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Microwave-assisted hydrothermal extraction (MAHE) was optimized using a Box-Behnken design (BBD) of the response surface methodology (RSM) for optimal recovery of pectin from tangerine peel (TPP). The effects of three factors (pH, irradiation time and temperature) on extraction yield (EY), galacturonic acid content (GAC) and degree of esterification (DE) of pectin were investigated. The optimal extraction conditions were as follows: pH 1.7, irradiation time 12 min and temperature 109 °C. Under these conditions, the EY, GAC and DE were 30.4, 72.3 and 45.2%, respectively. The low methoxyl content of MHAE (45.2%) compared to CE is confirmed by the 1H NMR and FTIR spectra, and the emulsifying activity is 57.65% and 50.56% for CE and MHAE, respectively. The total phenolic content (TPC) of pectin produced using MAHE is 41.2 mg GAE/g, thus indicating higher antioxidant properties compared to pectin produced with CE, which had a TPC of 38.4 mg GAE/g. In addition, the X-ray diffraction (XRD) and surface morphological analysis (SEM) results showed that TPP had a rough surface and crystalline structure. Overall, our findings show that TTP from MAHE can be used as a natural antioxidant ingredient in the functional food and pharmaceutical industries.

Socio-cultural ties and similarities among different parts of the Iranian plateau in late prehistory are a primary concern of Iranian archeology. Notwithstanding their differing climates and geographical distances, the northwest and southeast quadrants of the plateau archaeologically exhibit a remarkable degree of homogeneity and similarities in the painted motifs of pottery vessels. The question thus arises: what makes them similar, and what underlying sociocultural factors contribute to the emergence of such similarities despite the geographical dimension and climatic heterogeneity? The authors approach these questions through the hypothesis that despite the theory of the mosaic of ethnicities and climates, which views the climatic heterogeneity and geographical remoteness as obstacles precluding cultural convergence across the Iranian plateau in prehistory, these parallels can indeed be justified by the “Great Oriental Society” theory and Lévi-Strauss’s “cultural structuralism.” The classification of painted motifs underpins the methodology adopted here. The motifs on the pottery from each region were classified — based on their typological description, classification, and relative chronology — and finally compared to pin down and analyze their common attributes. It is noteworthy that neither the archaeological context nor the typology of the form of vessels was addressed here. The similarities between the motifs of the Bronze Age pottery traditions in the northwestern and southeastern Iranian plateau indicate that the “Great Oriental Society” theory of Ravasani can explain cultural integration in the two disparate regions, an observation that can be interpreted by Lévi-Strauss’s structuralism.

Abstract A common feature of collapse models and an expected signature of the quantization of gravity at energies well below the Planck scale is the deviation from ordinary quantum-mechanical behavior. Here, we analyze the general consequences of such modifications from the point of view of quantum information theory and we anticipate applications to different quantum systems. We show that quantum systems undergo corrections to the quantum speed limit which, in turn, imply the modification of the Heisenberg limit for parameter estimation. Our results hold for a wide class of scenarios beyond ordinary quantum mechanics. For some nonlocal models inspired by quantum gravity, the bounds are found to oscillate in time, an effect that could be tested in future high-precision quantum experiments.

The discussion of civil liability arising from algorithmic losses - which is mostly investigated as civil liability of artificial intelligence or liability arising from the use of artificial intelligence is nascent /aborning in the legal literature. Thinking algorithms require a special civil liability system in case of losses due to the unique characteristics of self-learning, randomness, unpredictability and autonomy. The general theory of Opposability can be a guide in such new cases, too. However, having a transparent and pragmatic criterion and standard to compare the harmful algorithm with similar cases to determine its normal operation is associated with challenges. Determining the scope of the concept of reasonable algorithms, in terms of their unknown nature and inherent complexities, needs to be investigated. By examining the existing obstacles, this research pursues the re-examination of reasonable algorithms with a mixture criterion: A standard that creates incentives for technological and innovative spaces, compensates for the damage, improves the safety level of algorithms and realises the appropriate flexibility to face new generations of technology. Rereading the Opposability theory (causality customary) in the field of algorithms with conventional and reasonable efficiency, as well as adapting this general theory in dealing with the losses arising from the use of thinking algorithms, is the main result of ​​the authors' efforts in this article.

This systematic review and meta-analysis investigated the prevalence of violence against pregnant women during COVID-19 pandemic based on the available evidence. Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched. All published observational articles from December 2019 to December 2022 were assessed by two independent authors using the “violence, pregnancy, COVID-19” keywords. The quality appraisal of primary studies conducted using the Newcastle - Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale checklist and 10 eligible articles were included in this review. After reviewing the articles, the prevalence of violence among pregnant women during the COVID-19 pandemic was estimated to be 23% [95% confidence interval (CI) =18 to 29%] using the random effect model. Of them, 59% (95% CI = 13 to 105%) was attributed to verbal-behavioral violence, 30% (95% CI = 17 to 42%) emotional violence, 14% (95% CI = 8 to 20%) sexual violence, and 11% physical violence (95% CI = 6 to 17%). The results indicated that the violence prevalence among pregnant women was not different during and before the start of the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the behavioral-verbal, emotional, physical, and sexual violence were the most common forms of violence.

Abstract This review highlights recent advancements in the synthesis, processing, properties, and applications of 2D‐material integrated hydrogels, with a focus on their performance in bone‐related applications. Various synthesis methods and types of 2D nanomaterials, including graphene, graphene oxide, transition metal dichalcogenides, black phosphorus, and MXene are discussed, along with strategies for their incorporation into hydrogel matrices. These composite hydrogels exhibit tunable mechanical properties, high surface area, strong near‐infrared (NIR) photon absorption and controlled release capabilities, making them suitable for a range of regeneration and therapeutic applications. In cancer therapy, 2D‐material‐based hydrogels show promise for photothermal and photodynamic therapies, and drug delivery (chemotherapy). The photothermal properties of these materials enable selective tumor ablation upon NIR irradiation, while their high drug‐loading capacity facilitates targeted and controlled release of chemotherapeutic agents. Additionally, 2D‐materials ‐infused hydrogels exhibit potent antibacterial activity, making them effective against multidrug‐resistant infections and disruption of biofilm generated on implant surface. Moreover, their synergistic therapy approach combines multiple treatment modalities such as photothermal, chemo, and immunotherapy to enhance therapeutic outcomes. In bio‐imaging, these materials serve as versatile contrast agents and imaging probes, enabling their real‐time monitoring during tumor imaging. Furthermore, in bone regeneration, most 2D‐materials incorporated hydrogels promote osteogenesis and tissue regeneration, offering potential solutions for bone defects repair. Overall, the integration of 2D materials into hydrogels presents a promising platform for developing multifunctional theragenerative biomaterials.

According to the criminal laws of Iran and Afghanistan and Imamiyah jurisprudence, one of the conditions for the realization of intentional homicide is that the perpetrator had the intention of killing a specific victim and achieved his goal, but in cases such as murder in the belief of Mahdur al-Dam (free to homicide), despite the provision of the conditions of intentional murder, Imamiyah jurists and Iranian legislators have considered it as unintentional murder. The main issue of the research is that from the perspective of the criminal laws of Iran, Afghanistan and Imamiyah jurisprudence, in what way does the belief of the perpetrator affect the mens rea of homicide, causing it to change from murder to manslaughter? The purpose of the current research is to investigate the effect of the perpetrator's false belief on the mens rea of murder in the criminal laws of Iran, Afghanistan and Imamiyah jurisprudence. For this purpose, analytical-descriptive method with a library approach has been used. The results indicate that, according to Imamiyah jurisprudence, in two cases false belief causes the mens rea of murder to change to pseudo-intentional. One is mistake of fact, regardless of whether his belief is through ordinary or extraordinary ways. The other is mistake of the law, if his belief was obtained through ordinary methods. Iran's legislator has also following Imamiyah jurists accepted this issue. However, in the criminal law of Afghanistan, a mistake of fact and mistake of law caused by the false belief of the perpetrator, changes murder to unintentional manslaughter.

Abstract The electric dipole moments of leptons (l-EDMs) could arise from the electrodynamics part of standard model extension (SME). In this work, we investigate the cross section of electron-positron collision in the Lorentz violation (LV) background via the l-EDMs. We find that the Lorentz violation parameter magnitudes constraint using LEP data to the level of $$|d^{e}_{LV}| < 3.6 \times 10^{-17} $$ | d LV e | < 3.6 × 10 - 17 , $$ |d^{\mu }_{LV}|< 9.5 \times 10^{-10} $$ | d LV μ | < 9.5 × 10 - 10 , and $$ |d^{\tau }_{LV}|< 1.5 \times 10^{-6} $$ | d LV τ | < 1.5 × 10 - 6 for electron, muon, and tau, respectively. Moreover, we show the time-location dependence of muon-EDMs and tau-EDMs in the LV background. Therefore, upper bounds for combinations of LV parameters are obtained by current and future terrestrial experiments.

Centrality measures are widely utilized in complex networks to assess the importance of nodes. The choice of measure depends on the network type, leading to diverse node rankings. This paper aims to compare various centrality measures by examining their correlations. We specifically focus on the Pearson correlation coefficient and Spearman correlation. Pearson correlation considers node centrality values, while Spearman correlation is based on node ranks. Our study encompasses different network topologies, including random, scale-free, and small-world networks. We investigate how these network structures influence correlation values. The main part of the paper describes the relationship between correlations and network model parameters. Additionally, we explore the impact of global network characteristics on correlations, as well as their direct connection to network parameters. Through a systematic review of literature-based centrality measures, we have identified and selected the most commonly employed ones to investigate their correlation including degree centrality, betweenness centrality, eigenvector centrality, and closeness centrality. Our findings reveal that correlations in random networks are minimally affected by network structure, whereas restructuring significantly impacts correlations in other networks. In particular, we show a notable impact of structural parameter variations on correlations within small-world networks. Furthermore, we demonstrate the substantial influence of fundamental network characteristics such as spectral gap, global efficiency, and majorization gap on correlations. We show that amongst the various properties, the spectral gap stands out as the most valuable indicator for estimating correlations.

In the past few years, several major domestics and international challenges have emerged, causing global political and economic uncertainty. Economic uncertainty, defined as the difficulty in predicting the economic environment, arises from various factors such as political instability, changes and uncertainties in government policies, natural disasters, and market fluctuations. The presence of such uncertainties significantly affects the efficiency of markets, including the efficiency of the capital market. The aim of this study is to examine the long-term relationship between of economic policies uncertainty (based on the fluctuations of macroeconomic variables using the composite PCA index) and the excess return of eight different industries index (Automobile and parts manufacturing, Pharmaceutical Products and Materials , cement, lime and gypsum, Multidisciplinary industrial companies , basic metals, oil, coke, and nuclear fuel, coke and nuclear fuels, chemical products, Aggregation, properties and real estate).The investigation, conducted using the econometric ARDL approach over the period from 2012 to 2021, demonstrates that economic policies uncertainty is positively and significantly related to the excess returns of the selected industry index Among the various industries, the Automobile and manufacturing parts industry is most affected by the of economic policies uncertainty, while the construction and real estate industry is least affected. Furthermore, the speed of adjustment of Aggregation, properties and real estate the effect of Economic policy uncertainty on the excess returns of the stock market industries is not homogeneous, as indicated by the ECM coefficient. Automobile and manufacturing parts industry index experiences the fastest adjustment, while the Multidisciplinary industrial companies, due to their diverse portfolios, exhibit the slowest adjustment speed compared to others..

Motif is one of the common terms in various sciences including literature, criticism, painting and other arts. This term is one of the notable cases in the discussion of terminology. In this article, qualitative and quantitative methods have been used to examine the theme and various motifs in the poetry of Farajullah Kamali, a poet from Dashtestani, in order to determine the style of thought and the impressionability by examining the motifs and the implicit meanings arising from them in his two poetry collections. His social issues, his type of worldview and his special attitude to the world and its issues should be identified and analyzed. Also, following the examination of frequent motifs in this article, the type of use of literary industries as well as the intertextual connections of the motifs of Kamali's poems with other poets have been investigated in order to determine Kamali's individual style. By examining the themes of Kamali's poems, it is clear that he, as a local poet, did not consider his audience limited to a specific region. In his poems, the traditional literary industry has taken a new form in the expression of a specific motif with the local language in a symbolic form. The fundamental recurring concepts and motifs in his poems are sometimes used to express emotional feelings, personal issues, as well as political and social concerns. Kamali's critical language in expressing motifs with the use of stylistic norms has created his special style.

War stories are one of the most important genres in contemporary Persian literature. One of the motives in these stories is to refer to to some aspects of Iranian and Arab nationalism. In this research, various aspects of this motive are studied. In this research, the ideological aspects of the representation of narrators of the stories about the Iran-Iraq war about Iranian nationalism (including the Pahlavi discourse) and Arab nationalism (including the Baath discourse) are investigated. For this purpose, the articulation of nationalism or challenging it in a corpus including thirty thousand pages of fictional works about the war (including works that are classified as "sacred defence stories" and works that have a different approach) is examined qualitatively in the framework of critical discourse analysis. Studying these works clarifies the link between the identity of discourse participants (producer and consumer) and their representation and interpretation methods. Analyzing these works shows that the works of the revolutionary authors challenge Iranian and Arab nationalism; constructing Islamic/Iranian opposition and supporting the Islamic side, and opposing modernism and Westernism in Iranian nationalism (and the Pahlavi discourse) are the important aspects of challenging this discourse. In some other works, where the authors have an Islamic-Iranian identity and do not make the opposition between Iranian and Islamic identity, the Pahlavi discourse, which articulates extreme Iranian nationalism, is challenged in terms of moderate and minimal nationalism. In some cases, some signs of extreme Iranian nationalism are articulated in the revolutionary works. In some other works whose authors' identities include aspects of cosmopolitanism, the extreme Iranian and Arab nationalistic values are mainly ignored, and the authors concentrate on cosmopolitan values or moderate and minimal nationalism.Keywords: Persian War Story, Iranian Nationalism, Arab Nationalism, Pahlavi, Ba’ath. IntroductionWar stories are one of the most important genres in contemporary Persian literature, but they have been studied less than other types of stories. In particular, the stories of the Iran-Iraq war, an event that the Iranian people are still connected with in different ways, have special importance. After more than three decades since the end of the war, there are deep and wide ideological conflicts in the explanation of its various aspects as well as between the various narratives of this event. Different attitudes in war stories show these conflicts explicitly or implicitly.These works show different aspects of the identity of their producers and consumers. Writers represent insiders and enemies in a special way, and this representation evokes different reactions in different groups of audiences. Audiences who have a shared identity with the authors consider their report to be true, while the author's representation and the reader's interpretation are influenced by their identity and ideological position. This ideological attitude of discourse participants is manifested in the linguistic application and analysis of these different aspects of power relations. One of the ideological aspects of Persian war stories, which is frequently observed in these works, is reproducing or challenging Iranian nationalism and challenging Arab nationalism. The ideology of nationalism has been the official ideology in Iran and Iraq for a historical period, and it has led to various conflicts between these two countries. In Iraq, Arab nationalism legitimated attacking Iran. In Iran, from the constitutional revolution to the present day, humiliating Arabs has been one of the basic aspects of nationalism. For this reason, taking a position in favor of or against nationalism in the war story shows reproducing social relations or changing them in the historical period after the war.Research Question(s)The research questions are:What is the general stance of war fiction works towards Iranian and Arab nationalism?What is the relationship between the identity of narrators and the general stance of stories towards Iranian and Arab nationalism? Literature ReviewThere are many studies that have been done about resistance literature; for example, the following can be mentioned: Mahmoudi (2012) shows that most women consider war stories as a medium to recount their problems. Hesaraki (2017) claims that the writers of the stories experienced the war themselves or heard the events of the war from the main characters and, inspired by real elements, have made changes in the process of war fiction. Salehi et al. (2018) conclude that the structure of the titles in the stories of the 1960s is very simple, and the authors choose titles that are more artistic in the following decades. Hanif (2012; 2010) investigated the evolution of war fiction, its adaptation patterns, and the influence of festivals on the audience. Soleimani (2002) has studied war literature in some sections; she pointed out the lack of artistic structure in some stories and considered it weak. Baronian (2007) has reviewed seven collections of short stories. In some parts of the book, the theoretical foundations and concepts of war are discussed, and various analyzes of the Iran-Iraq war are considered.As can be seen, there has not been detailed research on the different aspects of Iranian and Arab nationalism in Persian war stories; this is despite the fact that the war story is one of the most important literary genres in contemporary literature and that nationalist ideas in various forms frequently appear in these works. This research aims to analyze the different aspects of Iranian and Arab nationalism and the ideological conflicts arising from each of these stories. MethodologyThis research considers different aspects of the stance towards Iranian and Arab nationalism in Persian war stories. The population studied in this research includes about 30,000 pages of fictional and narrative war texts (specifically some narrates centered on memories of the people present in the war). These works are diverse in terms of general attitude; for example, some of them reproduce revolutionary and Islamic values, and some articulate the cosmopolitanism discourse.This research aims to analyze the different aspects of Iranian and Arab nationalism and the ideological conflicts, based on Fairclough’s CDA. In some parts, it uses some aspects of Laclau and Mouffe’s theory of discourse, especially in the discussion about the discourse of nationalism and its moments articulated in different texts. The analysis of ideological language uses is based on systematic functional grammar (Halliday and Matthiessen, 2014), especially his framework for analyzing experiential metafunction and lexical cohesion. In order to recognize ideological uses, this research applies Van Dijk's ideological square (Van Dijk, 1998: 267). ConclusionPersian war stories mention some aspects of extreme Iranian nationalism and Pahlavi discourse, on the one hand, and Arab nationalism and Ba’thism, on the other hand. Usually, these stories challenge these discourses. In such works, there are these aspects of Iranian nationalism:In some works, there are racial insults and prejudices against Arabs.Sometimes, Pahlavi's discourse is challenged in terms of nationalist values (in terms of moderate and minimal nationalism).There is an ideological conflict between nationalist and Islamic discourse in several works about people's names; the subjects of nationalist discourse choose ancient Iranian names, and the subjects of Islamic discourse choose Islamic names.In many works, there are reactions to modernism, Westernism, and opposition to Shar’ in the Pahlavi discourse (which is formed based on the ideology of extreme nationalism). and the Pahlavi discourse has been challenged because of those aspects.In connection with the discourse of Arab nationalism and Ba’thism, there are these aspects:Arab nationalism tries to create a link between Iranian Arabs and Arabs in Arabic countries, especially Iraq. However, writers of Persian war stories, by differentiating between Iranian Arabs and Iraqi Arabs, challenge Arab nationalism.In connection with the previous fact, Arab nationalists propose one Arab nation. The authors of Persian fiction reject this idea as a negative representation of the theorists of one Arab nation.In connection with the previous two facts, the Arab nationalists use Arabic geographical names for some regions of Khuzestan as an excuse to attack this part of Iran.