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Many negative effects influencing cognitive functioning have been reported in association with the aging process. Poorer learning, memory, problem solving, and intellectual performance is linked with advancing age. However, the repercussions of developmental changes are not completely clear. Other factors that are thought to influence the onset of many of these deficits are assumptions about inevitable and programmed decline that accompanies old age. Several factors indicative of mental health and intelligence performance were tested in a group of 127 adults between the ages of 20 and 90 years old. The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale was administered to test digit span memory (backward and forward), crystallized intelligence (vocabulary and information), and fluid intelligence (block design and digit symbol). Also, the self-ratings of the physical and mental health of the subjects were obtained, health habits were observed, and the Cornell Medical Index and the Zung Depression Scale were administered. The results were similar to what was expected: no correlations between age and digit span memory were found; age and fluid intelligence were negatively correlated (i.e. as age increased, fluid intelligence decreased); and a moderate positive correlation was noted between crystallized intelligence and age. Mental and physical problems were more frequently reported in older adults than in younger adults. Even relatively healthy older adults had overall higher reports of mental and physical health problems than the younger individuals. Also, the results of the self-reports were reflected in the performance of standard intelligence tasks; the state of the individual's health has a significantly greater impact upon intelligence performance in the elderly than in younger adults. The implication is that poor health in the elderly may lead to diminished intellectual functioning, and that effective treatment of health problems in this group of individuals may result in the additional benefit of improving intellectual functioning. (Consumer Summary produced by Reliance Medical Information, Inc.)

Many attempts have been made to assemble a workable definition of wisdom. To avoid defining wisdom, characteristics of a 'wise person' are commonly used. A review of the research compiled by philosophers and psychologists was initiated to help define the concept of wisdom. Age and experience, which seem to be supported historically, are common attributes. With the resolution of the mid-life crisis, one is freed to strengthen one's sense of self. Creative productivity, such as writing and art, becomes more prevalent in individuals over 60 years of age. The knowledge gained through experience is commonly cited as the most important characteristic of a wise person. Although intelligence does not guarantee one will be wise, wisdom does involve a great deal of knowledge that is gained through experience. Some believe wisdom to involve logical thought, while others regard it as intuitive. In addition to possessing knowledge and common sense, wisdom also incorporates the personality as a component of wisdom. It is concluded that wisdom comes from recognizing the limitations of knowledge, nature and from being aware of one's mortality. Practical and social wisdom recognizes our own personal faultiness, and divine wisdom recognizes the limits of knowledge and of being itself. (Consumer Summary produced by Reliance Medical Information, Inc.)