e àqueles recebendo outros regimes (derivados de platina, associados à outras drogas, n= 22). Pacientes recebendo mitomicina, vinblastina e cisplatina, n=25 apresentaram uma incidência mais alta de neutropenia febril e tiveram atrasos mais longos entre os ciclos de quimioterapia, quando comparados aos pacientes do outro grupo. Pacientes recebendo mitomicina, vinblastina e cisplatina, n=25, também apresentaram uma pior sobrevida mediana (51 versus 66 semanas, p= 0,005 -- Qui-quadrado). CONCLUSÕES: Em pacientes com câncer de pulmão de células não pequenas, estádio IV, não metastático para os pulmões, o uso de quimioterapia aumenta a sobrevida de maneira estatisticamente significativa, quando comparado aos cuidados de suporte.

Background. Cancer of the male breast (MBC) is rare, accounting for less than 1% of cancer in males and representing less than 1% of all breast cancers. Reports of abnormalities in the expression of the tumor suppressor gene p53 in MBC have been few. Methods. To assess the expression and mutations of the p53 gene, 35 patients with 36 MBC (one patient with bilateral breast carcinoma) were examined using immunohistochemical methods, polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-single strand conformation polymorphism and DNA sequencing. Results. Thirty-one of the 36 carcinomas were studied by immunohistochemistry and by the PCR-based approach. Five patients were studied by immunohistochemistry only. Twelve patients (41.4%) of the 29 studied by molecular analysis presented an altered pattern in the single strand conformation polymorphism gel and point mutations were confirmed in all by direct DNA sequencing. Thirty-six tumors were studied by immunohistochemistry and 2 (5.5%) patients showed overexpression of the p53 protein. There were no statistically significant differences in p53 status with respect to : age, stage, estrogen receptors, progesterone receptors, tumor type. Patients with normal p53 showed a predisposition, although not statistically significant, for a longer disease free survival (5.6 years versus 4.2 years) and overall survival (5.9 years versus 4.8 years) than did patients with genetically altered p53. Conclusions. The incidence of male patients detected with p53 mutations (41.4%) in this series is concordant with the incidence of p53 mutations in female breast cancer, supporting the idea that cancer of the male breast is similar to the female counterpart. Cancer 1995 ;75 : 2233-8.

Chemotherapy with oxazaphosphorines, such as ifosfamide, is often limited by unacceptable urotoxicity. Without uroprotection hemorrhagic cystitis becomes dose-limiting. Mesna, a thiol compound, is a drug able to bind the toxic metabolites, forming nontoxic compounds in the urine. A total of 122 patients were enrolled in this study and 228 chemotherapy cycles with an ifosfamide-containing regimen were performed (225 evaluable). Mesna was given at the same total dose as the ifosfamide in all arms. On arm A, mesna was given i. v. in equal doses 15 min before and 4 h and 8 h following the ifosfamide dose. On arm B, mesna was given in three equivalent doses 15 min before (i.v.) and 4 h (i.v.) and 8 h (p.o., double dose) following ifosfamide. On arm C, mesna was given i.v. in two equal doses given 15 min before and 4 h following. The incidence of urotoxicity was very low (lower than 15%) in the three arms, 0% in A, 1.36% in B and 2.70% in C. All three arms were equally efficient. Schedule C was considered superior to the others, since it was equally effective, simpler and more convenient.

Background. Although an uncommon disease, male breast cancer (MBC) will be responsible for 300 deaths in 1993 in the United States. Because of the high rate of estrogen receptor positivity in males, adjuvant hormonal therapy with tamoxifen in the adjuvant setting has been used widely. Little is known about the side effects of this estrogen receptor blocker in males. Methods. The authors evaluated the side effects of adjuvant tamoxifen treatment in 24 patients (19 of whom were estrogen receptor positive) treated at the authors' institution between 1990 and 1993. Results. Fifteen (62.5%) patients reported at least one side effect. The most common side effect was a decrease in libido, which occurred in 7 (29.2%) patients; followed by weight gain, which occurred in 6 (25%) patients; hot flashes, which occurred in (5 20.8%); mood alterations, which occurred in 5 (20.8%); depression, which occurred in 4 (16.6%); insomnia, which occurred in 3 (12.5%); and deep venous thrombosis, which occurred in 1 (4.2%). Five (20.8%) patients terminated treatment with tamoxifen in less than 1 year because of these side effects. Two of these patients had decreased libido, two had hot flashes, and one suffered deep venous thrombosis. Conclusions. In contrast to female breast cancer patients, who have a 4% attrition rate to adjuvant tamoxifen treatment, MBC patients have a 20.8% attrition rate related to side effects of tamoxifen treatment.

Lung cancer is one of the main causes of cancer related deaths. Approximately three quarters of these tumors are non-small cell carcinomas. When diagnosed the majority of patients show the disease locally advanced or metastatic. The chemotherapy is the chosen therapy for patients with advanced lung cancer. The majority of published studies with chemotherapy are performed in academic centers under a strict control of research protocols. PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to evaluate the usual management of metastatic NSCLC patients outside of a clinical trial setting in three different oncologic centers in Brazil. METHODS: This is a retrospective study of patients with metastatic non-small cell lung cancer admitted for treatment in three different Cancer Centers in Brazil. 564 patients from Brazilian public heath system and private/health insurance system were considered for the present study. RESULTS: Among 564 patients in this study, 335 (59.4%) received chemotherapy. For all patients, 47 different regimens of chemotherapy were identified. The median follow-up time was eight months and the overall median survival of all patient population submitted to chemotherapy was 9.7 months. DISCUSSION: There was a great heterogeneity in the regimens of drugs to treat metastatic NSCLC patients. The overall survival was significantly better for patients treated with first line chemotherapy compared to patients that only received best supportive care. Results of prospective randomized clinical trials should be carefully analyzed before transferred to the daily clinical practice. INTRODUÇÃO: O câncer de pulmão é uma das principais causas de morte relacionadas ao câncer. Aproximadamente três quartos destes tumores são carcinoma não pequenas células. Ao diagnóstico, a maioria dos pacientes se apresenta com doença avançada localmente ou metastática. A quimioterapia é o tratamento de escolha para pacientes com câncer de pulmão em estadiamento avançado. A maioria dos estudos publicados com quimioterapia é realizada em centros acadêmicos sob controle rígido de protocolos de pesquisa. OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste estudo é avaliar os resultados do tratamento rotineiro de pacientes com carcinoma de pulmão não pequenas células metastático, fora de protocolos de pesquisa clínica em três centros oncológicos brasileiros. MÉTODO: Trata-se de um estudo retrospectivo de pacientes com câncer de pulmão não pequenas células metastático, admitidos para tratamento em três diferentes centros oncológicos no Brasil. Foram avaliados 564 pacientes neste estudo provenientes do sistema de saúde público e privado. RESULTADOS: Dentre os 564 pacientes deste estudo, 335 (59,4%) receberam quimioterapia. Considerando todos os pacientes, foram identificados 47 esquemas diferentes de quimioterapia. O tempo médio de seguimento foi de oito meses e a sobrevida global mediana de todos os pacientes submetidos à quimioterapia foi de 9,7 meses. DISCUSSÃO: Havia uma grande heterogeneidade de esquemas de drogas para o tratamento de pacientes com câncer de pulmão não pequenas células metastático. A sobrevida global foi significativamente melhor para pacientes tratados com quimioterapia de primeira linha comparado com pacientes que receberam somente tratamento de suporte clínico. Resultados de estudos clínicos prospectivos randomizados deverão ser cuidadosamente analisados antes de serem transferidos para a prática clínica diária.

INTRODUCTION: In the postmenopausal period, an average of 25% of women will present symptomatic ovarian failure requiring hormonal replacement therapy. Estrogen can relieve vasomotor symptoms. Hormonal replacement therapy is generally not recommended for breast cancer patients due to the potential risk of tumor recurrence. To answer the questions about the safety of hormonal replacement therapy in this subgroup of women, it is necessary to establish the acceptance of treatment. METHODS: Between September 1998 and February 2001, a cohort of 216 breast cancer patients were asked to complete a questionnaire. All patients had completed their treatment and were informed about survival rates after breast cancer and hormonal replacement therapy. RESULTS: Among the 216 patients, 134 (62%) would refuse hormonal replacement therapy. A hundred patients were afraid of relapse (74.6%). Adjuvant tamoxifen therapy was the only statistically significant variable (70.3% versus 29.7% p=0.003). Understanding clinical stage (p= 0.045) and type of medical assistance (private versus public , p=0.033) also seemed to influence the decision. Early stage disease (p= 0.22), type of surgical procedure (radical versus conservative, p=0.67), adjuvant chemotherapy (p=0.082) or marital status (p=0.98 ) were not statistically significant in decision making. Several patients submitted to adjuvant chemotherapy (41.6%) would accept hormonal replacement therapy under medical supervision, as did most of advanced clinical stage patients (58.3%; p=0.022). CONCLUSION: There is a high level of rejection for hormonal replacement therapy among breast cancer patients when current data on tumor cure rates, and potential risks of estrogen use is available. Adverse effects of tamoxifen in the adjuvant setting may be the reason for refusal of hormonal replacement therapy . INTRODUÇÃO: Cerca de 25% das mulheres apresentarão deficiência estrogênica sintomática necessitando terapia de reposição hormonal. A utilização de terapia de reposição hormonal diminui os sintomas vasomotores e outras morbimortalidades. A terapia de reposição hormonal geralmente não é recomendada para as pacientes com câncer de mama, devido o possível aumento no risco de recorrência. Para responder às questões sobre a segurança da terapia de reposição hormonal neste subgrupo de mulheres, é necessário estabelecer a aceitação do tratamento. MÉTODO: Entre setembro de 1998 e fevereiro de 2001, 216 pacientes foram submetidas a um questionário auto-aplicável. As pacientes haviam encerrado o tratamento antineoplásico e, receberam informações sobre as taxas de sobrevida após câncer de mama e terapia de reposição hormonal. RESULTADOS: Entre as 216 pacientes, 134(62%) não fariam terapia de reposição hormonal. Cem pacientes receavam uma recorrência (74,6%). Tamoxifeno adjuvante foi a única variável estatisticamente significativa (70,3% versus 29,7% p=0,003). Conhecimento do estádio clínico (p= 0,045) e tipo de assistência médica (privada versus pública , p=0,033) parecem influenciar a decisão. Estádio inicial (p= 0,22), tipo de cirurgia (radical versus conservadora, p=0,67), quimioterapia adjuvante (p=0,082) ou estado civil (p=0,98) não foram estatisticamente significativos. Várias pacientes submetidas à quimioterapia adjuvante (41,6%) aceitariam terapia de reposição hormonal sob supervisão médica, assim como a maioria das pacientes com doença avançada (58,3%; p=0,022). DISCUSSÃO: Foi observada uma alta taxa de rejeição à terapia de reposição hormonal entre as pacientes quando informações atualizadas sobre taxas de cura, e potenciais riscos do uso de estrógeno estão disponíveis. Efeitos adversos associados ao tamoxifeno adjuvante poderiam estar relacionados à maior recusa .

Multiple factors, both environmental and genetic, are thought to play roles in breast carcinogenesis. The recently cloned multiple tumor suppressor gene (MTS1), the product of which interacts with CDK4 to regulate cell growth, has been found to be mutated with high frequency in a variety of cell lines as well as primary tumors of different histologic types. Using PCR-SSCP, we analyzed exons one (126 bp) and two (307 bp) of the MTS1 gene to determine the incidence of mutation in a population of 50 primary breast adenocarcinomas and corresponding normal tissue. Analysis of five breast tumor cell lines was also performed. We found no mutations in the MTS1 gene in the primary breast tumor samples. One cell line was found to have a homozygous deletion of the gene. Our results suggest that the MTS1 gene is not mutated with increased frequency in primary breast tumors, and thus may not play a major role in breast carcinogenesis.