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Background: CoVID-19, caused by a new type of coronavirus named SARS-CoV-2, has become a pandemic. Together with SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV, CoVID-19 is a large global outbreak of coronavirus infection; however, its rate of spread is much higher. Since the vaccines and anti-SARS-CoV-2 have not been found, a faster control mechanism is much needed. Traditional herbs have shown the potential for this purpose, as has been demonstrated by the Chinese Government with a high success rate. One of the herbs used was Lindera aggregata, which is part of the collection in Purwodadi Botanic Gardens. Objectives: Through in silico study, this research aims to reveal the secondary metabolites contained in L. aggregata that have the potential to serve as anti-SARS-CoV-2 medication as well as showcase their inhibitory mechanisms. Methods: The research was conducted through molecular docking analysis of terpenoids and alkaloids contained in the root of L. aggregata, with target proteins 3CLpro, PLpro, Spike, and ACE 2 playing a role in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Result: All analyzed compounds tended to interact with all four target proteins with different binding affinity values, but the interaction seemed stronger with 3CLpro and Spike. Terpenoids, linderane and linderalactone had the strongest interaction tendency with 3CLpro, PLpro, and Spike; the compound norboldine, an alkaloid, had the strongest interaction with ACE 2, with a binding affinity value of -8.2 kcal/mol. Conclusion: Terpenoids and alkaloids contained in the root of L. aggregata, which caused inhibition of adsorption and replication of SARS-CoV-2, could serve as anti-SARS-CoV-2.

In East Asia, genetic divergence is usually considered to be correlated to different floristic regions, however, subtropical-tropical divergence is largely ignored, compared to widely explored temperate-subtropical divergence. Lindera aggregata (Lauraceae), a dominant species in South-East China was selected to address this issue. Fifteen low-copy nuclear genes (LCGs) and four chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) fragments were used to detect its evolutionary history. In LCGs, STRUCTURE and dated Bayesian phylogeny analyses detect distinct subtropical-tropical divergence since late Pleistocene. Approximate Bayesian calculation (ABC) further supports the distinct subtropical-tropical divergence, and close related Taiwan and South China populations are diverged at the last interglacial. Isolation by distance, isolation by environment and isolation by resistance analyses suggest the current climatic difference rather than geographical distance contributes to the genetic differentiation. Principle component analysis shows populations of tropical cluster occur in warmer area with higher precipitation. Ancestral area reconstruction based on Bayesian phylogeny indicates that ancestral L. aggregata populations are distributed in tropical region. In cpDNA, although unique haplotypes are found in tropical region, distinct subtropical-tropical divergence is absent. In conclusion, distinct late Pleistocene subtropical-tropical divergence of L. aggregata is triggered by climate. It is likely that L. aggregata is originated in Southwest-South China and experienced hierarchical dispersal from south to north. The South China Sea land bridge has dual role in connecting or isolating Taiwan and mainland populations since the last glaciation.

Waterbodies such as lakes and ponds are fragile environments affected by human influences. Suitable conditions can result in massive growth of phototrophs, commonly referred to as phytoplankton blooms. Such events benefit heterotrophic bacteria able to use compounds secreted by phototrophs or their biomass as major nutrient source. One example of such bacteria are Planctomycetes, which are abundant on the surfaces of marine macroscopic phototrophs; however, less data are available on their ecological roles in limnic environments. In this study, we followed a cultivation-independent deep sequencing approach to study the bacterial community composition during a cyanobacterial bloom event in a municipal duck pond. In addition to cyanobacteria, which caused the bloom event, members of the phylum Planctomycetes were significantly enriched in the cyanobacteria-attached fraction compared to the free-living fraction. Separate datasets based on isolated DNA and RNA point towards considerable differences in the abundance and activity of planctomycetal families, indicating different activity peaks of these families during the cyanobacterial bloom. Motivated by the finding that the sampling location harbours untapped bacterial diversity, we included a complementary cultivation-dependent approach and isolated and characterized three novel limnic strains belonging to the phylum Planctomycetes.

The genus Lindera consists of approximately 100 species that are widely distributed in tropical and subtropical areas throughout the world. Most Lindera plants, particularly Lindera aggregata is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine that has important medicinal value and health benefits. Contemporary chemical and pharmacological studies have shown that L. aggregata are a source of structurally diverse molecules having pharmacological potential. In an effort to promote research on L. aggregata and develop therapeutic and pharmacological products, this review describes the structural diversity of its components and pharmacological and biological significance of L. aggregata. This review is based on a literature analysis of scientific journals from electronic sources, such as Science Direct, PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus and Web of Science. Thus, with the growing interest in traditional medicine and botanical drugs worldwide, L. aggregata will increasingly capture chemists’ and pharmacologists’ attention because they produce diverse and structurally novel compounds having pharmacological significance.

Strain GS-14T was isolated from a mangrove sediment sample collected at Beilun Estuary National Nature Reserve, Guangxi Province, PR China. Cells were Gram-stain-negative, strictly aerobic and rod-shaped with a polar flagellum. Optimal growth occurred in the presence of 3–6 % (w/v) NaCl, at pH 6–8 and at a temperature of 37 °C. The predominant polar lipids were phosphatidylglycerol and phosphatidylethanolamine. Ubiquinone 8 (Q-8) was the sole respiratory quinone. The major fatty acids (>10 % of the total fatty acids) were summed feature 3 (C16 : 1ω7c and/or C16 : 1ω6c) and C16 : 0. The DNA G+C content was 47.6 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence indicated that strain GS-14T had the highest sequence similarity to Aestuariibacter aggregatus WH169T (96.63 %), Aliiglaciecola coringensis AK49T (96.56 %) and Alteromonas lipolytica JW12T (96.22 %). In addition, the OrthoANIu value and dDDH values calculated from the genomes of strain GS-14T and A. aggregatus WH169T were 79.5 and 21.9 %, respectively. Based on the polyphasic taxonomic results, strain GS-14T is considered to represent a novel species in a new genus, for which the name Marisediminitalea mangrovi gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Marisediminitalea mangrovi is GS-14T (=KCTC 72401T=MCCC 1K03622T). Because Aestuariibacter aggregatus WH169T clustered with strain GS-14T in the phylogenetic trees and was clearly separated from the two species within the genus Aestuariibacter , it is reclassified as a member of the genus Marisediminitalea as Marisediminitalea aggregata comb. nov. (type strain WH169T=CGMCC 1.8995T=LMG 25283T). The type species of the genus Marisediminitalea is Marisediminitalea aggregata gen. nov., comb. nov.

A Gram-staining-negative, aerobic, light brown pigment bacterium, designated strain CE80T was isolated from marine sponge Callyspongia elegans in Jeju Island, Republic of Korea. Strain CE80T grew optimally at 25°C, in the range of pH 5.0-11.0 (optimum 7.0-8.0), and with 1.0-5.0% NaCl (optimum 1-3% (w/v)). Phylogenetic analysis based on the 16S rRNA gene sequence showed that strain CE80T belonged to the genus Labrenzia and was closely related to L. suaedae YC6927T (98.3%), L. alexandrii DFL-11T (96.6%), L. aggregata IAM 12614T (96.6%) L. marina mano18T (96.5%) and L. alba CECT 5094T (96.2%). The major fatty acids of strain CE80T were C18:1 ω7c, and summed feature. The polar lipids were diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylmonomethylethanolamin, one unidentified aminolipid, one phospholipid and four unidentified lipids. The DNA G+C content of strain CE80T was 55.9 mol%. The major respiratory quinone was Q-10. DNA-DNA relatedness between strain CE80T and L. suaedae YC6927T was 56.1±2.8%. On the basis of physiological and biochemical characterization and phylogenetic and chemotaxonomic analysis, strain CE80T represents a novel species of the Labrenzia, for which the name Labrenzia callyspongiae sp. nov., is proposed. The type strain is CE80T (=KCTC 42849T =JCM 31309T).

Of the 173 species of Peperomia in Brazil, 108 are endemic. Two new species of Peperomia are described from the state of Espírito Santo: P. aggregata and Peperomia spiritus-sancti, the latter one also occurring in Minas Gerais. Both species show characteristics of Peperomia subg. Leptorhynchum (Dahlst.) Trel. ex Samain. Illustrations and morphological comparisons are presented. Four new synonymies are proposed.

Xie, C.-M., Zhao, Z.-T., Cheng, P.-F. & Zhang, L.-L. 2021. Additional species of Pyrenula (Pyrenulaceae) from China. – Herzogia 34: 93 –100.Pyrenula acutispora, P. adacta, P. aggregata, P. cayennensis and P. confoederata are new to China. Pyrenula dermatodes and P. fetivica are new to Heilongjiang Province and P. fetivica and P. mamillana are new to Guangxi Province. Except for the two species reported from Taoshan National Forest Park in the cool-temperate province of Heilongjiang, all records originate from a virgin forest at Mt. Shengtang in the subtropical province of Guangxi. Detailed taxonomic descriptions with illustrations are provided.

14 pages, 4 tables, 6 figures, The Apicomplexa Aggregata spp. are intracellular parasites of cephalopods that infect the intestinal tract of commercially important species such as Octopus bimaculatus, which sustains the octopus fishery in Baja California (B.C.), Mexico. In this study, Aggregata polibraxiona n. sp. was described from the cecum of O. bimaculatus collected from Bahia de Los Angeles, B. C. Light and electron microscopy revealed that oocysts and sporocysts were spherical to ovoid in shape. Sporulated oocysts (293–835 × 177–688 μm) contained 135–674 sporocysts (12–24 × 11–22 μm). The sporocyst wall was covered by tubular projections (0.55–2.19 μm in length) bifurcated in the top, unevenly distributed, covered by a thin membrane. Each sporocyst contains 11–13 sporozoites (16–26 × 1.20–3 μm). Three partial sequences of the 18S rDNA gene were obtained, and two phylogenetic approaches were performed according to Bayesian inference and Maximum Likelihood. In both phylogenetic reconstructions, the sequences of A. polibraxiona n. sp. were recovered as a monophyletic group within the genus Aggregata and placed as a sister group to Aggregata octopiana Lineage II. Aggregata polibraxiona n. sp. is the first Apicomplexa described from a cephalopod host from Mexico and extends the geographical range of Apicomplexa infecting cephalopods, This work was supported by the National Council on Science and Technology, Mexico (CONACYT, Mexico; project number: 286347). G.E.C.R. was supported by CONACyT, Mexico (grant number: 769732/632044)

A new species of parasitic Aggregata, Aggregata sinensis n. sp., is described from the octopuses Amphioctopus fangsiao (d'Orbigny, 1839-1841) and Octopus minor (Sasaki, 1920) (Mollusca: Octopodidae) in China based on morphological data and 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene sequences. The sexual gamogonic and sporogonic stages of the parasite were observed under light microscope. The sizes of oocysts were 207.35-618.74 μm in length and were 136.31-420.68 μm in width. Oocysts were fully sporulated and were shaped spherically or irregularly. Mature sporocysts within oocysts were spherical or slightly subovoid and were 19.42-22.32 μm in length and 19.12-21.55 μm in width. Sporozoites were typically spiral within sporocysts and were 17.81-24.90 μm long and 2.05-3.42 μm wide. Molecular phylogenetic analysis constructed using the 18S rRNA gene sequences supports the morphological classification that our species is placed within the genus Aggregata. Moreover, the sequence belonged to the genus Aggregata. However, the 18S rRNA gene sequence of Ag. sinensis was significantly different from that of other Aggregata available currently. Ag. sinensis is the first two-host parasitic species of Aggregata reported from definitive host Am. fangsiao and O. minor and is the only species of the genus Aggregata known in Western Pacific waters.

Lindera aggregata(L. aggregata) is a wild shrub growing in the forests of Southeast Asia, whose main bioactive constituents are isoquinoline alkaloids. They are widely used in food and pharmaceutical industries. The studies on the metabolites and biosynthesis pathways inL. aggregata remain poorly understood. Nine isoquinoline alkaloid compounds were identified by UPLC Triple TOF-MS/MS in this study. Except for N-methyllaurotetanine, most isoquinoline alkaloid compounds were widely distributed in various parts ofL. aggregata and accumulated preferentially in roots than in leaves. Transcriptome data showed that several isoquinoline alkaloid biosynthetic genes, such as TyrAT, PPO, TDC, and SOMT, were identified to play important roles in generating differential metabolites in roots and leaves ofL. aggregata. Concentration-dependent analgesic effects and toxic effects of them were demonstrated in zebrafish experiments, and the overall ranking was JRAL > TRAL > LAL. The results of this study would provide useful information for the synthesis mechanisms of isoquinoline alkaloids inL. aggregata, and provide valuable information for the application of traditional non-medicinal parts ofL. aggregata in food and pharmaceutical industries.

Environmental factors add constraints to organismal performance at their extremes, but support optimal performance at energetically beneficial conditions. In aquatic environments , salinity adds costs for ion transportation to the energetic budgets of osmoregulating animals, such as teleost fishes. These additional costs may limit the available energy for important ecological traits of fishes, including maximal and optimal swimming performance, which are required for successful foraging and migration in the wild. Here, we hypothesize that swimming performance, and its related costs, will be optimized at near-isoosmotic salinity, and decline under more saline conditions. Using the euryhaline shiner perch ( Cymatogaster aggregata) as a model for coastal fishes, we determined critical swimming speeds and oxygen consumption rates during swimming at salinities of 12 g kg−1 (near-isoosmotic, brackish, S12) and 31 g kg−1 (hyperosmotic, marine, S31). Most tested metrics were unaffected by salinity, including aerobic scope, active metabolic rate and optimal swimming speed. Likewise, critical swimming speed (in body lengths per second, BL s−1) was not significantly different between fishes acclimated to S12 (4.8 ± 0.6 BL s−1) or S31 (5.1 ± 0.5 BL s−1, means ± SD, n = 5) suggesting that the fish could swim and hunt for prey equally well regardless of salinity. However, S31 conditions did cause comparatively higher oxygen consumption rates at swimming speeds from 0.5 to 1.5 BL s−1 , and a 20% increase in the extrapolated standard metabolic rate (i.e. cost of maintaining bodily functions). Our results confirm that there is an added energetic cost of salinity, but highlight that the cost of osmoregulation appears minimal relative to the energetic demands of swimming, and consequently has no effect on the maximal swimming performance of adult shiner perch. Given the strong salinity gradients naturally encountered in many coastal ecosystems, these data provide an explanation for the capacity of a coastal roaming species to move in an out of coastal habitat zones without significantly compromising their ability to hunt prey, avoid predation and migrate. As climate change locally affects environmental salinity, our results offer valuable insight towards the effects of environmental perturbations on fishes in coastal marine and estuarine habitats.

Malicek, J. & Mayrhofer, H. 2017. Additions to the lichen diversity of Macedonia (FYROM). — Herzogia 30: 431–444. Selected localities in Galicica National Park, Matka canyon in the Suva Gora Mountains, Mavrovo National Park, Ohrid Basin, Vardar River valley and Popova Sapka in the Sar Planina Mountains were briefly studied during a field excursion in 2014. Seventy-seven lichenized fungi are reported for the first time from Macedonia (FYROM); eight species (Candelariella aggregata, Halecania viridescens, Lecanora albula, Lepraria diffusa, Normandina acroglypta, Parmelia barrenoae, Sarcogyne fallax and Schaereria corticola) are new to the Balkan Peninsula. Caloplaca substerilis, Fuscopannaria mediterranea, Gyalecta croatica, G. geoica, Leptochidium albociliatum, Lobarina scrobiculata, Protoblastenia lilacina, Sclerophora pallida and Thelopsis rubella represent other remarkable records. An enigmatic collection of an Immersaria, closely resembling I. athroocarpa and possibly representing a new speci...

Wave-induced surge conditions are found in shallow marine ecosystems worldwide; yet, few studies have quantified how cyclical surges may affect free swimming animals. Here, we used a recently adapted respirometry technique to compare the energetic costs of a temperate fish species (Cymatogaster aggregata) swimming against a steady flow versus cyclical unidirectional and bidirectional surges in which unsteady swimming (such as accelerating, decelerating and turning) occurs. Using oxygen uptake (ṀO2) as an estimate of energetic costs, our results reveal that fish swimming in an unsteady (i.e. cyclical) unidirectional flow showed no clear increase in costs when compared to a steady flow of the same average speed, suggesting that costs and savings from cyclical acceleration and coasting are near equal. Conversely, swimming in a bidirectional cyclical flow incurred significantly higher energetic costs relative to a steady, constant flow, likely due to the added cost of turning around to face the changing flow direction. On average, we observed a 50% increase in ṀO2 of fish station holding within the bidirectional flow (227.8 mg O2 kg−1 h−1) compared to a steady, constant flow (136.1 mg O2 kg−1 h−1) of the same mean velocity. Given wave-driven surge zones are prime fish habitats in the wild, we suggest the additional costs fish incur by station holding in a bidirectional cyclical flow must be offset by favourable conditions for foraging and reproduction. With current and future increases in abiotic stressors associated with climate change, we highlight the importance of incorporating additional costs associated with swimming in cyclical water flow in the construction of energy budgets for species living in dynamic, coastal habitats.

Premise of the study To investigate the population genetics and evolutionary history of wuyao (Lindera aggregata, Lauraceae) and other Lindera species, polymorphic chloroplast microsatellite (cpSSR) primers were developed. Methods and results The complete chloroplast genome of L. glauca was used to design 74 primers for L. aggregata. Agarose gel electrophoresis and Sanger sequencing were used to select 20 polymorphic primers. These primers were then tested in 70 individuals from three populations of L. aggregata. The number of alleles ranged from two to four, and the unbiased haploid diversity index ranged from 0.457 to 0.685. Up to 17 primers successfully amplified in four other Lindera species: L. prattii, L. chunii, L. lungshengensis, and L. pulcherrima var. hemsleyana. Conclusions The 20 primers reported here can potentially be used for future genetic studies of L. aggregata and other Lindera species.

Isolates of Teratosphaeriaceae have frequently been found in the integument of attine ants, proving to be common and diverse in this microenvironment. The LSU phylogeny of the ant-isolated strains studied revealed that they cluster in two main lineages. The first was associated with the genus Xenopenidiella whereas the other represented two ant-isolated lineages sister to the taxa Penidiella aggregata and P. drakensbergensis, which are allocated to the new genus Penidiellomyces. The genus Penidiella is limited to the lineage containing P. columbiana, which is not congeneric with Penidiellomyces or Penidiellopsis, nor with Simplicidiella, a novel genus introduced here to accommodate a strain isolated from ants. For species level analysis, the final 26 aligned sequences of the ITS (498 characters), cmdA (389 characters), tef1 (342 characters) and tub2 (446 characters) gene regions lead to the introduction of six new species in Xenopenidiella, and one in respectively Penidiellopsis and Simplicidiella. The species described in this study were distinguished by the combination of morphological and phylogenetic data. Novelties on the integument of leaf-cutting ants from Brazil include: Penidiellopsis ramosus, Xenopenidiella clavata, X. formica, X. inflata, X. laevigata, X. nigrescens, X. tarda spp. nov., and Simplicidiella nigra gen. & sp. nov. Beta-tubulin is recommended as primary barcode for the distinction of species in Penidiellopsis, whereas ITS was sufficient to distinguish species of Xenopenidiella.

A novel Gram-stain-negative, agarolytic, rod-shaped, non-flagellated, strictly aerobic strain with gliding motility, designated RZW4-3-2T, was isolated from coastal seawater of the Yellow Sea in China (119.625° E 35.517° N). The organism grew optimally at 28 °C, at pH 7.0 and in the presence of 2.0–3.0 % (w/v) NaCl. The strain required seawater or artificial seawater for growth, and NaCl alone did not support growth. Strain RZW4-3-2T contained MK-6 as the major respiratory quinone and iso-C17 : 0 3-OH, iso-C15 : 0, iso-C15 : 1 G and iso-C15 : 0 3-OH as the dominant fatty acids. The polar lipids of strain RZW4-3-2T comprised phosphatidylethanolamine, five unknown phospholipids and one unknown lipid. The DNA G+C content of strain RZW4-3-2T was 32.3 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the novel strain was related most closely to Aquimarina pacifica SW150T, Aquimarina macrocephali JCM 15542T and Aquimarina muelleri LMG 22569T with 98.1, 97.4 and 97.1 % sequence similarities, respectively. The estimated DNA–DNA hybridization values were 20.00±2.31 %, 20.70±2.33 % and 20.70±2.32 % between strain RZW4-3-2T and A. pacifica SW150T, A. macrocephali JCM 15542T and A. muelleri LMG 22569T, respectively. On the basis of results of polyphasic analyses, strain RZW4-3-2T represents a novel species of the genus Aquimarina , for which the name Aquimarina aggregata sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is RZW4-3-2T (=JCM 30824T=MCCC 1K00698T).

The sciarid fauna of New Zealand is not well known and only two major studies have dealt with this group. The present study is based on material from the later of the two studies as well as new material. Six species are recognised as new to science and are here described: Bradysia novaeseelandiae sp. nov., Corynoptera aggregata sp. nov., Corynoptera catrinjaschhofae sp. nov., Ctenosciara etorutao sp. nov., Pseudolycoriella frederickedwardsi sp. nov. and Pseudolycoriella tonnoiri sp. nov. Bradysia novaeseelandiae sp. nov. is the first Bradysia species described from New Zealand. The Holarctic species Bradysia pallipes and Corynoptera fatigans are recorded from New Zealand for the first time.http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:7E1F0507-8740-41C7-BCB9-84910D8EBC65

The essential oil from the root tubers of Lindera aggregata was analyzed by GC-FID and GC-MS. Thirty-five compounds were identified and the main components of the essential oil were α-longifolene (15.13%), bornyl acetate (11.49%) followed by α-eudesmol (9.14%), α-pinene (7.88%), β-phellandrene (6.31%), β-terpinene (5.67%) and α-terpeninol (5.11%). During the screening program for new agrochemicals from Chinese medicinal herbs and wild plants, essential oil of L. aggregata was found to possess insecticidal activity against two grain storage insects, Sitophilus zeamais and Tribolium castaneum. The essential oil of L. aggregata possessed contact toxicity against S. zeamais and T. castaneum adults with LC50 values of 61.65 and 18.47 μg/adult, respectively. The oil also showed pronounced fumigant toxicity against S. zeamais and T. castaneum (LC50 = 23.04 and 14.69 mg/L air, respectively).

Previous studies on the relationship of barberry (Berberis spp.) and wheat stem rust suggested that, although some barberry species can serve as alternate hosts for the stem rust fungus Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, barberry plants play no role in wheat stem rust development and virulence variation of P. graminis f. sp. tritici in China. In the present study, severe rust infections on Berberis shensiana, B. brachypoda, B. potaninii, B. soulieana, and B. aggregata were observed during field surveys in 2011 and 2012. Through artificial inoculation of wheat seedlings (‘Mingxian 169’) under greenhouse conditions with aeciospores from naturally infected barberry plants, 185 isolates of P. graminis f. sp. tritici were obtained. From the 27 selected isolates that were tested on a set of wheat genotypes used to differentiate P. graminis f. sp. tritici races in China, 18 races were identified, of which 8 races were new and others were of Chinese 21 and 34 race groups. In addition to the information of virulence or avirulence patterns on the Chinese differentials, none of the races were virulent to resistance gene Sr31. The virulence frequencies based on individual Sr genes or differentials ranged from 0 to 96%. Using molecular markers for P. graminis f. sp. tritici, 75 of 4,036 samples of single aecia were identified as P. graminis f. sp. tritici. The low detectable rate of P. graminis f. sp. tritici was verified based on both infection and molecular marker tests. This observation may be correlated with the low levels of wheat stem rust in the surveyed regions. This study shows that P. graminis f. sp. tritici can produce new races through sexual reproduction on Berberis spp. in China.

10 pages, 13 pages, 1 table.-- This chapter is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, Coccidia of the genus Aggregata is the most widely distributed coccidian in cephalopods. Damages caused to the hosts include mechanical (tissue injury), biochemical (malfunction of digestive enzymes), and molecular (affects cellular immune response) effects. However, coccidiosis is not a fatal disease to the cephalopod host; it severely weakens its innate immunity making it vulnerable to secondary infections. Therefore, coccidia of the genus Aggregata are considered the most dangerous parasite for cephalopods affecting wild species of notable economic importance for fishery and aquaculture activity. The pathology caused by coccidiosis to the most important European cephalopod species is the subject of the present chapter

5 pages, 3 figures.-- This chapter is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, In the majority of the shallow-water cephalopod species, senescence is a short stage of their lifespan, which takes place at the end of sexual maturity. Senescence is not a disease, although senescent cephalopods can be frequently mistaken with diseased animals. Senescence is accompanied by physiological, immunological and behavioural changes, which are briefly exposed in this chapter. A suppressed immune system may increase susceptibility to parasite infection in senescent cephalopods. High prevalence of infection by Aggregata octopiana was observed in Octopus vulgaris and Aggregata sp. in Octopus maya. In both cases, the infection was found in post-spawned females and was infecting different organs. Cestode larvae Prochristianella sp. were found in the buccal mass of post-spawned O. maya females

En el estado de Guerrero, México, los begomovirus Okra yellow mosaic Mexico virus (OYMMV) y Whitefly-asssociated begomovirus 3 (WfaBV3) se han encontrado asociados al cultivo de jamaica (Hibiscus sabdariffa L.). El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer si OYMMV y WfaBV3 pueden infectar malezas presentes en cultivos comerciales de esta especie y si se transmiten por semilla. En 2016, se recolectaron plantas de jamaica y malezas con síntomas de amarillamiento y mosaico en Guerrero. Se extrajo DNA total y se realizó PCR con iniciadores universales para begomovirus y específicos para el gen 18s rRNA como control interno. Las muestras positivas se analizaron posteriormente con iniciadores específicos para OYMMV y WfaBV3. Cien semillas de jamaica y de malezas que presentaban síntomas se analizaron por PCR para begomovirus; cien semillas de cada cultivar de jamaica y 40 semillas de cada maleza se sembraron en almácigos para obtener plántulas. Hojas jóvenes de las plántulas de jamaica se analizaron por PCR después de la amplificación de DNA por círculo rodante. En plantas maduras de jamaica se detectó a WfaBV3 y OYMMV. En Sida collina, S. aggregata, S. acuta, S. haenkeana y Malacra fasciata se detectó al OYMMV en planta madura, semilla y plántulas. Este es el primer reporte de cuatro nuevos hospedantes del OYMMV y su transmisión por semilla.