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The article aims to identify the perspectives of the development of paradiplomacy in the context of feminist foreign policy using the example of Spain. The author shows the relationship between the foreign policy of central government and the foreign activity of the regions and the place of sub-state actors in the central strategies of feminist foreign policy. The example of Spain and its recently published strategy was chosen due to the interchangeable application of the concept of foreign policy and external action and the clear distinction of the actors involved in the implementation of the paradigm. The comparative case study aims to show how the regions apply the practice of feminist foreign policy in their paradiplomacy strategies. On this basis, areas have been identified which, in this perspective, are fields for the development of the “feminist paradiplomacy” of the autonomous communities of Spain.

N-substituted boronobenzylphosphonates were evaluated as substrates in Suzuki–Miyaura coupling catalyzed by tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) and complex of palladium acetate and (2-biphenyl)dicyclohexylphosphine. It was proven that they may be considered as useful substrates for the preparation of functionalized aminophosphonates.

Boronic acids are a class of intensively explored compounds, which according to their specific properties have been intensively explored in last decades. Among them phenylboronic acids and their derivatives are most frequently examined as receptors for diverse carbohydrates. In turn, there is a large gap in basic research concerning complexation of catecholamines by these compounds. Therefore, we decided to undertake studies on interaction of chosen catecholamines, namely: noradrenaline (norephinephrine), dopamine, L-DOPA, DOPA-P (phosphonic analog of L-DOPA) and catechol, with simple phenyl boronic acid PBA by means of potentiometry and NMR spectroscopy. For comparison, the binding properties of recently synthesized phenylboronic receptor 1 bearing aminophosphonate function in meta-position were investigated and showed promising ability to bind catecholamines. The protonation and stability constants of PBA and receptor 1 complexes were examined by potentiometry. The obtained results demonstrated that PBA binds the catecholamines with the following affinity order: noradrenaline ⩾ dopamine ≈ L-DOPA > catechol > DOPA-P, while its modified analog 1 reveals slightly different preferences: dopamine > noradrenaline > catechol > L-DOPA > DOPA-P.

Five analogues of a novel group of boron derivatives of aminophosphonic acids  N -benzylamino-(3- boronphenyl)- S -methylphosphonic acid ( m -Ph S ), N -benzyla- mino-(4-boronphenyl)- S -methylphosphonic acid ( p -Ph S ), N - benzylamino-(2-boronphenyl)- R -methylphosphonic acid ( o - Ph R ), N -benzylamino-(3-boronphenyl)- R -methylphosphonic acid ( m -Ph R ), and N -benzylamino-(4-boronphenyl)- R -meth- ylphosphonic acid ( p -Ph R )  were studied using Fourier transform infrared (FT IR), Fourier transform Raman (FT RS), and surface-enhanced Raman (SERS) spectroscopies. Analysis of obtained FT IR and FT RS spectra show that all investigated compounds in the solid state exist as dimeric species formed by an H-bonding interaction between − B(OH) 2 moieties of each monomer. In addition, comparison of the wavenumbers, intensities, and broadness of bands from the FT Raman and SERS spectra allowed information to be obtained regarding the adsorption geometry of the investigated compounds immobilized onto an electrochemically roughened silver substrate.

Two groups of new boronic acids containing aminophosphonate functions were synthesized and characterized by NMR spectroscopy and ESI-MS. Both groups of compounds were obtained by simple reactions of prepared in situ tris(trimethylsilyl) phosphite with a corresponding imine. The synthesized compounds may serve as a potential new class of building blocks, BNCT agents and supramolecular host molecules.

In order to combine the properties of aza-macrocycles and aminophosphonates, a new tetraaminophosponic macrocyclic molecule has been synthesized. This potential receptor for organic molecules as well as for metal cations was obtained by condensation, hydrophosphonylation, and deprotection. The second synthetic step was performed using di(trimethylsilyl) phosphite, which enabled us to obtain the final product in high yield. NMR studies strongly suggested that the α-aminophosphonate macrocycle was reached as a symmetric meso-derivative.

Formation of stable complexes between tetra-2-methoxyethyl phenylene-1,4-di(benzyloaminomethanephosphonate) (receptor) and monovalent (Li + , Na + , K + , Rb + , and Cs + ) and divalent metal cations (Mg 2+ , Ca 2+ , Ba 2+ ) in acetonitrile has been studied by means of ESI-MS technique. Additionally the chelating properties of the phosphonate towards amino acids (2 × HCl∗Arg, 2 × HCl∗Lys) in methanol and water have been evaluated. Crown ether-like esters of the phosphonate do not bind ammonium cations of these basic amino acids and instead of that proton transfer from carboxylic group of amino acids to amino moiety of the receptor, governed by surprisingly low basicity of its amino moiety (p K = 4), was observed.