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Analytical Methodologies - documents detailed analytical methodologies including analyzing processes, raw data processing, and analytical precision.

Background: Group B Streptococcus (S. agalactiae ) is one of the colonizing bacteria in pregnant women which can be a causative agent of meningitis and neonatal sepsis. This organism has also been increasingly related to invasive infections in non-pregnant adults. Objective: In present study, we aimed to characterize the clonality of biofilm-producing S. agalactiae isolates from various sources from two different clinical laboratories in Tehran, Iran.Materials and Methods: S. agalactiae isolates were collected from community-acquired (CA) and hospital-acquired (HA) infections in pregnant and non-pregnant adults. The antimicrobial susceptibility patterns and biofilm formation ability were determined. In addition, pulse field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was used to verify the clonal diversity of isolates.Results: Out of the 87 isolates, 15 (16.6%) formed biofilm. The antibiotic resistance rate was 98.85% for clindamycin, 98.85% for tetracycline, followed by 29.88% for erythromycin, 9.19% for moxifloxacin and 6.89% for levofloxacin. The PFGE patterns revealed a total of 16 different clusters consisting of 6 single types (STs). Conclusion: This study evaluated the biofilm formation of clinical S. agalactiae , which may be a step towards understanding its role in pathological processes. Biofilm formation was significant only in the hypervirulent ST-17 clone. Intraclonal spread of isolates indicates that a local lineage of isolates is responsible for infection by these bacteria. Hintergrund: Streptokokken der Gruppe B (S. agalactiae ) können bei schwangeren Frauen kolonisieren und Meningitis und Sepsis bei Neugeborenen verursachen. Der Erreger wird zunehmend auch mit invasiven Infektionen bei nicht schwangeren Erwachsenen in Verbindung gebracht.Zielsetzung: In der vorliegenden Studie sollte die Klonalität Biofilm-produzierender Isolate von S. agalactiae charakterisiert werden, die aus verschiedenen Quellen in zwei klinischen Laboratorien in Teheran, Iran, isoliert wurden. Material und Methode: Die Isolate von S. agalactiae wurden bei schwangeren und nicht schwangeren Frauen aus ambulant (CA) und stationär erworbenen (HA) Infektionen gewonnen. Bestimmt wurden die Resistenz und die Biofilmbildung. Die klonale Diversität der Isolate wurde mittels Pulsfeld-Gel-Elektrophorese (PFGE)-Technik bestätigt.Ergebnisse: Von 87 Isolaten bildeten 15 (16,6%) einen Biofilm. Die Resistenzrate betrug für Clindamycin 98,9%, für Tetracyclin 98,9%, für Erythromycin 29,9%, für Moxifloxacin 9,2% und für Levofloxacin 6,9%. Die PFGE-Muster zeigten 16 verschiedene Cluster, die aus 6 Einzeltypen (STs) bestanden.Schlussfolgerung: Diese Studie untersuchte die Biofilmbildung von klinischen S. agalactiae Isolaten, die ein Schritt zum Verständnis in der Pathogenese sein könnte. Die Biofilmbildung war nur bei einem hypervirulenten ST-17-Klon signifikant. Die intraklonale Ausbreitung der Isolate deutet darauf hin, dass eine lokale Linie von Isolaten für die Infektion durch diese Bakterien verantwortlich ist.

Background and aims: Locating for urban plants and especially for wastewater has had a historical background and outstanding importance, choosing unsuitable location may lead to emigration, leaving and increase crimes in unstable location. This study was aimed to investigate and find the best geographical place for collection and health sanitation of wastewater after earthquake in Iranshahr in 2015. Methods: This current study was a cross sectional study using expert panel to find the proper place for collecting and sanitation of wastewater after earthquake in Iranshahr, Sistan and Baluchistan province. At first, procedures were performed for observation, collection and record of data, and 20 experts in disaster management, passive defense and environment health officials were included in the study. Using the status, basic information were put in access of research community. By modified Delphi method, the status of these areas and the strengths and weaknesses of each area about location of health refinery was examined. Excel software was used to analyze data. Results: Options of Baft-Baluch and Karim Abad due to disadvantage and more problems were not in priority. Nook-abad Sarhang based on assessed factors was the best location for collection and sanitation of wastewater and the best way was using Septic tank and absorption wells in long time period. Conclusion: Although wastewater sanitation in Iranshahr was not in favorite manner, but using proper proceedings, good management, budget allocation, awareness and correct attitude can prevent hazards and reuse and optimize wastewater. Considering the current statutes of Iranshahr, it was suggested constructing a new refinery and the best places in this regard are those 5 areas which according to steep topography must be assessed at first and then considered in make decision

A convenient and efficient synthesis of new bis-quinoxaline is described, involving condensation of 1,2-diamines with 9-ethyl-3,6-di(1,2-dioxoethyl)carbazole in the presence of Tonsil clay, a readily available and inexpensive catalyst. The structures of all new products were identified by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR and FT-IR spectral data and microanalysis. KEY WORDS: bis-Quinoxaline, bis-Glyoxal, Green chemistry, 1,2-Diamine, Tonsil clay Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 2016, 30(1), 129-136.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/bcse.v30i1.12

Background:Pseudomonas aeruginosa, as Gram-negative rod bacilli, has an important role in human infection. In the present study we aimed to investigate the presence of exo genes and biofilm production among Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates in Northwest Iran. Material and methods: 160 isolates of P. aeruginosa were collected and identified by biochemical tests and were characterized for antibiotic resistance. Biofilm production was evaluated by microtiter plate assay and the presence of exo genes was evaluated by allele-specific PCR (polymerase chain reaction). Chi-square test was used for statistical analysis. Results: The most effective antibiotics against isolates were colistin and polymyxin B. 87% of the isolates were biofilm producers of which 69% were strongly biofilm producers. 55% of the isolates carried exoY, 52% of the isolates carried exoU, and 26.3% and 5% carried exoS and exoT, respectively. Conclusion: Our findings showed different distribution of exo genes in clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa in Northwest Iran. ExoS and exoU were more prevalent in non-biofilm producers and exoY was more prevalent in biofilm producer isolates. These results might indicate the importance of exoY in biofilm production of Pseudomonas aeruginosa., Hintergrund:Pseudomonas aeruginosa, ein Gram-negatives Stäbchenbakterium, besitzt eine wichtige Rolle als Krankheitserreger. Daher untersuchten wir Pseudomonas aeruginosa-Isolate im Nordwestiran auf das Vorkommen von exo-Genen und Biofilmbildnern. Material und Methode: 160 P. aeruginosa-Isolate wurden biochemisch identifiziert und die Antibiotikaresistenz charakterisiert. Die Fähigkeit zur Biofilmbildung wurde im Mikrotiterplatten-Assay, das Vorkommen von exo-Genen mit Allel-spezifischer PCR (Polymerase-Kettenreaktion) analysiert. Zur statistischen Analyse wurde der Chi-Quadrat-Test eingesetzt. Ergebnisse: Als effektivste Antibiotika erwiesen sich Colistin und Polymyxin B. 87% der Isolate waren Biofilmbildner, davon 69% mit massiver Biofilmbildung. In 55% der Isolate wurden exoY, in 52% exoU, in 26,3% exoS und in 5% exoT nachgewiesen. Schlussfolgerung: Die Analyse ergab eine unterschiedliche Verteilung der exo-Gene bei klinischen Isolaten von P. aeruginosa im Nordwestiran. ExoS und exoU kamen häufiger bei nicht biofilmbildenen Isolaten, exoY häufiger bei Biofilmbildnern vor. Die Ergebnisse können ein Hinweis auf die Bedeutung von exoY bei Biofilm bildenden Pseudomonas aeruginosa-Isolaten sein., GMS Hygiene and Infection Control; 11:Doc04

Myiasis is the infestation of living vertebrates or humans tissues by dipterous larvae. The oral cavity is rarely affected by this infestation and the circumstances which can lead to oral myiasis include persistent mouth opening together with poor hygiene. Such infestations have been reported mainly in developing countries such as in Asia. Although rare, nosocomial myiasis must be noted carefully, especially in case of hospitalized patients. This report describes three cases of nosocomial oral myiasis in hospitalized patients in ICU (intensive care unit) in Tabriz, North West of Iran. Bei der Myiasis handelt es sich um die Infestation von Fliegenmaden in lebenden Geweben von Vertebraten oder des Menschen. Die Mundhöhle wird selten von dieser Infestation betroffen. Die Umstände, die zu einem Befall führen können, beinhalten ein persistierendes Offenstehen des Mundes in Verbindung mit schlechter Hygiene. Berichte über derartige Infestationen stammen vor allem aus Entwicklungsländern z.B. in Asien. Trotz des seltenen Vorkommens muss eine nosokomiale Myiasis vor allem bei hospitalisierten Patienten sorgfältig beachtet werden. Beschrieben werden drei konsekutive nosokomiale Fälle von oraler Myiasis bei hospitalisierten Intensivtherapiepatienten in Tabriz, Nordwestiran.

Background and objectives: The Escherichia coli (E. coli ) bacterium is one of the main causative agents of urinary tract infections (UTI) worldwide. The ability of this bacterium to form biofilms on medical devices such as catheters plays an important role in the development of UTI. The aim of the present study was to investigate the possible relationship between virulence factors and biofilm formation of E. coli isolates responsible for urinary tract infection.Materials and methods: A total of 100 E. coli isolates isolated from patients with UTI were collected and characterized by routine bacteriological methods. In vitro biofilm formation by these isolates was determined using the 96-well microtiter-plate test, and the presence of fimA , papC , and hly virulence genes was examined by PCR assay. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 16.0 software.Results: From 100 E. coli isolates isolated from UTIs, 92% were shown to be biofilm positive. The genes papC , fimA , and hly were detected in 43%, 94% and 26% of isolates, respectively. Biofilm formation in isolates that expressed papC , fimA , and hly genes was 100%, 93%, and 100%, respectively. A significant relationship was found between presence of the papC gene and biofilm formation in E. coli isolates isolated from UTI (P

Introduction: A coronal barrier in root-filled teeth is one of the most effective methods for prevention of coronal microleakage. The aim of this study was to compare coronal microleakage of three materials [light-cured glass-ionomer (GI), mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA), and composite resin] as coronal barriers. Materials and Methods: A total of 188 intact maxillary incisors were used. After instrumentation, all the canals were obturated with gutta-percha and lateral condensation technique using AH26 sealer. Then, the teeth were sectioned just apical to the cemento-enamel junction. The roots were randomly assigned to three experimental groups (n=56) and two negative and positive control groups (n=20). After placing the orifice barrier, the samples were immersed in 2% methylene blue solution for 2 weeks at 37°C. Then the teeth were longitudinally sectioned mesiodistally and dye penetration was measured under a stereomicroscope at ×10 magnification. Data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA and a post-hoc Tukey test. Results: The positive control group leaked significantly more than all the experimental groups (P=0.001). MTA exhibited less leakage than composite and GI (P=0.002) but no significant differences were found between GI and composite groups. Conclusion: Immediate placement of a suitable intra-orifice barrier like MTA, before final restoration, may help minimize recontamination of the remaining apical gutta-percha.