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The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) addition on the antibacterial and surface hardness characteristics of two commercial resin-based dental composites (RBDCs). A total of two hundred and seventy (n = 270) specimens from Filtek Z250 Universal and Filtek Z350 XT flowable RBDCs were fabricated with the addition of CPC at 2 %wt and 4 %wt concentrations to assess their antibacterial activity using the agar diffusion test and direct contact inhibition test, and their surface hardness using the Vickers microhardness test after 1 day, 30 days, and 90 days of aging. A surface morphology analysis of the specimens was performed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The RBDCs that contained 2 %wt and 4 %wt CPC demonstrated significant antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans up to 90 days, with the highest activity observed for the 4 %wt concentration. Nevertheless, there was a reduction in antibacterial effectiveness over time. Moreover, compared to the control (0 %wt) and 2 %wt CPC groups, the universal RBDCs containing 4 %wt CPC exhibited a notable decrease in surface hardness, while all groups showed a decline in hardness over time. In conclusion, the satisfactory combination of the antibacterial effect and surface hardness property of RBDCs was revealed with the addition of a 2 %wt CPC concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Recent research has demonstrated that platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) is an appropriate carrier for ampicillin/sulbactam. The aim of the study was to investigate whether PRF is also a suitable bio-carrier for clindamycin (CLI). Methods: PRF membranes were produced from 36 patients receiving intravenous therapy with CLI (e.g. due to the diagnosis of an osteonecrosis of the jaw or infections). Concentrations of CLI in PRF membranes were measured with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, and the antimicrobial effects were investigated in vitro in agar diffusion tests with fresh PRF and PRF stored for 24 h. Storage was performed in an incubator at 36 °C to simulate the in-vivo situation. Results: The mean concentration of CLI in plasma was 1.0 ± 0.3 μg/100 mg plasma; in resulting PRF membranes 0.7 ± 0.4 μg/100 mg PRF. Agar diffusion tests were performed with Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus mitis, Porphyromonas gingivalis, and Fusobacterium nucleatum. Mean inhibition zones, in mm, for fresh PRF were 17.3, 12.2, 18.8, 17.1, 25.8 and 18.1, 12.7, 19.2, 17.3, and 26.3 for stored PRF, respectively. Conclusion: The results demonstrate that PRF is a suitable bio-carrier for CLI when administered systemically to patients. The concentration in PRF generated from patients after infusion of 600 mg CLI dose suffices to target clinically relevant bacteria. Clinical relevance: Using PRF as a carrier for local antibiotic application can prevent infections in oral and maxillofacial surgery. Within the study limitations, the findings could expand the scope of PRF application by adding CLI as a new antibiotic to the spectrum of PRF therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Different platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) protocols exist and are known to differ in resulting mechanical and bioactive properties. Centrifugation parameters may also influence drug release, in particular antibiotics, when using PRF as a bio-carrier. We thus evaluated three common protocols regarding effects on the bio-carrier properties. Materials and methods: In a prospective trial comprising 33 patients, we compared different protocols for PRF as a bio-carrier for ampicillin/sulbactam (SAM). Blood samples were taken shortly after a single dose of ampicillin/sulbactam (2 g/1 g) was administered to patients intravenously. PRF was obtained by centrifugation and three protocols were used: protocol A (1300 rpm, 8 min, RCF-max = 208 g), B (2300 rpm, 12 min, RCF-max = 652 g), and C (1500 rpm, 14 min, RCF-max = 276 g). The antibacterial activity of PRF was investigated against five oral species in vitro, based on agar diffusion methodology. Results: The study demonstrates that a single dose of SAM is sufficient to reach high concentrations in PRF in all protocols (150 µg/ml), which is comparable to the plasma SAM concentration. Antibacterial activity was inferred from the diameter of inhibition zones seen in agar diffusion tests using PRF discs. Protocol B resulted in the largest inhibition zones. One-way ANOVA revealed statistically improved results for protocol B for some bacteria. Conclusions: The study provides valuable data on PRF antibiotic enrichment, notably SAM. A single dose of SAM is sufficient to reach clinically relevant concentrations in PRF. Clinical relevance: These findings potentially extend the application of PRF, for example in patients with osteonecrosis of the jaw or in oral surgery (e.g., stick bone). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) addition on the antibacterial and surface hardness characteristics of two commercial resin-based dental composites (RBDCs). A total of two hundred and seventy (n = 270) specimens from Filtek Z250 Universal and Filtek Z350 XT flowable RBDCs were fabricated with the addition of CPC at 2 %wt and 4 %wt concentrations to assess their antibacterial activity using the agar diffusion test and direct contact inhibition test, and their surface hardness using the Vickers microhardness test after 1 day, 30 days, and 90 days of aging. A surface morphology analysis of the specimens was performed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The RBDCs that contained 2 %wt and 4 %wt CPC demonstrated significant antibacterial activity against Streptococcus mutans up to 90 days, with the highest activity observed for the 4 %wt concentration. Nevertheless, there was a reduction in antibacterial effectiveness over time. Moreover, compared to the control (0 %wt) and 2 %wt CPC groups, the universal RBDCs containing 4 %wt CPC exhibited a notable decrease in surface hardness, while all groups showed a decline in hardness over time. In conclusion, the satisfactory combination of the antibacterial effect and surface hardness property of RBDCs was revealed with the addition of a 2 %wt CPC concentration.

(1) Background: recently, the use of alcohol-based hand sanitizers (ABHSs) has become very frequent, and an evaluation of the stability and effectiveness of their formulations is a critical topic which should be carefully considered. (2) Methods: starting from the characterization of the hand sanitizers object of the study, our interest was focused on their rheological behavior in order to confirm their intrinsic features, but also the stability of each formulation in different conditions of shear and temperature; the second aspect concerns the antimicrobial assessment through a panel of in vitro and in vivo experimental trials. (3) Results: rheological investigation confirmed good stability for the two hand sanitizers in gel formula with respect to the reference in liquid formula; the antimicrobial activity evaluation showed good efficacy of each formulation both in vitro and in vivo. (4) Conclusions: altogether, our overview presents a valid quality control assessment to ensure the stability and efficacy of an alcohol-based hand sanitizer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Mechanisms of wound healing are often impaired in patients with osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ). According to the guidelines for the treatment of this disease, early surgical intervention is indicated. However, surgery often faces complications such as wound healing disorders. The application of platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) after necrosectomy between bone and mucosa may constitute a promising approach to improve surgical results. An aspect that was not investigated until now is that PRF acts as a "bio-carrier" for antibiotics previously applied intravenously. Materials and methods: We investigated the antimicrobial properties of PRF in 24 patients presenting ONJ undergoing systemic antibiosis with ampicillin/sulbactam. We measured the concentration of ampicillin/sulbactam in plasma and PRF and performed agar diffusion tests. Ampicillin/sulbactam was applied intravenously to the patient 10 minutes for blood sampling for PRF. No further incorporation of patients' blood or PRF product with antibiotic drugs was obtained. Four healthy patients served as controls. Results: Our results revealed that PRF is highly enriched with ampicillin/sulbactam that is released to the environment. The antibiotic concentration in PRF was comparable to the plasma concentration of ampicillin/sulbactam. The inhibition zone (IZ) of PRF was comparable to the standard ampicillin/sulbactam discs used in sensitivity testing. Conclusions: The results of our study demonstrated that PRF is a reliable bio-carrier for systemic applied antibiotics and exhibits a large antimicrobial effect. Clinical relevance: We describe a clinically useful feature of PRF as a bio-carrier for antibiotics. Especially when applied to poorly perfused tissues and bone such as in ONJ, the local release of antibiotics can reduce wound healing disorders like infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the common postoperative complications observed after various periodontal surgeries, and sutures play a vital role in its causation. Thus, the aim of this study is to evaluate and compare the efficacy of a novel tetracycline-coated suture with triclosan-coated and nonantibacterial-coated sutures on bacterial load reduction to prevent SSI by measuring the zone of inhibition. Materials and Methods: Twenty systemically healthy individuals with moderate chronic periodontitis were included in this study. Fresh unstimulated saliva was collected from each patient and inoculated on three different blood agar plates. Sutures were divided into three groups (Group A: Tetracycline-coated suture, Group B: Triclosan-coated suture, Group C [control group]: Nonantibacterial-coated suture). The antibacterial efficacy of each suture was evaluated by performing agar diffusion test. The zone of inhibition around each suture was calculated, and statistical analysis was performed for the same using Kruskall–Wallis ANOVA test and Mann–Whitney U-test. Results: On intergroup comparison, there was a statistically highly significant difference seen for the zone of inhibition between the groups (P < 0.01) with the highest values in Group A (14.45 mm), followed by Group B (1.4 mm) and least in Group C (0 mm). Conclusion: Tetracycline-coated suture is more efficacious than triclosan-coated suture to reduce bacterial load and further prevent SSIs. However, in vivo clinical trial is must to prove the same. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the common postoperative complications observed after various periodontal surgeries, and sutures play a vital role in its causation. Thus, the aim of this study is to evaluate and compare the efficacy of a novel tetracycline-coated suture with triclosan-coated and nonantibacterial-coated sutures on bacterial load reduction to prevent SSI by measuring the zone of inhibition. Materials and Methods: Twenty systemically healthy individuals with moderate chronic periodontitis were included in this study. Fresh unstimulated saliva was collected from each patient and inoculated on three different blood agar plates. Sutures were divided into three groups (Group A: Tetracycline-coated suture, Group B: Triclosan-coated suture, Group C [control group]: Nonantibacterial-coated suture). The antibacterial efficacy of each suture was evaluated by performing agar diffusion test. The zone of inhibition around each suture was calculated, and statistical analysis was performed for the same using Kruskall–Wallis ANOVA test and Mann–Whitney U-test. Results: On intergroup comparison, there was a statistically highly significant difference seen for the zone of inhibition between the groups (P < 0.01) with the highest values in Group A (14.45 mm), followed by Group B (1.4 mm) and least in Group C (0 mm). Conclusion: Tetracycline-coated suture is more efficacious than triclosan-coated suture to reduce bacterial load and further prevent SSIs. However, in vivo clinical trial is must to prove the same.

Aims: This study aims to prepare a new formula by thymol crystals incorporation into locally prepared zinc oxide-guaiacol root canal sealer and evaluating the antibacterial activity and comparing the results with zinc oxide eugenol-based root canal sealer. Materials and Methods: The addition of thymol crystals at three different concentrations (2%, 5%, and 10%) to improve the antibacterial activity of zinc oxide-guaiacol endodontic sealer was done: 40 Petri plates of Enterococcus agar media were used, each plate with five wells. Petri plates divided into four groups incubation intervals (1, 2, 3, and 7 days) for each type, using agar diffusion test (ADT) with 0.5 McFarland turbidity standards and statistically analyzed using descriptive statistics, a one-way ANOVA test, and Duncan's Multiple Range Test. Results: The thymol incorporated zinc oxide-guaiacol sealer groups at studied concentrations (2%, 5%, and 10% ) produced bacterial growth inhibition zones persisted at all incubation time intervals at (1, 2, 3, and 7 days) and high significantly at p≤0.01 than that of zinc oxide eugenol based sealer. There is a significant reduction at p≤0.01 in antibacterial efficacy in all incorporation groups at 7 days incubation period, 5% thymol incorporation group with significant largest bacterial growth inhibition zones for all incubation periods. Conclusions: This study concluded that the pre-pared zinc oxide - guaiacol sealer formulas with three studied thymol crystals concentrations having better antibacterial efficacy than that of zinc oxide eugenol root canal sealer, 5% thymol incorporation formula is the best in antibacterial activity than others.

The aim of this study is to determine the antimicrobial effects of eight different canal sealants used in dentistry against five different standard strains and five clinical isolates by direct exposure test and agar diffusion test. In vitro antimicrobial effects of EndoSequence BC, Well Root ST, MTA-Fillapex, Ortho-MTA, AH Plus, 2 Seal, Sealapex, Adseal sealers to S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, E. faecalis, C. albicans and S. mutans (5 clinical isolates and 5 standard strains), were investigated by the direct exposure test and the agar diffusion test. In periods of 24h, 48h and 72 hours, zone of growth inhibition were measured. Results observed by agar diffusion test exhibited that Adseal sealer occurred the strongest antimicrobial activity to S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, S. mutans. In addition to this, 2 Seal sealer presented strongest antimicrobial activity to E. faecalis and C. albicans. All root canal sealers have been shown to have antimicrobial activity after 48 hours at the latest by direct exposure test. All sealers showed an antimicrobial effect by creating inhibition zones of different degrees against all microorganisms. All sealers have higher antimicrobial activity against clinical isolates than standard strains. In order for the root canal sealers to be effective against these microorganisms, they must be provided with a certain incubation period. In addition, reference studies should be made globally and periodically by the world dental authorities to determine the antimicrobial activities of these sealers. These studies should be taken as a reference by dentists at the application stage. [Med-Science 2021; 10(2.000): 586-91]

Aim: The aim and objective of this in vitro study was to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of root canal sealers (bioceramic [BC] sealer, Epiphany self-etch sealer, and AH-Plus sealer) on Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans. Materials and Methods: An agar well diffusion assay method was used to determine the efficacy of the root canal sealer against S. aureus (ATCC 6538) and C. albicans (ATCC 10231). Root canal sealers were divided into three groups: BC sealer, Epiphany self-etch sealer, and AH-Plus sealer, and the standard antibiotic disc of amoxiclav and fluconazole was kept as a control against S. aureus and C. albicans. The diameters of the growth inhibition zones against S. aureus and C. albicans for each group were recorded and compared at 24 h. The differences between groups were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc tests for intergroup analysis. Results: AH-Plus sealer exhibited a larger zone of inhibition than the other two sealers against S. aureus and C. albicans at 24 h. The standard antibiotic disc of fluconazole, which was used as a control against C. albicans, exhibited a higher antimicrobial activity than the AH-Plus sealer at 24 h, whereas Epiphany self-etch sealer showed the least antimicrobial activity against S. aureus and C. albicans. Conclusion: The AH-plus root canal sealer exhibits a better antibacterial action against S. aureus and C. albican s at 24 h.

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The aim of this study is to determine the antimicrobial effects of eight different canal sealants used in dentistry against five different standard strains and five clinical isolates by direct exposure test and agar diffusion test. In vitro antimicrobial effects of EndoSequence BC, Well Root ST, MTA-Fillapex, Ortho-MTA, AH Plus, 2 Seal, Sealapex, Adseal sealers to S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, E. faecalis, C. albicans and S. mutans (5 clinical isolates and 5 standard strains), were investigated by the direct exposure test and the agar diffusion test. In periods of 24h, 48h and 72 hours, zone of growth inhibition were measured. Results observed by agar diffusion test exhibited that Adseal sealer occurred the strongest antimicrobial activity to S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, S. mutans. In addition to this, 2 Seal sealer presented strongest antimicrobial activity to E. faecalis and C. albicans. All root canal sealers have been shown to have antimicrobial activity after 48 hours at the latest by direct exposure test. All sealers showed an antimicrobial effect by creating inhibition zones of different degrees against all microorganisms. All sealers have higher antimicrobial activity against clinical isolates than standard strains. In order for the root canal sealers to be effective against these microorganisms, they must be provided with a certain incubation period. In addition, reference studies should be made globally and periodically by the world dental authorities to determine the antimicrobial activities of these sealers. These studies should be taken as a reference by dentists at the application stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract. Lately, essential oils have started to receive an increased attention as well from the prime consumers as from the scientific community, as people are beginning to be more interested to invest in a healthy lifestyle. Their complex composition grants them multiple effects including antibacterial, antiviral and antifungal effects, which led them to be envisioned as a valuable alternative for the extensive use of antibiotics, as bacteria started to develop resistance and become more difficult to treat. In this study we compared the antibacterial and antifungal effects of basil essential oil and basil essential oil exposed to an electric field on six bacterial strains and one strain of C. albicans. To meet our objective, we’ve used the agar diffusion method. Our results showed that basil essential oil has a mild inhibitory effect on most of the bacteria and on C. albicans. Additionally, the basil essential oil exposed to the electric field mostly kept the same profile, even though it proved that it caused a slight decrease in the values of the inhibition potential of basil essential oil, except for S. enteritidis, where it showed an increase in its antibiotic capacity.

Purpose: The objective of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial activity (ABA), Vickers microhardness numbers (VHN) and cumulative fluoride-releasing (CFR) patterns of conventional glass ionomer cement (GIC) containing AB agents. Methods: Chlorhexidine (CHX), Cetrimide (CT) and Cetylpyridinum Chloride (CPC) were added to the powder and Benzalkonium Chloride (BC) was added to liquid of GIC in concentrations of 1% and served as the experimental group (EG). Antibacterial-free GIC was used a control group (CG). Results: Compared to the CG, a statistically significantly higher level of ABA was detected at the 1st and 7th day against Streptococcus mutans (SM) and on all days against Lactobacillus casei (LC). The CG had statistically significantly high microhardness values in all time periods compared to the EG. With regard to fluoride ion release, there was no statistical difference between CG and EG at all times. A statistically significant increase was observed in both CG and EG during the 1st day to the 30th day. Conclusion: The results of this in vitro investigation demonstrated that AB agents added to the GIC can exhibit AB effects against SM and LC without seriously damaging the physical and chemical properties of the material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: Evaluation in vitro the antibacterial effect of new bioactive composite restorative material (Activa) in comparison to two different bioactive materials on Streptococcus mutans, and lactobacillus acidophilus. Materials and Method: Three types of bioactive restorative materials were used. The materials used in this study were Bioactive composite Activabioactive composite (A1), FUJI II LCCapsules (A2) and Fuji IX Extra Capsules (A3). Each restorative materialwere manipulated in accordance with manufacturer’s guidelines and embedded in wells made-up inplates of trypticase soy agar seeded with Streptococcus mutans (B1) and Lactobacillus MRS agar seeded with Lactobacillusacidophilus (B2). The antibacterial activity was evaluated by using a caliper to measure the diameter of growth inhibitionzones after 1 day, 1 week, 2weeks and3weeks. Results: The results of the tested materials were collected, statistically analyzed using the ANOVA test to determine the difference between the mean diameters of the inhibition zone produced. The results indicate that Fuji IX hadhigher antibacterial effects in comparison with the other Activa Bioactive materials and FujiII LC. Conclusion: All three different bioactive materials promoted growth inhibition of the cariogenic bacteria assayed. Fuji IX glass-ionomer showed the highest efficacy and durability against the tested strains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Cements possessing antibacterial properties may reduce bacteria-induced fixed partial denture complications. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the antibacterial properties of 4 dental cements using the direct contact test (DCT) and the agar diffusion test (ADT). Method and Materials: The ADT was performed using mitis salivarius agar plates. Each plate was evenly inoculated with freshly grown mutans streptococci. Two samples of each test material—RelyX ARC, Variolink II, GC FujiCEM, and Principle—were placed, and the inhibition halo obtained was measured after 48 hours. For the DCT, 8 samples were placed on the sidewalls of wells in a 96-well microtiter plate. After polymerization, freshly grown Streptococcus mutans cells (1 X 106) were placed on the surface of each sample for 1 hour at 37°C. Fresh medium was then added to each well, and bacterial growth was followed for 16 hours in a temperature-controlled spectrophotometer. Similarly prepared samples were aged in phosphate-buffered saline for 1 or 7 days and the DCT was repeated. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey multiple comparisons were applied to the data. Results: In the ADT, GC FujiCEM showed an inhibition zone of 2.0 ± 0.3 mm, and Principle showed an inhibition zone of 1.2 ± 0.2 mm. In the DCT, freshly polymerized samples of GC FujiCEM and Principle exhibited potent antibacterial properties, while samples of Variolink II and RelyX ARC showed moderate antibacterial properties. Principle showed some antibacterial properties even after 1 day (P < .001). Conclusion: None of the tested cements in this study possesses long-term antibacterial properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the antibacterial effect of chlorhexidine and calcium hydroxide slow-release devices on oral bacteria. Method and Materials: The agar diffusion test was used to evaluate the antibacterial effect of the slow-release devices Activ Point (chlorhexidine; Roeko) and Calcium Hydroxide Plus Point (Roeko) on 8 anaerobic and 2 facultative oral bacterial strains, as well as 2 bacterial cultures randomly sampled from necrotic root canals and incubated in anaerobic and aerobic broth for 48 hours. The efficiency of the medicaments against the various strains was evaluated using a nonparametric test (Friedman type) and a second nonparametric test (Wilcoxon's signed rank test). Results: Activ Point produced significantly larger inhibition zones (P < .001) than the calcium hydroxide slow-release device around all tested bacterial strains. Conclusion: The chlorhexidine slow-release device (Activ Point) exhibited significant antibacterial activity in the agar diffusion test and merits study as an intracanal medicament. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background. Elimination of bacteria from the root canal system is one of the aims of endodontic treatment; hence the incorporation of antibiotics into sealers can increase their antimicrobial efficacy. The aim of the present study was to determine the in vitro antimicrobial effects of AH26 and AH Plus sealers mixed with amoxicillin, triple antibiotic paste and nanosilver on Enterococcus faecalis. Methods. In this experiment, amoxicillin, triple antibiotic paste and nanosilver powder were added at 10% of the total sealer weight to AH26 and AH Plus sealers and then cultured freshly or after 1, 3, and 7 days with suspension of E. faecalis for 24 hours. The zones of growth inhibition for E. faecalis were evaluated in each group. Results. Incorporation of nanosilver did not increase antibacterial effects of the sealers. Sealers combined with amoxicillin exhibited the highest antibacterial efficacy in fresh condition. In the set specimens, the results demonstrated that the mixture of sealers and triple antibiotic pastes exhibited the greatest antibacterial efficacy. Conclusion. Amoxicillin and triple antibiotic paste significantly improved the antibacterial properties of AH Plus and AH26 sealers. Such properties decreased with time, but the use of sealer-amoxicillin/triple paste combination was still superior to using sealers alone or in combination with nanosilver.

Aim: This study aims to evaluate and compare the antibacterial potential of biodentine and mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) cement against Streptococcus mutans and Enterococcus faecalis. Materials and Methods: Biodentine and MTA were used to assess the antibacterial efficacy against S. mutans and E. faecalis., using the agar well diffusion test. Agar plates were incubated at 37°C for 24 h in an incubator. The diameter of bacterial inhibition zones around each well was measured to the nearest size in mm with a digital caliper. Results: Inhibition zones formed by Biodentine against S. mutans and E. faecalis were significantly larger than the zones formed by MTA (P < 0.05). Conclusion: From the present study, it can be concluded that Biodentine and MTA have antimicrobial activity against S. mutans and E. faecalis, but higher mean zone of inhibition was recorded in biodentine.

Introduction: Sodium hypochlorite is the most commonly used root canal irrigant in endodontics. Although, it is a highly effective antimicrobial agent, it is highly cytotoxic. This study has focused on search of alternative herbal irrigants which is more biocompatible. Aim: To evaluate antimicrobial efficacy of ethanolic garlic-lemon and fresh garlic-lemon mixture in comparison with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite against E. faecalis at different intervals (first, third and sixth day). Materials and Methods: Extracts were divided into three groups: Group 1-ethanolic garlic-lemon extract, Group 2-fresh garlic-lemon and Group 3-2.5% sodium hypochlorite. The antimicrobial activity was determined using agar diffusion test. Zone of inhibition of bacterial growth was recorded for one, three and six days. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way Anova and post-hoc Bonferroni test. Results: On first day, sodium hypochlorite showed maximum inhibitory effect compared to ethanol and fresh garlic-lemon extract. On third day, ethanolic extract of garlic-lemon showed significant maximum inhibitory effect followed by sodium hypochlorite and fresh garlic-lemon extract. On sixth day, ethanolic extract of garlic-lemon showed significant inhibitory effect followed by fresh garlic-lemon extract and sodium hypochlorite. Conclusion: In this study, herbal extract has showed increased antimicrobial efficacy when compared to sodium hypochlorite. Ethanolic extract has showed maximum inhibitory effect compared to fresh garlic-lemon and sodium hypochlorite.

Bacteriostatic action of a biocidal agent results from the cumulative impact of different kinetics, including those of bacterial growth, mass transfer of the agent and its antibacterial action against the targeted bacteria. Current studies on bacteriostatic effects always directly consider the combination of these kinetics at given times, without discrimination between each other. This work introduces a novel approach, consisting of first studying independently, by the experiment and the model, the different kinetics involved, and then in coupling these kinetics to obtain a model that will be confronted with experimental data. An agar diffusion test with silver ions against Escherichia coli bacteria was implemented herein to assess the relevance of this approach. This work achieved to characterize the different kinetics and to propose a dynamic model combining them, which fits the experimental data with a silver diffusivity in the biofilm fixed to 7.0 ± 0.1 × 10−12 m2 s−1. This study also proves that the diffusive phenomenon was limiting the bacteriostatic action of silver ions over the test duration.

Aim: The main aim of the study is to compare the antibacterial effect of Silver nanoparticle gel alone and combination of silver nanoparticle gel with various medicaments. Materials and Methods: Intracanal dressings: Group 1 –Silver Nanocure gel, Group 2 - Silver Nanocure gel+ Cavisept gel(1:1),Group 3- Silver Nanocure gel+ Aveu-Cal gel(1:1) ,Group 4 – Silver Nanocure gel +Cavisept gel +Aveu-Cal gel(1:1:1) were taken on a culture plate inoculated with E.faecalis. Antibacterial activity was assessed using Agar diffusion test and results were noted as diameter of growth inhibition zone. Statistical Analysis: Student t –test was used to analyse results. Results: The diameter of combination of Silver nanocure gel+Cavisept +Aveu-Cal gel(1:1:1) was highest in comparison to other medicaments tested. Conclusion: Intracanal dressing with a combination of all the three {Silver nanocure gel+Cavisept +Aveu-Cal gel(1:1:1) } is the best treatment for elimination of highly resistant Enterococcus faecalis in root canals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Sodium hypochlorite is the most commonly used root canal irrigant in endodontics. Although, it is a highly effective antimicrobial agent, it is highly cytotoxic. This study has focused on search of alternative herbal irrigants which is more biocompatible. Aim: To evaluate antimicrobial efficacy of ethanolic garlic-lemon and fresh garlic-lemon mixture in comparison with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite against E. faecalis at different intervals (first, third and sixth day). Materials and Methods: Extracts were divided into three groups: Group 1-ethanolic garlic-lemon extract, Group 2-fresh garlic-lemon and Group 3-2.5% sodium hypochlorite. The antimicrobial activity was determined using agar diffusion test. Zone of inhibition of bacterial growth was recorded for one, three and six days. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way Anova and post-hoc Bonferroni test. Results: On first day, sodium hypochlorite showed maximum inhibitory effect compared to ethanol and fresh garlic-lemon extract. On third day, ethanolic extract of garlic-lemon showed significant maximum inhibitory effect followed by sodium hypochlorite and fresh garlic-lemon extract. On sixth day, ethanolic extract of garlic-lemon showed significant inhibitory effect followed by fresh garlic-lemon extract and sodium hypochlorite. Conclusion: In this study, herbal extract has showed increased antimicrobial efficacy when compared to sodium hypochlorite. Ethanolic extract has showed maximum inhibitory effect compared to fresh garlic-lemon and sodium hypochlorite. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The study investigated and compared the antimicrobial efficacy of 5%Doxycycline, 5%Tetracycline, 5%Metronidazole and 2.5%NaOCl used alone or in combinations against E.faecalis. Material & Methods: The testorganismE.faecalis was streaked on agar plates.A total of 140 wells, 20 for each group were made in 50 plates.5gms of each powder was mixed with 100ml of ionized water. This 50ìl of the test irrigant solution were pipetted into each well and placed in a CO2incubator at 37°C for 48 hours. The seven groups were are as follows: Group A:2.5%NaOCl,Group B: 5%Tetracycline, Group C: 5%Metronidazole, Group D: 5%Doxycycline, Group E: 5%Doxycycline+2.5%NaOCl, Group F: 5%Tetracycline+2.5%NaOCl, Group G: 5%Metronidazole+2.5%NaOCl. The zones of inhibition were measured using a mm scale. Agar diffusion test was done to evaluate the antimicrobial efficacy of the various intracanal irrigantsand the results was statistically analyzed using ANOVA and Post hoc Tukey's test. Results: Group E showed highly significant differences amongst all the groups and GroupCand GroupAshowed non-significant differences amongst all. Conclusion:Combination of 5%Doxycycline and 2.5%NaOCl is more effective irrigant amongst all the experimental groups againstE.faecalis while Metronidazole and NaOClshows least antimicrobial effect against E.faecalis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to investigate the antibacterial activity of various adhesive materials against five different oral streptococci. The antibacterial activity of the adhesive systems was evaluated using agar diffusion tests. In each section of each plate, 6-mm-diameter wells were created with sterilized glass cylinders. Ten microlitres of self-etch adhesives and control materials were applied into the shallow holes. After incubation at 37 °C for 24 h, the growth inhibition zones were measured in millimetres. Statistical analyses were performed by using two-way analysis of variance and the Tukey's multiple range test (p < 0.05). A statistically significant difference was found between inhibition zones of oral streptococci cultivated with different adhesive systems (p < 0.01). Clearfil Protect Bond exhibited larger inhibition zones than the other materials that were used against the oral streptococci. The antibacterial effects observed for the different tested adhesive systems may be related to 12-methacryloyloxy dodecyl-pyridinium bromide and the acidic nature of the materials.