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The current study examined how early childhood (EC) family violence and risk (i.e., maternal aggression, sibling aggression, environmental risk) predicted early adolescent (EA) reactive physical and relational aggression and violence victimization through middle childhood (MC) parenting (i.e., guilt induction, power assertive discipline). Mother-infant dyads (N = 216; 72% African American) were recruited as part of a larger longitudinal study on prenatal cocaine and other substance exposure. Observations, interviews, and maternal and child self-report measures were collected from dyads in early childhood (1 to 36 months), middle childhood (84 months), and early adolescence (12 to 15 years). A cascading path model was specified where current variables were regressed on variables from the preceding time point. Primary results showed that environmental risk and EC child physical aggression predicted higher levels of MC caregiver power assertive discipline, which subsequently predicted lower levels of EA reactive relational aggression. Maternal substance use in pregnancy and the child's continuous placement with biological caregivers predicted higher levels of reactive physical aggression in EA. Finally, MC physical aggression and EA reactive relational aggression predicted higher levels of EA violence victimization. There were a series of direct paths from early childhood family violence and demographic factors to reactive aggression and violence victimization. The current study underscores the importance of evaluating multiple facets of family violence and risk when evaluating aggressive behavior and victimization., Author(s): Kristin J. Perry [sup.1] , Jamie M. Ostrov [sup.1] , Shannon Shisler [sup.2] , Rina D. Eiden [sup.3] , Amanda B. Nickerson [sup.4] , Stephanie A. Godleski [sup.5] , [...]

Aggression is a type of negative social behavior. Agreeableness and anger-related cognition are thought to be important factors that affect aggression. The longitudinal relations among agreeableness, anger-related cognition and aggression, and the affective cognitive path underlying the relationship between agreeableness and aggression are not clear, however. In this study, 942 college students were investigated twice at an interval of six months, using the Buss-Perry Aggression Questionnaire, Anger Rumination Scale, and agreeableness subscale of the NEO Five-Factor Inventory. The results indicate that: agreeableness negatively predicts anger rumination and aggression after six months; anger rumination positively predicts aggression over time; and anger rumination mediates the longitudinal association between agreeableness and aggression. These results suggest that the prosocial personality may withstand aggression through resisting anger-related cognition. This study deepens our understanding of the relationships between personality and aggression, allowing a development of the General Aggression Model, in terms of recognizing the cognitive pathway for personality to influence aggression, and provides theoretical guidance on reducing the generation of aggression in daily life., Author(s): Fangying Quan [sup.1] [sup.2] , Rujiao Yang [sup.1] [sup.3] , Ling-Xiang Xia [sup.1] [sup.3] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.419897.a, 0000 0004 0369 313X, Key Laboratory of Cognition and Personality (Southwest [...]

This study addresses negative affect, psychophysiological reactivity, and antecedents to psychological aggression within the context of intimate partner violence. One hundred and thirty-nine partner violent men were administered the SCID-II and participated in verbal conflict with their partner in a laboratory setting, during which time observed affect and psychophysiological indices were continuously recorded. Relative to men with antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), men with borderline personality disorder (BPD) exhibited longer periods of anger (p = .03) and lower skin conductance reactivity (p = .04). Relative to men with no diagnosis, men with BPD exhibited less frequent distress (p = .04) and longer periods of anger (p = .02); men with ASPD exhibited shorter periods of anger (p = .03) and greater heart rate reactivity (p = .04). In men with ASPD, psychological aggression was likely to be preceded by partner positive/neutral affect. Treatment and research implications are discussed., Author(s): Lisa H. Trahan [sup.1] , Julia C. Babcock [sup.2] Author Affiliations: (Aff1) Trahan Counseling, PLLC, , 631 Mill St., Ste. 101, 78666, San Marcos, TX, USA (Aff2) 0000 0004 [...]

This article explores case examples of two graduate students who endure microaggressions from their math professor at a predominantly White university. The role that parental socialization plays in how these students developed their racial identities and the coping strategies they employed, is analyzed through the lens of Triple Quandary theory (Boykin and Toms 1985). Findings from this investigation suggest that parental socialization is critical in preparing these students to cope with and respond to microaggressions in protective and adaptive ways. This paper illuminates coping styles, although divergent, that served these graduate students' needs and protected their individual racial identities. Further, the support these students received from their faculty advisor who is also Black, exemplifies the importance of mentorship and advocacy from faculty of color to Black college students' success. Direction for continuity in parental teachings for K-12 and university level educators are discussed. Keywords: microaggressions, Triple Quandry Theory, higher education, racism, In recent years, colleges and universities have experienced an increase in the number of Black students who enroll (U.S. Department of Education 2015). Navigating the college adjustment process for many [...]

Introduction THE CENTRAL COMMITMENT of libertarianism is the Non-Aggression Principle (1) (henceforth NAP): the prescription that no one initiate force against the person or property of another (Rothbard, 2006, 27-53). [...]

One of the most legally restricted elements of human nature is that of aggression and the intent to harm. ** Yet in combat sports such as mixed-martial arts ("MMA") or [...]

Adolescents exposed to interparental aggression are at increased risk for developing adjustment problems. The present study explored intervening variables in these pathways in a community sample that included 266 adolescents between 12-and 16-years-old (M=13.82; 52.5 % boys, 47.5 % girls). A moderated mediation model examined the moderating role of adrenocortical reactivity on the meditational capacity of their emotional insecurity in this context. Information from multiple reporters and adolescents' adrenocortical response to conflict were obtained during laboratory sessions attended by mothers, fathers and their adolescent child. A direct relationship was found between marital aggression and adolescents' internalizing behavior problems. Adolescents' emotional insecurity mediated the relationship between marital aggression and adolescents' depression and anxiety. Adrenocortical reactivity moderated the pathway between emotional insecurity and adolescent adjustment. The implications for further understanding the psychological and physiological effects of adolescents' exposure to interparental aggression and violence are discussed. Keywords Interparental aggression * Adolescentadjustment * Emotional insecurity * Cortisol, Intimate partner violence is a societal problem with physical, emotional and economic costs for victims, perpetrators and witnesses (Howell 2011; Levendosky and Graham-Bermann 2001; Perkins and Graham-Bermann 2012). Furthermore, these [...]

One-hundred-fifteen participants (73 female, 42 male) were evaluated for prosody, or vocal emotion, perception, personality factors, relational aggression and physical aggression. The male participants reported higher levels of physical aggression, and the female participants reported greater Neuroticism, consistent with other data. For the male participants, better perception of prosody was related to both greater Extraversion and greater Conscientiousness, all involved in interpersonal functioning. These relationships were not found in the female participants, but there was a relationship between perception of prosody and relational aggression. Women who were better at perceiving the emotional status of others based on vocal cues were less relationally aggressive. Perhaps greater relational aggression reflects a poor adaptation to diminished ability to perceive emotional status. Keywords Sex * Personality * Aggression * Vocal emotion * Prosody * Extraversion * Conscientiousness * Relational aggression, Perception of the emotional status of the speaker from tone of voice, or prosody, is an important interpersonal skill, similar to the ability to 'read' emotional status from facial expressions. [...]

Abstract This essay explores the way discourses of gender and aggression can be combined in the female body. Traditionally, the female body has been seen as that of a victim [...]

Power and sex are thought to be important factors associated with sexual aggression. The goal of this study was to offer a dual-process model to determine how both an implicit power-sex association and explicit power-sex beliefs contribute to rape myth acceptance and rape proclivity. In Study 1, an explicit measure of power-sex beliefs was developed using a participant sample of 131 college students (54% female; age: M = 20.2 years, SD = 3.5 years). In Study 2, 108 male college students (age: M=19.1 years, SD=1.3 years) completed a power-sex implicit association test and three explicit measures assessing power-sex beliefs, rape myth acceptance, and rape proclivity. Two models of rape proclivity were compared. The best-fitting model showed that rape myth acceptance mediated the relationships between rape proclivity and an implicit power-sex association, as well as explicit power-sex beliefs., The concepts of power and sex are closely associated in our society. A common example is describing sex as a conquest or as a surrender, which suggests that sex is [...]

Gregory Radick Kafka's wonderful ape What makes us human? It is a common enough question. Well, here is an uncommonly bleak answer: sophisticated violence. This week, Barbara J. King reviews [...]

A study identifies different types of verbally aggressive messages used by emerging adult siblings to analyze any difference in their hurtfulness or intent. Results indicate that the varied forms of messages have the same hurtfulness, intensity and intent.

A sociological interpretation of the empirical outcomes of studies on violent media draws the debate out beyond the realm of individual psychological effects and identifies pertinent social groupings that go beyond socioeconomic status. Five attributes identify special vulnerability to negative influence: predisposition for aggressive or antisocial behavior, rigid or indifferent parenting, unsatisfactory social relationships, low psychological well-being, or having been diagnosed as suffering from DBDs--disruptive behavior disorders. Interpretation of effect sizes derived from seven meta-analyses encompassing different forms of media violence and resultant different varieties of aggressive and antisocial behavior supports a robust hypothesis of media influence. Causation, implied by outcomes of pooled experimental and survey designs, is consistent across these aggregations. The media take up a role as oppressors of an underclass with limited access to opportunities for improvement. Keywords: quantitative aggregations; interpretation of meta-analyses; inferring causation; antisocial behavior, interpersonal aggression; television violence effects

This article explores one reason why norms for male honor-related aggression persist in the U.S. South, even though they may no longer be functional. The authors suggest that, in addition to cultural differences in internalized honor-related values, southerners are more likely than northerners to perceive peer endorsement of aggression norms. Study 1 found that southern males were especially likely to overestimate the aggressiveness of their peers. Study 2 tested the hypothesis that southerners would be more likely to actively encourage aggressive behavior in others, but no support was found. However, Study 3 found that southern men were more likely than northern men to perceive others as encouraging aggression when witnessing interpersonal conflicts. Together, these studies suggest that southern males are more likely than their northern counterparts to assume their peers endorse and enforce norms of aggression that can lead to the perpetuation of norms for honorable violence above and beyond any differences in internalized values. Keywords: culture of honor; aggression; pluralistic ignorance; cultural lag; norm perpetuation

The study examines whether relational aggression should be included in DSM-V disruptive behavior disorders. The results conclude that some additional information is gathered from assessing relational aggression but not enough to be included in DSM-V.

The criminal arrest histories of 262 medium-security male inmates were correlated with the Proactive (P) and Reactive (R) composite scales of the Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles (PICTS). As predicted, only scores on the P scale correlated significantly with prior arrests for proactive aggression (robbery, burglary) and only scores on the R scale correlated significantly with prior arrests for reactive aggression (assault, domestic violence) when age, education, race, and marital status were controlled in a series of negative binomial regression analyses. The P and R scales also predicted the total number of arrests received by participants in this sample after these same tour demographic measures were controlled. The implications of these results for the construct validity of the PICTS composite scales and for matching offenders to interventions are discussed. Keywords: proactive aggression, reactive aggression, PICTS

Our goal was to assess whether men in the following three groups differ in their ability to recognize and judge the severity of diverse forms of aggressive behavior: (a) men who reported being physically aggressive toward their spouses and who were entering treatment for domestic violence; (b) men who, after participating in a treatment program, were no longer physically violent; and (c) men who reported never having been physically violent towards their spouses (NPV group--non-physically violent). All 81 men in the study reported being verbally aggressive toward their spouses. Men who had been in treatment for spousal abuse and who had not been physically violent toward their spouses since finishing the program were better able than the other two groups to recognize emotionally abusive behaviors. Keywords: spousal abuse; cognition; EVA; program

This study tested the possibility that hit-by-pitch events in Major League Baseball could be explained by theories of aggression. Consistent with the general aggression model, personal and situational characteristics interacted to predict these events. Pitchers were more likely to hit batters in situations that allowed them to restore justice and protect valued social identities. Higher order interactions revealed that the likelihood of being hit by a pitch in these situations depended on the background of the pitcher and the race of the batter. Consistent with the culture of honor theory, pitchers from the southern United States were more likely to hit batters in these situations, but primarily if the batter was White. Keywords: culture of honor, interracial aggression, general aggression model, baseball, intent

This study presents an integrative typology of personality assessment for aggression. In this typology, self-report and conditional reasoning (L. R. James, 1998) methodologies are used to assess 2 separate, yet often congruent, components of aggressive personalities. Specifically, self-report is used to assess explicit components of aggressive tendencies, such as self-perceived aggression, whereas conditional reasoning is used to assess implicit components, in particular, the unconscious biases in reasoning that are used to justify aggressive acts. These 2 separate components are then integrated to form a new theoretical typology of personality assessment for aggression. Empirical tests of the typology were subsequently conducted using data gathered across 3 samples in laboratory and field settings and reveal that explicit and implicit components of aggression can interact in the prediction of counterproductive, deviant, and prosocial behaviors. These empirical tests also reveal that when either the self-report or conditional reasoning methodology is used in isolation, the resulting assessment of aggression may be incomplete. Implications for personnel selection, team composition, and executive coaching are discussed. Keywords: implicit aggression, conditional reasoning, personality, counterproductive behavior, personnel selection

This research is an extension of earlier studies that examined Assertiveness and Aggressiveness as potential moderators of verbal intentions. A sample of 127 women and 137 men participated in the survey which used random residential telephone numbers. Respondents ranged in age from 18 to 71 years (M = 33.2, SD = 12.4), with men making up 51.9% of the total sample. Those respondents classified as having an Aggressive interaction style were least likely to have discussed their unsatisfactory service encounters. The nature of the verbal communications was negative for all four interaction styles investigated. Similar to previous findings, men and women were equally Assertive, but men were more likely to be Aggressive when engaging in marketplace interactions.

Parents from two baseball leagues completed questionnaires regarding their likelihood of engaging in various aggressive behaviors (yelling, swearing, shoving, fighting, humiliating) toward targets at youth baseball games (other spectators, umpires, coaches, other players, their child). Overall, the likelihood of all forms of aggression was very low, particularly physical aggression and swearing. Hierarchical entry stepwise regressions were calculated to determine predictors of yelling and humiliating using demographics, trait aggression, anger, hostility, and vengeance as predictors. Parents with greater hostility reported a greater likelihood of humiliating a child's teammate, while those with elevated trait anger reported a greater likelihood of yelling at other spectators. Finally, parents with a more vengeful attitude reported a greater likelihood of humiliating umpires. Keywords: spectator; aggression; baseball; youth; sport

The transformation of collective memory of aggression and victimhood based on the content of national narratives with reference to Serbian and Croatian nations is discussed. Serbian and Croatian political elites offered their nations the opportunity to identify with the victims of past crimes.

The assignment, perceptions and representations of the roles of aggressors, offenders, victims and witnesses in Polish relations with Germans, Russians and Jews are analyzed in the aftermath of World War II as reflected in public discourse in Poland. It is recommended that feelings and apologies must be acknowledged as directions toward resolution of the protracted conflicts and reconciliation between nations.

The elements of aggressor-victim memory through a detailed analysis of the 1994 Rwandan genocide are described. It is felt that people can kill by remembering earlier aggression due to the persistence of post-traumatic culture and the failure of dialogue.

A relationship between contact level in sport and aggression has been found in previous literature (Bredemeier, Weiss, Shields, & Copper, 1986; Silva, 1983; Tucker & Parks, 2001). Presently, a study has yet to compare adult aggression scores for both men and women in the same contact sport types. This study was intended to compare both female and male collision, contact, and non-contact sport athletes across sport hostile aggression, sport instrumental aggression, life aggression, and life assertion. Results indicated that life aggression, life assertion, sport hostile aggression, and sport instrumental aggression did not vary among different contact sport levels. Significant gender differences were found in life assertion and two subscales of life aggression. Relationships between aggression and assertion variables were explored., Aggression is a negative personality trait that has been associated with sport participation. Aggression is operationally defined as an intentional physically or psychologically harmful behavior that is directed at another [...]

The Point Subtraction Aggression Paradigm (PSAP) is a validated behavioral measure of aggression in response to provocation. Canonically, multiple sessions continue until performance asymptotes, requiting significant time. We sought to examine whether use of the PSAP-first-session ('PSAP-FS') had acceptable construct validity for group data, potentially expanding the settings in which the PSAP may be useful. One hundred male and female young adult subjects completed the PSAP-FS and additional behavioral measures of aggression, and provided information related to risk factors. The PSAP-FS correlated significantly with known risk factors of aggression. The PSAP-FS, which measures aggression in the present, correlated well with measures of recent aggression and less strongly with life history of aggression. The PSAP-FS had satisfactory validity properties for use where group-level data are of interest. Keywords: violence; psychometric measure; convergent validity; risk factors

The link between self-control also known as self-regulation and aggression was investigated to examine the hypothesis that the presence of stimuli to aggressive impulses leads people with poor self-control to act aggressively, particularly when this capacity was depleted by prior use. Results indicated that aggression levels were higher when the capacity for self-regulation was depleted by prior acts of self-regulation.

The authors conducted a meta-analysis of 57 empirical studies (59 samples) concerning enacted workplace aggression to answer 3 research questions. First, what are the individual and situational predictors of interpersonal and organizational aggression? Second, within interpersonal aggression, are there different predictors of supervisor- and coworker-targeted aggression? Third, what are the relative contributions of individual (i.e., trait anger, negative affectivity, and biological sex) and situational (i.e., injustice, job dissatisfaction, interpersonal conflict, situational constraints, and poor leadership) factors in explaining interpersonal and organizational aggression? Results show that both individual and situational factors predict aggression and that the pattern of predictors is target specific. Implications for future research are discussed. Keywords: workplace aggression, meta-analysis, well-being, workplace deviance, counterproductive work behaviors

In samples of undergraduates in Kuwait (ns=70 men, 70 women) and the U.S. (ns=37 men, 81 women), scores on the F Scale were positively correlated with scores on the Buss and Perry Aggression Questionnaire.

Human aggression and war are mediated by culture and social evolution. Human beings have a wide range of possible behaviors and possible cultural responses to aggression and the possibility of fear. This article analyzes the psychobiological dimensions of aggression and war, and proposes a way of approaching the complex interrelationship between biology, psychology, and culture. KEYWORDS: Aggression, psychobiology, social evolution, war.