Search

Introduction: The crown clade is one of two major groups in the Russula subg. Russula. Methods/material: An analysis of Chinese samples was performed based on the morphology, internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences, and multi-gene phylogenies of 28S nrLSU, 16S mtSSU, rpb1, rpb2, and tef1-a. Results: The results supported the independence of six new species: Russula alboflava (sect. Amethystinae), R. chrysantha (subsect. Chamaeleontinae), R. liyui (subsect. Laricinae), R. lutescens (subsect. Olivaceinae), R. paraxerampelina, and R. prunicolor (subsect. Xerampelinae) from Fagaceae forest habitats. Subsect. Alboflavinae was newly proposed in sect. Amethystinae. Members of the new subsection include R. alboflava, R. burlinghamiae, and possibly R. ballouii. Discussion: Our analyses also supported the claim that two species of R. fulvograminea (subsect. Laricinae) and R. subrubens (subsect. Xerampelinae) have a Eurasian distribution. The habitat and primary hosts of the main phylogenetic clades within related subsections were summarized and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Six new species of Tricholoma (Fr.) Staude in sections Genuina (Tricholoma amarissimum, Tricholoma lutescentifolium, Tricholoma pudorinum, Tricholoma sapineum) and Fucata (Tricholoma griseobrunneum, Tricholoma pallidogriseum) are formally described from North America east of the Rocky Mountains based on their nrITS sequence, morphology, ecology, and distribution patterns. Those species are found in summer or fall in deciduous or coniferous forests. Descriptions of their morphological characters are provided, along with photographs of the basidiomata and their micromorphology. The new species are compared with similar species occurring in North America and Europe. Tricholoma felschii Ovrebo, Hughes & Halling, in section Fucata, is here considered to represent three species, T. felschii s. str., Tricholoma subumbrinum A.H. Sm., and the newly described T. griseobrunneum. Emended descriptions of the first two species are provided to accommodate the new concepts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China has a complex and diverse forest ecological environment, which breeds abundant forest macrofungi, including some edible, medicinal, and poisonous species. During the investigations of macrofungi in the Saihanba National Nature Reserve, North China, we collected abundant specimens of Agaricales and Polyporales within the Agaricomycetes. Based on the morphological characters and molecular evidence of DNA sequences including the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions, the large subunit of nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (nLSU), the small subunit of mitochondrial rRNA gene (mtSSU), the small subunit of nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (nuSSU), the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB1), the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II gene (RPB2), the β-tubulin gene (TUB), and the translation elongation factor 1-α gene (TEF1), this study identifies ten species of Agaricales and Polyporales new to science, viz. Cyanosporus subpopuli, Gelatinofungus betulina, Lycoperdon pseudoperlatum, Macrocystidia hebeiensis, Mycena subbrunnea, M. subpura, M. variispora, M. violocea-ardesiaca, Picipes griseus, and Pleuroflammula hebeiensis. Detailed morphological descriptions, fruiting bodies, and microscopic structure diagrams of these ten novel species are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This is the third paper in the series Catalogue of fungi in China that aims to systematically and promptly publish Chinese fungal species. In this paper of the series, we focus on macrofungi from the southern border area of Xizang, a previously less concerned region. A total of 15 new species in six orders, 11 families, and 12 genera from Agaricomycetes, Basidiomycota are described. Both morphological and phylogenetic analyses support the identity of these new species and their taxonomic placements. In addition, one new combination Trechispora cryptomerioides is proposed. We hope that the third paper in the series Catalogue of fungi in China will draw more attention to reporting Chinese fungal diversity in the border areas of Xizang and other special geographic regions besides the aim of this series itself. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pseudohydnum, commonly known as cat's tongue mushrooms, is a monophyletic assemblage within Auriculariales, which encompasses species with gelatinous basidiomata, spathulate, flabellate, or shell-shaped pileus, hydnoid hymenophore, globose to ellipsoidal basidiospores, and longitudinally cruciate-septate basidia. According to the available literature, 16 species have been described in Pseudohydnum, mostly represented in temperate-boreal forests of the Northern Hemisphere. However, the limited morphological, molecular, and ecological information, especially from the Southern Hemisphere ecosystems, does not presently allow a reliable assessment of its taxonomic boundaries nor provide a complete picture of the species diversity in the genus. In an ongoing effort to examine specimens collected in dense and mixed ombrophilous forest fragments (Atlantic Rainforest domain) from Southeastern and Southern Brazil, additional taxa assigned to Pseudohydnum were identified. Four new species are recognized based mostly on characters of the pileus surface, stipe, hymenium, and basidiospores. Molecular phylogenetic analyses based on nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacer region ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (ITS barcode), partial nuc rDNA 28S, and partial RNA polymerase II largest subunit (RPB1) sequences supported the description of these new taxa. Here, we propose Pseudohydnum brasiliense, P. brunneovelutinum, P. cupulisnymphae, and P. viridimontanum as new species. Morphological descriptions, line drawings, habitat photos, and comparisons with closely related taxa are provided. A dichotomous key for identification of currently known Southern Hemisphere Pseudohydnum species is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

China has a complex and diverse forest ecological environment, which breeds abundant forest macrofungi, including some edible, medicinal, and poisonous species. During the investigations of macrofungi in the Saihanba National Nature Reserve, North China, we collected abundant specimens of Agaricales and Polyporales within the Agaricomycetes. Based on the morphological characters and molecular evidence of DNA sequences including the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions, the large subunit of nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (nLSU), the small subunit of mitochondrial rRNA gene (mtSSU), the small subunit of nuclear ribosomal RNA gene (nuSSU), the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB1), the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II gene (RPB2), the β-tubulin gene (TUB), and the translation elongation factor 1-α gene (TEF1), this study identifies ten species of Agaricales and Polyporales new to science, viz. Cyanosporus subpopuli, Gelatinofungus betulina, Lycoperdon pseudoperlatum, Macrocystidia hebeiensis, Mycena subbrunnea, M. subpura, M. variispora, M. violocea-ardesiaca, Picipes griseus, and Pleuroflammula hebeiensis. Detailed morphological descriptions, fruiting bodies, and microscopic structure diagrams of these ten novel species are provided.

This is the third paper in the series Catalogue of fungi in China that aims to systematically and promptly publish Chinese fungal species. In this paper of the series, we focus on macrofungi from the southern border area of Xizang, a previously less concerned region. A total of 15 new species in six orders, 11 families, and 12 genera from Agaricomycetes, Basidiomycota are described. Both morphological and phylogenetic analyses support the identity of these new species and their taxonomic placements. In addition, one new combination Trechispora cryptomerioides is proposed. We hope that the third paper in the series Catalogue of fungi in China will draw more attention to reporting Chinese fungal diversity in the border areas of Xizang and other special geographic regions besides the aim of this series itself.

Halimium, Cistaceae, is a genus of shrubs restricted to the western part of the Mediterranean basin, where it thrives in diverse habitats. Despite this ecological adaptability, little attention has been devoted to understanding the mycorrhizal biology of Halimium. Through the examination of both sporocarps and ectomycorrhizal root tip collections, together with a thorough study of data previously reported in the relevant literature, we revealed a rich diversity of ectomycorrhizal mycobiota associated with Halimium spp. In this study, we describe the noteworthy diversity of the basidiomycetous family Inocybaceae in Halimium stands. Some 17 species of Inocybe and Pseudosperma are currently reported as linked to Halimium spp., mostly on the basis of sporocarp occurrence in the proximity of the potential host plant. Of these species, over 40% (7 of 17) come from our own study based on observations in pure Halimium stands in southwestern Sardinia, Italy. We also describe two new species of Inocybe, I. halimiphila sp. nov. and Inocybe rupribes sp. nov., that were collected under Halimium and demonstrated to establish ectomycorrhizal symbiosis with the shrub. We discuss the main morphological and ecological characteristics that distinguish the new species, unveiling their evolutionary relationships by inferring a phylogeny based on multiple loci. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Russula is the largest genus in the Russulales and is widespread throughout the world. Almost all Russula species are known to be ectomycorrhizal with high ecological and edible values, and some are lethal poisonous. In this study, four new species belonging to the subgenus Russula crown clade are identified based on morphological and phylogenetic evidence from the Xizang Autonomous Region and other provinces of China. Morphologically, Russula paragraveolens (sect. Polychromae, subsect. Xerampelinae) is mainly characterised by a cherry red to blood red pileus centre, a reddish orange pileus margin; R. pseudograveolens (sect. Polychromae, subsect. Xerampelinae) is characterised by a violet brown to brownish red pileus centre, a pale red to pastel red pileus margin and short basidia; R. shigatseensis (sect. Flavisiccantes, subsect. Lepidinae) is characterised by a brownish orange to madder red pileus centre, pinkish red pileus margin, and having lateral branches or branches of hyphal terminations in pileipellis; R. yadongensis (sect. Tenellae, subsect. Laricinae) is characterised by a dark purplish red pileus centre with brownish purple tints and having isolated to clustered spines of spore ornamentations. Their distinct taxonomic status is confirmed by the positions of the four new species in both the ITS and 4-locus (nucLSU, mtSSU, rpb2, tef1) phylogenetic trees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACTRussula is the largest genus in the Russulales and is widespread throughout the world. Almost all Russula species are known to be ectomycorrhizal with high ecological and edible values, and some are lethal poisonous. In this study, four new species belonging to the subgenus Russula crown clade are identified based on morphological and phylogenetic evidence from the Xizang Autonomous Region and other provinces of China. Morphologically, Russula paragraveolens (sect. Polychromae, subsect. Xerampelinae) is mainly characterised by a cherry red to blood red pileus centre, a reddish orange pileus margin; R. pseudograveolens (sect. Polychromae, subsect. Xerampelinae) is characterised by a violet brown to brownish red pileus centre, a pale red to pastel red pileus margin and short basidia; R. shigatseensis (sect. Flavisiccantes, subsect. Lepidinae) is characterised by a brownish orange to madder red pileus centre, pinkish red pileus margin, and having lateral branches or branches of hyphal terminations in pileipellis; R. yadongensis (sect. Tenellae, subsect. Laricinae) is characterised by a dark purplish red pileus centre with brownish purple tints and having isolated to clustered spines of spore ornamentations. Their distinct taxonomic status is confirmed by the positions of the four new species in both the ITS and 4-locus (nucLSU, mtSSU, rpb2, tef1) phylogenetic trees.

Abstract Agaricales, Russulales and Boletales are dominant orders among the wild mushrooms in Basidiomycota. Boletaceae, one of the major functional elements in terrestrial ecosystem and mostly represented by ectomycorrhizal symbionts of trees in Indian Himalaya and adjoining hills, are extraordinarily diverse and represented by numerous genera and species which are unexplored or poorly known. Therefore, their hidden diversity is yet to be revealed. Extensive macrofungal exploration by the authors to different parts of Himalaya and surroundings, followed by through morphological studies and multigene molecular phylogeny lead to the discovery of five new species of wild mushrooms: Leccinellum bothii sp. nov., Phylloporus himalayanus sp. nov., Phylloporus smithii sp. nov., Porphyrellus uttarakhandae sp. nov., and Retiboletus pseudoater sp. nov. Present communication deals with morphological details coupled with illustrations and phylogenetic inferences. Besides, Leccinellum sinoaurantiacum and Xerocomus rugosellus are also reported for the first time from this country.

During the fungal forays conducted in Kullu district of Himachal Pradesh (India) several specimens of corticioid fungi were collected. Based on morphological characterization, these fungi have been identified as Aphanobasidium pseudotsugae, Cytidiella albida, C. nitidula, and Phlebia viridesalebrosum. These four species are new additions to the Indian mycobiota. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agaricales, Russulales and Boletales are dominant orders among the wild mushrooms in Basidiomycota. Boletaceae, one of the major functional elements in terrestrial ecosystem and mostly represented by ectomycorrhizal symbionts of trees in Indian Himalaya and adjoining hills, are extraordinarily diverse and represented by numerous genera and species which are unexplored or poorly known. Therefore, their hidden diversity is yet to be revealed. Extensive macrofungal exploration by the authors to different parts of Himalaya and surroundings, followed by through morphological studies and multigene molecular phylogeny lead to the discovery of five new species of wild mushrooms: Leccinellum bothii sp. nov., Phylloporus himalayanus sp. nov., Phylloporus smithii sp. nov., Porphyrellus uttarakhandae sp. nov., and Retiboletus pseudoater sp. nov. Present communication deals with morphological details coupled with illustrations and phylogenetic inferences. Besides, Leccinellum sinoaurantiacum and Xerocomus rugosellus are also reported for the first time from this country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Melanoleuca is one of the taxonomically most complicated genera of Agaricomycetes. The aim of this study is a taxonomic revision of European specimens confused with M. angelesiana A.H. Sm. and a delimitation of four species, M. brachyspora Harmaja, M. graminicola (Velen.) Kühner & Maire, M. rufipes Bon and M. stridula (Fr.) Singer. The research is based on macro- and micromorphological characters and the multigene phylogenetic analyses of a combined (ITS, rpb2, and tef1) dataset. According to the results, two new species are proposed: M. monticola sp. nov. accommodating European specimens previously confused with the species M. angelesiana from America and M. romanensis sp. nov. from Italy. Moreover, American specimens identified as M. angelesiana belong to three different phylogenetic species (M. angelesiana sensu typi, M. acystidiata aff., and one more separate lineage). M. graminicola is emended and the respective epitype designated. An identification key to the European species of subg. Urticocystis is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Halimium, Cistaceae, is a genus of shrubs restricted to the western part of the Mediterranean basin, where it thrives in diverse habitats. Despite this ecological adaptability, little attention has been devoted to understanding the mycorrhizal biology of Halimium. Through the examination of both sporocarps and ectomycorrhizal root tip collections, together with a thorough study of data previously reported in the relevant literature, we revealed a rich diversity of ectomycorrhizal mycobiota associated with Halimium spp. In this study, we describe the noteworthy diversity of the basidiomycetous family Inocybaceae in Halimium stands. Some 17 species of Inocybe and Pseudosperma are currently reported as linked to Halimium spp., mostly on the basis of sporocarp occurrence in the proximity of the potential host plant. Of these species, over 40% (7 of 17) come from our own study based on observations in pure Halimium stands in southwestern Sardinia, Italy. We also describe two new species of Inocybe, I. halimiphila sp. nov. and Inocybe rupribes sp. nov., that were collected under Halimium and demonstrated to establish ectomycorrhizal symbiosis with the shrub. We discuss the main morphological and ecological characteristics that distinguish the new species, unveiling their evolutionary relationships by inferring a phylogeny based on multiple loci.

Polypores play a crucial role in energy recycling and forest regeneration in forest ecosystems. The majority of them are wood degraders; some are forest pathogens and others are ectomycorrhizal symbionts. The basidiocarps provide food and shelter for many organisms, mostly invertebrates, but also some vertebrates, as well as food and medicine for humans. Despite extensive research on the species diversity and phylogenetic relationships of polypores in recent years, there remains a lack of comprehensive understanding of their distribution patterns and species composition at the large scale. Checklists of polypores from the tropical zone, including tropical Africa, tropical America, and tropical Asia, were analyzed for species diversity, distribution patterns, major taxa, and nutritional modes. A total of 1,902 polypore species was found in the three regions, representing 8 orders, 46 families, and 250 genera of Agaricomycetes. The orders Polyporales (especially the family Polyporaceae) and Hymenochaetales (especially the family Hymenochaetaceae) had the most prolific taxa, with their species accounting for 93.4% of the total polypores listed. Each of 1,565 (or 82.3%) of the total 1,902 species were found in only one of the three regions studied, and we treat them temporarily as “regional endemic species”. Only 141 species were shared among all three regions, accounting for a mere 7.4%. Tropical Africa and tropical America had the greatest number of shared species and the highest Sørensen similarity index (SC) value. Tropical forests had a higher species richness compared with temperate to boreal forests of the Northern Hemisphere, and in addition, also a higher proportion of white rot polypores compared to brown rot and ectomycorrhizal species. This study outlines the distribution patterns and species diversity of polypores in the world, shedding light on their ecological significance in diverse ecosystems.

White-rot fungi secrete numerous enzymes involved in lignocellulose degradation. However, the secretory mechanisms or pathways, including protein synthesis, folding, modification, and traffic, have not been well studied. In the first place, few experimental tools for molecular cell biological studies have been developed. As the first step toward investigating the mechanisms underlying protein secretion, this study visualized organelles and transport vesicles involved in secretory mechanisms with fluorescent proteins in living cells of the white-rot fungus Pleurotus ostreatus (agaricomycete). To this end, each plasmid containing the expression cassette for fluorescent protein [enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) or mCherry] fused with each protein that may be localized in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi, or secretory vesicles (SVs) was introduced into P. ostreatus strain PC9. Fluorescent microscopic analyses of the obtained hygromycin-resistant transformants suggested that Sec13-EGFP and Sec24-EGFP visualize the ER; Sec24-EGFP, mCherry-Sed5, and mCherry-Rer1 visualize the compartment likely corresponding to early Golgi and/or the ER-Golgi intermediate compartment; EGFP/mCherry-pleckstrin homology (PH) visualizes possible late Golgi; and EGFP-Seg1 and mCherry-Rab11 visualize SVs. This study successfully visualized mitochondria and nuclei, thus providing useful tools for future molecular cell biological studies on lignocellulose degradation by P. ostreatus. Furthermore, some differences in the Golgi compartment or apparatus and the ER-Golgi intermediate of P. ostreatus compared to other fungi were also suggested. • The mechanisms of protein secretion have not been well studied in white-rot fungi. • Organelles and vesicles in the secretion pathway were visualized in P. ostreatus. • This study provided useful tools for future cell biological studies. • Differences in Golgi apparatus were also suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, six species of puffballs are recorded. Calvatia baixaverdensis and Calvatia brasiliensis are second records for science. Langermannia bicolor var. cirrifera is new record for Northeastern Brazil in the Caatinga biome. Arachnion album is a second record for the Northeastern region. Disciseda bovista and Disciseda verrucosa are the second records for the Caatinga biome. Descriptions of the taxa are provided from morphological data and illustrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article is the 15th contribution in the Fungal Diversity Notes series, wherein 115 taxa from three phyla, nine classes, 28 orders, 48 families, and 64 genera are treated. Fungal taxa described and illustrated in the present study include a new family, five new genera, 61 new species, five new combinations, one synonym, one new variety and 31 records on new hosts or new geographical distributions. Ageratinicolaceae fam. nov. is introduced and accommodated in Pleosporales. The new genera introduced in this study are Ageratinicola, Kevinia, Pseudomultiseptospora (Parabambusicolaceae), Marasmiellomycena, and Vizzinia (Porotheleaceae). Newly described species are Abrothallus altoandinus, Ageratinicola kunmingensis, Allocryptovalsa aceris, Allophoma yuccae, Apiospora cannae, A. elliptica, A. pallidesporae, Boeremia wisteriae, Calycina papaeana, Clypeococcum lichenostigmoides, Coniochaeta riskali-shoyakubovii, Cryphonectria kunmingensis, Diaporthe angustiapiculata, D. campylandrae, D. longipapillata, Diatrypella guangdongense, Dothiorella franceschinii, Endocalyx phoenicis, Epicoccum terminosporum, Fulvifomes karaiensis, F. pannaensis, Ganoderma ghatensis, Hysterobrevium baoshanense, Inocybe avellaneorosea, I. lucida, Jahnula oblonga, Kevinia lignicola, Kirschsteiniothelia guangdongensis, Laboulbenia caprina, L. clavulata, L. cobiae, L. cosmodisci, L. nilotica, L. omalii, L. robusta, L. similis, L. stigmatophora, Laccaria rubriporus, Lasiodiplodia morindae, Lyophyllum agnijum, Marasmiellomycena pseudoomphaliiformis, Melomastia beihaiensis, Nemania guangdongensis, Nigrograna thailandica, Nigrospora ficuum, Oxydothis chinensis, O. yunnanensis, Petriella thailandica, Phaeoacremonium chinensis, Phialocephala chinensis, Phytophthora debattistii, Polyplosphaeria nigrospora, Pronectria loweniae, Seriascoma acutispora, Setoseptoria bambusae, Stictis anomianthi, Tarzetta tibetensis, Tarzetta urceolata, Tetraploa obpyriformis, Trichoglossum beninense, and Tricoderma pyrrosiae. We provide an emendation for Urnula ailaoshanensis Agaricus duplocingulatoides var. brevisporus introduced as a new variety based on morphology and phylogeny. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Changes in climate, which can be understood as fluctuations in climate patterns as a reflection of natural or anthropic interventions, can generate changes in the environment and consequently affect the diversity of organisms. Fungi are extremely important in organic matter cycling in different environments, mainly forest areas, decomposing dead wood. To better understand the effects of climate change on two wood-degrading Agaricomycetes, their potential neotropical distribution was modeled using known occurrence data, available in the GBIF database and in specific literature, and associated with predictor variables extracted from Worldclim. A modeling package in R environment was used to analyze the present and future suitability for the optimistic and pessimistic scenarios. The results indicate the climate as an important factor in the distribution of Auricularia brasiliana and Megasporoporia neosetulosa. The suitability factors for the metrics used indicate that the models can be used to analyze climatic areas and that temperature and precipitation strongly influence the permanence of species in these locations. The results also indicate areas that can be affected by climatic effects, consequently causing a decrease in the occurrence and permanence of these fungi in the Neotropics. Our models can be useful as future guidelines in conservation studies for fungi.

During an investigation of the macrofungal flora in the Huanglong Mountains of the Loess Plateau, northwest China, a unique gomphoid fungus was discovered and collected. After morphological identification and molecular phylogenetic analyses, a new genus named Luteodorsum and its type species, L. huanglongense, were proposed. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted using datasets of nuclear ribosomal DNA 28S large subunit (LSU), mitochondrial (mt) adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) subunit 6 (atp6), and mt small-subunit rDNA (mtSSU). The results confirmed that L. huanglongense forms an independent clade within Gomphales, with full maximum likelihood bootstrap support (MLBS), maximum parsimony bootstrap support (MPBS), and Bayesian posterior probability (BPP). L. huanglongense is characterized by its sandy-brown, orange-brown, or coffee-brown color; clavate to infundibuliform shape; wrinkled and ridged hymenophore; ellipsoid to obovoid warted basidiospores; cylindrical to clavate flexuous pleurocystidia; and crystal basal mycelium. Overall, this study contributes to the growing body of knowledge on the diversity and evolution of Gomphales and provides valuable insights into the unique fungal flora found in the Huanglong Mountains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A revision, based on morphological and multigene analysis, of the Clitocella species currently present in Europe is provided. Portions of nrITS rDNA, nr28S rDNA (LSU), RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (RPB2), translation elongation factor 1-alpha (EF-1a), and ATPase subunit 6 (ATP6), were used to sort out the relationships of the species within the genus. Three subgenera were recognized: Clitocella subg. Clitocella encompassing C. popinalis, C. colorata, C. mundula, C. nigrescens, C. obscura and the new species C. solaris from Switzerland; the new Clitocella subg. Paraclitopilus including C. fallax and C. blancii; and the new Clitocella subg. Rhodopleurella for accommodating C. termitophila, a peculiar entity characterized by a pleurotoid habit and growing on decaying, abandoned termite nests in the Dominican Republic. Clitocella colorata originally described from China is here reported and described for the first time in Europe (Italy and Estonia). Rhodocybe cupressicola and Clitopilus ammophilus are reduced to later synonyms of Rhodopaxillus nigrescens; similarly, Clitopilus amarus is treated as a later synonym of Omphalia fallax while Rhodocybe amarella and R. ochraceopallida of Rhodopaxillus blancii. Finally, Austrian and Swedish herbarium collections identified as Rhodocybe, a doubtful taxon considered by several modern authors occasionally as either a similar but distinct species from R. popinalis or as a dwarfish, puny and odourless form of R. popinalis, have been proved to be R. tugrulii, a species recently described from Turkey and Estonia, and also later reported from Italy and USA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Integrative taxonomic studies of macrofungal diversity in the Brijuni National Park (Istria County, Croatia) led to the discovery of a second species of Inocybe (Agaricales, Inocybaceae) new to science. Inocybe istriaca sp. nov. is described on the basis of morphological, ecological, and multigene phylogenetic analyses, and its placement within the family Inocybaceae is discussed. The combination of most important morphological characters that distinguish I. istriaca from the other similar Inocybe species are smooth, (sub)amygdaliform, (sub)phaseoliform, or ellipsoid basidiospores (ca. 8.5–12 × 5–7 μm), large basidia (36–45 × 9–15 μm), mostly (sub)fusiform and weakly thick-walled (up to 1.5 μm) metuloid pleurocystidia, and lamellar edge and stipe apex partially covered by a dark resinous substance. The species was collected on the edge of grassland and Mediterranean evergreen holm oak (Quercus ilex) forest. In this study, a total of 14 DNA sequences from four Inocybe species were generated. Two-gene (ITS, LSU) and four-gene (ITS, LSU, rpb2, tef1) phylogenetic analyses confirmed the status of I. istriaca as an independent species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tropical montane cloud forest in Mexico is the most diverse and threatened ecosystem. Mexican macrofungi numbers more than 1408 species. This study described four new species of Agaricomycetes (Bondarzewia, Gymnopilus, Serpula, Sparassis) based on molecular and morphological characteristics. Our results support that Mexico is among the most biodiverse countries in terms of macrofungi in the Neotropics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fungi work as decomposers to break down organic carbon, deposit recalcitrant carbon, and transform other elements such as nitrogen. The decomposition of biomass is a key function of wood-decaying basidiomycetes and ascomycetes, which have the potential for the bioremediation of hazardous chemicals present in the environment. Due to their adaptation to different environments, fungal strains have a diverse set of phenotypic traits. This study evaluated 320 basidiomycetes isolates across 74 species for their rate and efficiency of degrading organic dye. We found that dye-decolorization capacity varies among and within species. Among the top rapid dye-decolorizing fungi isolates, we further performed genome-wide gene family analysis and investigated the genomic mechanism for their most capable dye-degradation capacity. Class II peroxidase and DyP-type peroxidase were enriched in the fast-decomposer genomes. Gene families including lignin decomposition genes, reduction-oxidation genes, hydrophobin, and secreted peptidases were expanded in the fast-decomposer species. This work provides new insights into persistent organic pollutant removal by fungal isolates at both phenotypic and genotypic levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Clavulina J. Schröt. accommodates species usually with coralloid, occasionally simple, infundibuliform, effuse-coralloid, or resupinated basidiomata, typically with two curved sterigmata and hyaline, smooth, guttulated basidiospores. During surveys in the Brazilian Amazon and Northeast Atlantic Rain Forest, several specimens of Clavulina were collected, and, after morphological and DNA analyses based in ITS and nLSU, some of them could not be assigned to known taxa. Thus, six new species are proposed: Clavulina alba, sp. nov. has white basidiomata with cylindrical to flattened branches; C. crystallifera, sp. nov. and C. cystidiata, sp. nov. have crystals among the hyphae, but C. cystidiata has also cystidia; C. simplex, sp. nov. and C. studerae, sp. nov. have simple basidiomata, while C. terminalis, sp. nov. is characterized mainly by the presence of hyphal ends. In addition, the synonymization of C. paraincrustata to C. incrustata is proposed. Description, images and discussion of the new species and the synonymization are provided, as well as insights into the morphological characters, ecology and distribution of Clavulina species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Auriculariaceae accounts for most of the species in the Auriculariales, and all species in the family are wood-decaying fungi with gelatinous, crustaceous, or woody basidiomes. Many new taxa were published recently, but the taxonomy and phylogeny of the corticioid species in the Auriculariaceae are far from resolved. We undertook a comprehensive taxonomic and phylogenetic study of the family with emphasis on corticioid specimens collected from East and Southeast Asia. Phylogenetic analyses on concatenated ITS and 28S rDNA sequences of representative taxa of the Auriculariaceae and the genera Eichleriella and Heteroradulum were carried out that resolved five new lineages. Heterocorticium gen. nov. is established for two species with resupinate coriaceous basidiomes with smooth, pigmented hymenophores. Five new species, H. bambusicola (generic type), H. latisporum, Eichleriella alpina, E. bambusicola, and Heteroradulum maolanense, are described and illustrated. In addition, Heterochaete delicata, H. discolor, and H. sinensis are transferred to Eichleriella, whereas H. roseola is regarded as a synonym of Kneiffia discolor (= H. discolor). Eichleriella aculeobasidiata is treated as a synonym of Heterochaete sinensis (= E. sinensis). Heterochaete mussooriensis is transferred to Heteroradulum with Heteroradulum semis as a heterotypic synonym. The present study contributes to the understanding of species diversity, taxonomy, and phylogeny of corticioid fungi in Asia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Gymnopilus is an agaricoid genus of mostly wood-rotting mushrooms, with ca. 200 species worldwide distributed, of which 23 of them are currently known in Brazil. In the Amazon region, Gymnopilus taxa correspond mostly to very old names described under Agaricus, later recombined into Gymnopilus, such as G. marasmioides, G. panurensis, G. psamminus, and G. trailii. Based on the examination of a well-annotated exsiccate at the INPA Herbarium, Gymnopilus ianthinilophus is described as a new species. It is characterized by the densely cespitose habit, squarrose pileus with blackish brown squamules, adnate to subdeccurent lamellae with decurrent tooth, violaceous brown stipe, weakly dextrinoid basidiospores 7.6-9.2 × 5.1-6.1 µm, interwoven pileus trama, lageniform with capitate or subcapitate apex cheilocystidia measuring 15.3-25.5 × 5.6-8.2 µm, and absence of pleurocystidia and caulocystidia. Description, photographs, illustrations of the new species, and discussion and comparison with morphologically similar taxa are provided.

In this study, four new species of Russula subg. Brevipedum collected from China are described based on morphological characteristics and molecular evidence. Russula brevispora has a white body whose whole parts often stain brownish-orange or grayish-orange, extremely crowded lamellae with the presence of lamellulae, basidiospores with low warts and an inamyloid suprahilar spot, and clavate or lageniform hymenial cystidia often with a papillary or submoniliform appendage. Russula flavescens is characterized by a white pileus often turning yellowish brown when touched, white lamellae turning brown or light orange, basidiospores with an inamyloid suprahilar spot, and fusiform hymenial cystidia often with an appendage. Russula longicollis is morphologically characterized by a white pileus, turning grayish orange when bruised, white lamellae turning pale yellow when bruised, basidiospores with isolated warts and an amyloid suprahilar spot, and fusiform hymenial cystidia usually with a long appendage. Russula pseudojaponica has a yellowish-brown pileus center, yellowish lamellae unchanging when bruised, basidiospores with low warts and an inamyloid suprahilar spot, clavate hymenial cystidia often with a papillary appendage, and clavate pileocystidia with granulose contents. Phylogenetic analyses showed that R. flavescens, R. brevispora, and R. pseudojaponica are members of the subsect. Pallidosporinae, whereas R. longicollis belongs to subsect. Lactarioideae, and is somewhat related to R. leucocarpa. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Black Poplar Mushroom Cyclocybe aegerita (syn. Agrocybe aegerita) is a white-rot fungus that naturally fruits from woody substrates, including buried wood. It is known for its substrate versatility and is equipped with a respective carbohydrate-active enzyme repertoire being intermediate between typical white-rot fungi and plant litter decomposers. Given relative nitrogen scarcity in wood, mobilization of nitrogen from surrounding litter is known as a way to meet nitrogen requirements for cellular homeostasis and reproduction of wood decay fungi. However, the effect of added nitrogen on vegetative and reproductive biomass has not yet been studied in a uniform minimalistic laboratory setup. For C. aegerita, such a growth and fruiting setup has been developed. In the present study, this white-rot fungus has been grown with and without additional β-adenosine, an organic nitrogen source present in plant litter. Elevated β-adenosine levels increased aerial mycelium weight by 30% (1 × β-adenosine) and 55% (10 × β-adenosine), reproductive biomass by 75% (1 × β-adenosine) and by 100% (10 × β-adenosine), number of primordia by 127% (10 × β-adenosine) and accelerated primordium formation by 1.6 days (10 × β-adenosine), compared to the control treatment. These findings imply that C. aegerita invests additional organic nitrogen resources into direct vegetative and reproductive biomass build-up at the same time. Colonization of niches with accessory nitrogen sources, like buried wood, which is near the plant litter layer, may thus provide an evolutionary fitness advantage. Globally anthropogenically altered nitrogen dynamics may affect hyphal-driven processes as well as fruit body-driven food webs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gymnopilus is an agaricoid genus of mostly wood-rotting mushrooms, with ca. 200 species worldwide distributed, of which 23 of them are currently known in Brazil. In the Amazon region, Gymnopilus taxa correspond mostly to very old names described under Agaricus, later recombined into Gymnopilus, such as G. marasmioides, G. panurensis, G. psamminus, and G. trailii. Based on the examination of a well-annotated exsiccate at the INPA Herbarium, Gymnopilus ianthinilophus is described as a new species. It is characterized by the densely cespitose habit, squarrose pileus with blackish brown squamules, adnate to subdeccurent lamellae with decurrent tooth, violaceous brown stipe, weakly dextrinoid basidiospores 7.6-9.2 × 5.1-6.1 µm, interwoven pileus trama, lageniform with capitate or subcapitate apex cheilocystidia measuring 15.3-25.5 × 5.6-8.2 µm, and absence of pleurocystidia and caulocystidia. Description, photographs, illustrations of the new species, and discussion and comparison with morphologically similar taxa are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Lilloa is the property of Fundacion Miguel Lillo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Genome sequence analyses can provide crucial information for understanding population history, speciation, and taxonomy. In Class Agaricomycetes where most mushroom-forming fungi belong, most species so far have been defined based on morphological, ecological, and/or molecular features. At present, there is little information on how species defined based on such features reflect their genome sequence diversity. In this study, we investigated genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) frequencies between strains within species to understand the patterns of variation. Methods: A total of 112 species in 72 genera of Agaricomycetes contained the nuclear and/or mitochondrial genome sequences from at least two strains each in public databases. Together, we obtained 398 and 106 available nuclear and mitochondrial genomes respectively from these taxa. Pairwise strain comparisons of the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes within individual species were conducted to obtain their SNP frequencies. Results: The SNP frequencies between nuclear genomes within individual species ranged 0–7.69% while for the mitochondrial genome, the pairwise strain SNP frequencies ranged 0–4.41%. The Spearman’s non-parametric rank correlation test showed a weak but statistically significant positive correlation between the paired nuclear and mitochondrial genome SNP frequencies. Overall, we observed a significantly higher SNP frequency in the nuclear genome than in the mitochondrial genomes between strains within most species. Interestingly, across the broad Basidiomycetes, the ratios of mitochondrial genome SNPs and nuclear genome SNPs between pairs of strains within each species were almost all lower than 1, with a mean of 0.24. Conclusions: Our analyses revealed broad variations among species in their intraspecific SNP frequencies in both the nuclear and mitochondrial genomes. However, there was broad consensus among the examined species in their mitochondrial to nuclear genome SNP ratios, suggesting that such a ratio could potentially serve as an indicator for genome sequence-based species identification.

Porodaedalea pini (Brot.) Murrill. a member of the family Hymenochaetaceae and is a highly admirable traditional mushroom for the treatment of various diseases and disorders. The present study aimed to investigate the microscopic and macroscopic features, phytochemical analysis, and antioxidant potential of different extracts of Porodaedalea pini by using the 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl, ferric reduction antioxidant potential assay, total antioxidant capacity, total phenolic content, and total flavonoid content. The DNA nicking assay and polyphenolic detection were carried out for the most potent fraction. After the complete study, it was concluded that the methanolic extract has shown higher antioxidant activity as compared to the hexane, ethyl acetate and chloroform extracts. In the plasmid DNA nicking assay, the methanolic extract has shown a concentration-dependent increase in protective activity. The UHPLC profiling of methanol extract for 12 different standard polyphenolic compounds has shown the presence of all compounds except rutin, ellagic acid, and kaempferol. The presence of these polyphenols might be responsible for its antioxidant activity.

Introduction: The crown clade is one of two major groups in the Russula subg. Russula ., Methods/material: An analysis of Chinese samples was performed based on the morphology, internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences, and multi-gene phylogenies of 28S nrLSU, 16S mtSSU, rpb1 , rpb2 , and tef1-α ., Results: The results supported the independence of six new species: Russula alboflava (sect. Amethystinae ), R. chrysantha (subsect. Chamaeleontinae ), R. liyui (subsect. Laricinae ), R. lutescens (subsect. Olivaceinae ), R. paraxerampelina , and R. prunicolor (subsect. Xerampelinae ) from Fagaceae forest habitats. Subsect. Alboflavinae was newly proposed in sect. Amethystinae . Members of the new subsection include R . alboflava , R. burlinghamiae , and possibly R. ballouii ., Discussion: Our analyses also supported the claim that two species of R. fulvograminea (subsect. Laricinae ) and R. subrubens (subsect. Xerampelinae ) have a Eurasian distribution. The habitat and primary hosts of the main phylogenetic clades within related subsections were summarized and discussed., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Niu, Liu, Zhao, Ren, Zhao, Kang, Qin, Xie, Zhang, Wei, Tian, Li, Li, Li and Li.)

Recent collection of Gloeocantharellus corneri is discovered from Amazonia in the State of Pará, North Brazil. Description, discussion, drawings and photographs are provided.

Integrative taxonomic studies of macrofungal diversity in the Brijuni National Park (Istria County, Croatia) led to the discovery of a second species of Inocybe (Agaricales, Inocybaceae) new to science. Inocybe istriaca sp. nov. is described on the basis of morphological, ecological, and multigene phylogenetic analyses, and its placement within the family Inocybaceae is discussed. The combination of most important morphological characters that distinguish I. istriaca from the other similar Inocybe species are smooth, (sub)amygdaliform, (sub)phaseoliform, or ellipsoid basidiospores (ca. 8.5–12 × 5–7 μm), large basidia (36–45 × 9–15 μm), mostly (sub)fusiform and weakly thick-walled (up to 1.5 μm) metuloid pleurocystidia, and lamellar edge and stipe apex partially covered by a dark resinous substance. The species was collected on the edge of grassland and Mediterranean evergreen holm oak (Quercus ilex) forest. In this study, a total of 14 DNA sequences from four Inocybe species were generated. Two-gene (ITS, LSU) and four-gene (ITS, LSU, rpb2, tef1) phylogenetic analyses confirmed the status of I. istriaca as an independent species.

During an investigation of the macrofungal flora in the Huanglong Mountains of the Loess Plateau, northwest China, a unique gomphoid fungus was discovered and collected. After morphological identification and molecular phylogenetic analyses, a new genus named Luteodorsum and its type species, L. huanglongense, were proposed. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted using datasets of nuclear ribosomal DNA 28S large subunit (LSU), mitochondrial (mt) adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase) subunit 6 (atp6), and mt small-subunit rDNA (mtSSU). The results confirmed that L. huanglongense forms an independent clade within Gomphales, with full maximum likelihood bootstrap support (MLBS), maximum parsimony bootstrap support (MPBS), and Bayesian posterior probability (BPP). L. huanglongense is characterized by its sandy-brown, orange-brown, or coffee-brown color; clavate to infundibuliform shape; wrinkled and ridged hymenophore; ellipsoid to obovoid warted basidiospores; cylindrical to clavate flexuous pleurocystidia; and crystal basal mycelium. Overall, this study contributes to the growing body of knowledge on the diversity and evolution of Gomphales and provides valuable insights into the unique fungal flora found in the Huanglong Mountains.

Panellus is an Agaricales genus with both lamellate and poroid hymenophore. The poroid species are readily overlooked because of their tiny basidiocarps. The Chinese samples of poroid Panellus are studied, and five species, namely Panellus alpinus, Panellus crassiporus, Panellus longistipitatus, Panellus minutissimus, and Panellus palmicola are described as new species based on morphology and molecular phylogenetic analyses inferred from an nrITS dataset and a multi-gene dataset (nrITS C nrLSU C mtSSU C nrSSU C tef1). Panellus alpinus is characterized by its round to ellipsoid pores measuring 4-6 per mm and oblong ellipsoid basidiospores measuring 4.8-6 mm x 2.8-3.6 mm; P. crassiporus differs from other poroid species in the genus by the irregular pores with thick dissepiments and globose basidiospores measuring 8-9.8 mm x 6.9-8 mm; P. longistipitatus is distinguished by its long stipes, pyriform cheilocystidia, and broadly ellipsoid to subglobose basidiospores measuring 7-9.8 mm x 5-7 mm; P. minutissimus is characterized by its tiny and gelatinous basidiocarps, 5-20 pores per basidiocarp, and ellipsoid basidiospores measuring 6-8 mm x 3.2-4.2 mm; P. palmicola is characterized by its round pores measuring 2-4 per mm, the presence of acerose basidioles, and globose basidiospores measuring 7-9.5 mm x 6.2-8.2 mm. An identification key to 20 poroid species of Panellus is provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Auriculariales is a fungal order with highly diverse morphological traits of basidiomes, which partially leads to a poor understanding of its taxonomic system at the generic level. To identify our recently collected specimens of Auriculariales to a species level, we perform a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis of the generic relationships in Auriculariales. In association with morphological characteristics, a new genus Alloexidiopsis belonging to Auriculariaceae is erected with two new species, namely, A. australiensis and A. schistacea. Moreover, Exidiopsis calcea separated from the generic type E. effusa and Heteroradulum niveum and H. yunnanense recently inaccurately described as members of Heteroradulum are recovered in the clade of Alloexidiopsis. These three species are thus transferred to this new genus. One collection of Exidiopsis grisea also falls in the clade of Alloexidiopsis, whereas another collection of this species is separated far from Alloexidiopsis and E. effusa. Since we have no collection to confirm the species identity of E. grisea, its generic position is uncertain. The main taxonomic morphological differences among Alloexidiopsis and related corticioid genera in Auriculariales are summarized. A key to all the five accepted species of Alloexidiopsis is provided. As two unnamed lineages exist in Alloexidiopsis besides the abovementioned five species, it is assumed that more new species will be revealed from this genus under its current circumscription. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lysurus fossatii, a new Lysuraceae species with unique macroscopic features is described and illustrated. Specimens were collected during field expeditions to remnants of the Espinal forest preserved at Estancia Yucat, South-East Córdoba, in central Argentina. The species is diagnosed by a light yellow peridium when immature, with the surface marked by a reticulum corresponding to the peridial sutures. When young and while still enclosed in the peridium, this species can be distinguished by the presence of a small white stipe completely covered by a green gleba. No actual receptacular structure is evidenced and only the stipe supports the gleba. Phylogenetic analyses highly supported the affinity of this species with L. sphaerocephalus in a close clade of L. cruciatus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The genus Gomphocantharellus and species Gomphocantharellus cylindrosporus are proposed as new based on morphological assessments and molecular phylogenetic evidence inferred from nucleotide sequences of mitochondrial (mt) adenosine triphosphate (ATPase) subunit 6 (atp6) and mt small subunit rDNA (mtSSU). Basidiomes of G. cylindrosporus are characterized by the peach to pinkish orange color, cantharelloid habit with a gill-like hymenophore with obtuse edges, smooth and cylindrical to allantoid basidiospores, and cylindrical to narrowly clavate flexuous pleurocystidia. The species resembles a species of Cantharellus but differs from the latter by the cylindrical basidiospores. Phylogenetic analyses confirm the placement of Gomphocantharellus as an independent lineage within the order Gomphales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted at 10 sites in Kishtwar High Altitude National Park (KHANP), Jammu and Kashmir, India, with the objective to analyse the diversity and distribution of macrofungal communities. A total of 40 permanent plots (four plots in each site) were established and macrofungal fruiting bodies were recorded monthly from each plot between July 2015 and October 2017. Diversity indices and canonical correspondence analysis were applied to determine the composition and environmental factors responsible for structuring the macrofungal communities in the study area. In total, 83 wild macrofungal species were identified belonging to 35 genera, 24 families and 9 orders. Humicolous fungi were the most dominant group of macrofungi contributing 71.8% of the total dominance, followed by lignicolous fungi (11.8%). The distribution of fruiting bodies of macrofungal species was mainly in groups, i.e. aggregated pattern (75.9%). The diversity indices varied from 20 to 37 (richness), 2.04 to 3.16 (Menhinick), 4.14 to 7.25 (Margalef), 0.03 to 0.06 (Simpson’s dominance), 2.91 to 3.49 (Shannon– Wiener’s diversity), 0.86 to 0.95 (evenness), 7.69 to 16.29 (Fisher’s alpha) and 0.05 to 0.12 (Berger–Parker diversity). Canonical correspondence analysis revealed that Scleroderma verrucosum, Boletus granulatus and Ramaria formosa were the most important species, and that mean temperature and rainfall were the key environmental factors responsible for the diversity and distribution of macrofungi in the present study. The present study was conducted at 10 sites in Kishtwar High Altitude National Park (KHANP), Jammu and Kashmir, India, with the objective to analyse the diversity and distribution of macrofungal communities. A total of 40 permanent plots (four plots in each site) were established and macrofungal fruiting bodies were recorded monthly from each plot between July 2015 and October 2017. Diversity indices and canonical correspondence analysis were applied to determine the composition and environmental factors responsible for structuring the macrofungal communities in the study area. In total, 83 wild macrofungal species were identified belonging to 35 genera, 24 families and 9 orders. Humicolous fungi were the most dominant group of macrofungi contributing 71.8% of the total dominance, followed by lignicolous fungi (11.8%). The distribution of fruiting bodies of macrofungal species was mainly in groups, i.e. aggregated pattern (75.9%). The diversity indices varied from 20 to 37 (richness), 2.04 to 3.16 (Menhinick), 4.14 to 7.25 (Margalef), 0.03 to 0.06 (Simpson’s dominance), 2.91 to 3.49 (Shannon– Wiener’s diversity), 0.86 to 0.95 (evenness), 7.69 to 16.29 (Fisher’s alpha) and 0.05 to 0.12 (Berger–Parker diversity). Canonical correspondence analysis revealed that Scleroderma verrucosum, Boletus granulatus and Ramaria formosa were the most important species, and that mean temperature and rainfall were the key environmental factors responsible for the diversity and distribution of macrofungi in the present study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Macrofungal forays in different parts of Himalaya made it possible to gather a couple of interesting species of agarics. Two of them belonging to Cortinarius subg. Telamonia are dealt with in this paper. Cortinarius dombangensis, a member of sect. Hinnulei is proposed here as a new species and C. longistipitatus, a member of sect. Uracei subsect. Bulliardii is reported for the first time from India. Both taxa are described and illustrated with morphological description, illustrations and phylogenetic estimation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Taxonomic spectra, i.e. relations between supraspecific taxa by the number of included species, remain poorly understood in aspect of the mathematical properties. We studied taxonomic spectra of plants (Magnoliophyta, Bryophyta), animals (Coleoptera, Aves), fungi (Agaricomycetes) and terrestrial protists (Myxomycetes), found in the Homilsha Forests National Nature Park (North-East of Ukraine), and concluded that they correspond to the hollow-curve distribution at the level of genera, families and orders. The spectra of most taxa, as shown by the Akaike information criterion, are closely approximated by the log-series distribution model at all taxonomic levels. This type of distribution is typical for the species abundance curves, based on collections made from small areas. At the same time, in the genera–families–orders row the similarity to the lognormal distribution increases. The central values and variability vary considerably between different taxonomic groups and ranks, however, without affecting the type of distribution. The number of orders in all taxa except Bryophyta has reached the saturation and coincides with the curve of the estimated number of orders according to the Chao1 coefficient. For families and especially genera the correspondence with estimated number of species is much lower. Our results do not confirm the assumption that hollow-curve distributions of taxonomic spectra result from the artificial fragmentation of taxa. These distributions neither depend on the insufficient knowledge about the species composition at the locality, nor reflect the size of the studied area. The presence of such distributions in both local and global biota of different groups may be explained by the common features of their evolution, especially by the existence of relict orphan groups. The fact that in Homilsha Forests the kurtosis and skewness of distributions decreases in the genera–families–orders row can therefore be explained by the relatively low percentage of the high-rank orphan taxa in the local biota. This may be a common feature of communities studied at small geographical scale, since orphan taxa often demonstrate a high level of endemism. Comparative studies of local communities from different climate zones may help to understand how universal are the patterns, described herein.

The article provides information about new for Azerbaijan records of agaricoid fungi collected during the field trips in 2016–2019. In particular, 18 taxa (Agaricus porphyrizon, Amanita strobiliformis, Aureoboletus gentilis, A. moravicus, Clavulina cinerea, C. coralloides, Clitocybe martiorum, Lactarius acerrimus, L. evosmus, L. mairei, Ramaria formosa, Russula aurora, R. heterophylla f. adusta, R. melitodes, R. melliolens, R. velenovskyi, Scleroderma areolatum, Tricholoma columbetta, T. fracticum) belonging to ten genera, eight families, and five orders are reported. The data on the distribution patterns and habitats for each taxon are provided. The recorded mushrooms belong to two ecological groups: humus saprotrophs are represented by three species (Agaricus porphyrizon, Clavulina coralloides, and Clitocybe martiorum) while the remaining 14 species and one form are mycorrhizal. Data on conservation status in the European countries for Amanita strobiliformis, as well as for representatives of the genera Aureoboletus, Russula, Tricholoma, and Lactarius, are provided.

در چارچوب شناسایی گروه‌های مختلف قارچ‌های ماکروسکوپی ایران، نمونه‌هایی از یک قارچ چماقی شکل، از جنگل های سنگده واقع در استان مازندران، در پاییز 1401 جمع‌آوری گردید. اندام‌های بارده به شکل چماقی کشیده، به طول تا 25 سانتی‌ متر و به عرض تا 8 میلی متر، در بخش عریض نوک اندام بارده و به رنگ آجری تا قهوه‌ای کمرنگ بودند. این اندام‌ها به شکل انفرادی یا در گروه‌هایی روی قطعات چوب و متصل به آن‌ها رشد کرده بودند. مشاهدات میکروسکوپی نشان داد، بازیدیوسپورها اشکی شکل، به ابعاد 8-5 × 15-10 میکرومتر، بی‌رنگ و غیرآمیلویید و نقش اسپوری سفیدرنگ بود. براساس مشخصات فوق، نمونه‌ها تحت نام Macrotyphula fistulosa (Holmsk.) R.H. Petersen (Agaricomycetes, Typhulaceae) شناسایی شدند. این نخستین گزارش از گونه‌ای از جنس Macrotyphula از ایران می‌باشد. این گونه دارای پراکنش جغرافیایی گسترده‌ای در اروپا و آمریکا می‌باشد.