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The subgenus Stenocranius contains two cryptic species: Lasiopodomys gregalis (subdivided into three allopatrically distributed and genetically well‐isolated lineages A, B, and C) and Lasiopodomys raddei. To identify karyotype characteristics of this poorly studied cryptic species complex, we used comparative cytogenetic analysis of 138 individuals from 41 localities in South Siberia and Mongolia. A detailed description of the L. raddei karyotype and of the L. gregalis lineage С karyotype is presented for the first time. The A chromosome complement of all examined narrow‐headed voles consisted of 2n = 36 and a fundamental number of autosomal arms (FNa) of 50. Between species, patterns of differential staining were similar, though additional C‐heterochromatic blocks were found in L. gregalis lineages; Ag‐positive nucleolar organizers and ribosomal DNA (rDNA) clusters are located on eight and nine acrocentric pairs, respectively. No B chromosomes (Bs) were found in the Early Pleistocene relic L. raddei, while one to five small heterochromatic acrocentric Bs were detected in all L. gregalis lineages; the number and frequency of Bs varied considerably within lineages, but no intraindividual variation was observed. In both species, telomeric repeats were visualized at termini of all chromosomes, including Bs. The number and localization of rDNA clusters on Bs varied among B‐carriers. Immunodetection of several meiotic proteins indicated that meio‐Bs are transcriptionally inactive and have a pattern of meiotic behavior similar to that of sex chromosomes (some homology of Bs to sex chromosomes is supposed). The nature, mechanisms of inheritance and stability of Bs in L. gregalis require further investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The class Insecta constitutes the largest group of terrestrial animals, with more than a million described species. As in all other animals, insect genomes contain clusters of specific genes, which are essential for producing and assembling ribosomes. These clusters harbor two types of repetitive DNA, i.e., 45S and 5S ribosomal DNA (rDNA). Currently, 45S and 5S rDNA clusters have been studied in about 1000 and 100 insect species, respectively. Although the number of species with known 45S rDNA clusters constitutes less than 0.1 percent of the described members of this enormous group, certain conclusions can already be drawn. Since haploid karyotypes with single 45S and 5S rDNA clusters predominate in both basal and derived insect groups, this character state is apparently ancestral for the class Insecta in general. Nevertheless, the number, chromosomal location, and other characteristics of both 45S and 5S rDNA sites substantially vary across different species, and sometimes even within the same species. There are several main factors and mechanisms that either maintain these parameters or alter them on the short-term and/or long-term scale. Currently, clusters of 45S and 5S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) have been studied in about 1000 and 100 species of the class Insecta, respectively. Although the number of insect species with known 45S rDNA clusters (also referred to as nucleolus-organizing regions, or NORs) constitutes less than 0.1 percent of the described members of this enormous group, certain conclusions can already be drawn. Since haploid karyotypes with single 45S and 5S rDNA clusters predominate in both basal and derived insect groups, this character state is apparently ancestral for the class Insecta in general. Nevertheless, the number, chromosomal location, and other characteristics of both 45S and 5S rDNA sites substantially vary across different species, and sometimes even within the same species. There are several main factors and molecular mechanisms that either maintain these parameters or alter them on the short-term and/or long-term scale. Chromosome structure (i.e., monocentric vs. holokinetic chromosomes), excessive numbers of rRNA gene copies per cluster, interactions with transposable elements, pseudogenization, and meiotic recombination are perhaps the most important among them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Gümüshane Üniversitesi Saglik Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Gumushane University, Faculty of Health Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objectives: Giant cell granuloma is a local nonneoplastic lesion that is divided into two categories, based on its site of occurrence: Central and peripheral giant cell granuloma. Central giant cell granuloma is an intraosseous lesion that has a tendency to recure even in surgically treated cases. Several studies have proven that there is an association between different lesions clinical behavior and their histological features. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of AgNOR and Ki67 in lesions with and without recurrency. Material and Methods: Files and records of 35 patients who had been histologically diagnosed with central giant cell granuloma were investigated. Histological features were studied after performing AgNOR staining and Ki67 marker. The data were analyzed by chi‐square, Fisher, and T‐test. Results: Acquired data indicated that the count of AgNOR staining and Ki67 marker was significantly higher in lesions with recurrency than the lesions with no recurrency. The same results were attained from Ki67 intensity. Conclusion: The current study indicated that AgNOR staining and Ki67 marker have prognostic value in predicting recurrency of central giant cell granuloma lesions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Melatonin is a versatile indolamine synthesized and secreted by the pineal gland in response to the photoperiodic information received by the retinohypothalamic signaling pathway. Melatonin has many benefits, such as organizing circadian rhythms and acting as a powerful hormone. We aimed to show the antitumor effects of melatonin in both in vivo and in vitro models through the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway and the Argyrophilic Nucleolar Regulatory Region (AgNOR), using the Microcomputed Tomography (Micro CT). Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) cells were administered into the mice by subcutaneous injection. Animals with solid tumors were injected intraperitoneally with 50 and 100 mg/kg melatonin for 14 days. Volumetric measurements for the taken tumors were made with micro-CT imaging, immunohistochemistry (IHC), real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and AgNOR. Statistically, the tumor tissue volume in the Tumor+100 mg/kg melatonin group was significantly lower than that in the other groups in the data obtained from micro-CT images. In the IHC analysis, the groups treated with Tumor+100 mg/kg melatonin were compared when the mTOR signaling pathway and factor 8 (F8) expression were compared with the control group. It was determined that there was a significant decrease (p < 0.05). Significant differences were found in the total AgNOR area/nuclear area (TAA/NA) ratio in the treatment groups (p < 0.05). Furthermore, there were significant differences between the amount of mTOR mRNA for the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K), AKT Serine/Threonine Kinase (PKB/AKT) genes (p < 0.05). Cell apoptosis was evaluated with Annexin V in an in vitro study with different doses of melatonin; It was observed that 100 µg/mL melatonin dose caused an increase in the apoptotic cell death. In this study, we have reported anti-tumor effects of melatonin in cell culture studies as well as in mice models. Comprehensive characterization of the melatonin-mediated cancer inhibitory effects will be valuable in advancing our fundamental molecular understanding and translatability of pre-clinical findings to earlier phases of clinical trials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Objectives Giant cell granuloma is a local nonneoplastic lesion that is divided into two categories, based on its site of occurrence: Central and peripheral giant cell granuloma. Central giant cell granuloma is an intraosseous lesion that has a tendency to recure even in surgically treated cases. Several studies have proven that there is an association between different lesions clinical behavior and their histological features. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of AgNOR and Ki67 in lesions with and without recurrency. Material and Methods Files and records of 35 patients who had been histologically diagnosed with central giant cell granuloma were investigated. Histological features were studied after performing AgNOR staining and Ki67 marker. The data were analyzed by chi‐square, Fisher, and T‐test. Results Acquired data indicated that the count of AgNOR staining and Ki67 marker was significantly higher in lesions with recurrency than the lesions with no recurrency. The same results were attained from Ki67 intensity. Conclusion The current study indicated that AgNOR staining and Ki67 marker have prognostic value in predicting recurrency of central giant cell granuloma lesions.

Currently, clusters of 45S and 5S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) have been studied in about 1000 and 100 species of the class Insecta, respectively. Although the number of insect species with known 45S rDNA clusters (also referred to as nucleolus-organizing regions, or NORs) constitutes less than 0.1 percent of the described members of this enormous group, certain conclusions can already be drawn. Since haploid karyotypes with single 45S and 5S rDNA clusters predominate in both basal and derived insect groups, this character state is apparently ancestral for the class Insecta in general. Nevertheless, the number, chromosomal location, and other characteristics of both 45S and 5S rDNA sites substantially vary across different species, and sometimes even within the same species. There are several main factors and molecular mechanisms that either maintain these parameters or alter them on the short-term and/or long-term scale. Chromosome structure (i.e., monocentric vs. holokinetic chromosomes), excessive numbers of rRNA gene copies per cluster, interactions with transposable elements, pseudogenization, and meiotic recombination are perhaps the most important among them.

Fenugreek or Trigonella foenum-graecum L. is a commercially important yet neglected crop of the family Fabaceae, with potent medicinal applications, and can treat several diseases as well. Conventional breeding studies for higher yields of commercial crops largely depend on chromosomal information of the particular species. Despite a number of cytological research being conducted on T. foenum-graecum, a complete characterization of its chromosomes has not been achieved due to the limitations of traditional karyotype analysis methods. A range of chromosomal markers are advantageous to characterize at full extent and identify individual chromosomes rather than relying on only physical metrics. Thus, in this study, in addition to giemsa staining, other approaches like fluorochrome and silver staining were used for the precise karyomorphological analysis of this species. Enzyme maceration and air drying (EMA) based fluorochrome banding with GC-specific stain Chromomycin A3 (CMA), and AT-specific stain 4’,6-diamidino-2-phenylindole (DAPI) applied for the first time for chromosome characterization. The results showed 2n = 16 chromosomes in metaphase cells, with karyotype formula of 2m+6sm. The unique banding pattern observed in the CMA/DAPI and AgNOR staining highlights the AT and GC-rich regions as well as the nucleolar organizer regions (NORs). All this crucial information can further assist in conducting breeding studies of more precision with simultaneously encouraging similar studies that need to be done in other unexploited species of importance.

Nausea and vomiting during pregnancy are common problems and prolonged pharmacological treatment often is needed; however, the teratogenic effects of anti-emetic drugs on neural tube (NT) development are not clear. We investigated the effects of different doses of metoclopramide on NT development in 48 and 72 h chick embryos using an argyrophilic nucleolar organizing region (AgNOR) staining method. We used 150 fertile, specific pathogen-free eggs incubated for 28 h, then randomly divided into five equal groups: group A, sham control was administered 0.9% saline; groups B – E were administered 0.15 mg/egg, 0.3 mg/egg, 0.6 mg/egg and 1.2 mg/egg, respectively. Half of the eggs in each group were taken from the incubator at 48 h incubation and the other half at 72 h incubation. After incubation, eggs were opened, embryos were dissected from their membranes, fixed with 10% formalin and examined by light microscopy. The NT status, i.e., open or closed, and somite number, crown-rump length, morphological features and gross developmental abnormalities were recorded. Excised embryos were sectioned and stained using hematoxylin and eosin or the AgNOR procedure and examined for morphology and histopathology. Delayed NT closure was observed in all 48 h drug exposed embryos, but in the 72 h groups, this occurred only in high-dose groups. Somite number was reduced significantly in groups C – E compared to the control group. Crown-rump length was decreased in both 48 and 72 h embryos. We found a decreased total AgNOR area:nuclear area ratio in 48 and 72 h embryos of all experimental groups. We found that metoclopramide delayed NT closure in chick embryos in a dose-dependent manner. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: In this study, it was aimed to examine the time and dose dependent effects of Ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) on MDA-MB-231 cell lines. Material and Methods: MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell line was used in the study. MDA-MB-231 cells were exposed to ginseng at 37°C and 5% CO2 for varying durations (24 and 48 hours) and doses (1 and 2 µg/ml ginseng). At the end of the incubation period, viability, apoptosis, cell cycle and Argyrophilic nucleolar organizing region (AgNOR) protein status of MDA-MB-231 cells were examined in the Muse Cell Analyzer. Results: It was observed that the dose inducing apoptosis was 1 µg/ml ginseng for 24 and 48 hours, and 2 µg/ml ginseng for 48 hours in the group that stopped the cell cycle in the G0/G1 phase. When comparing the two groups; while no difference was determined between the control and 1 µg/ml ginseng groups, the significant differences were detected between the control and 2 µg/ml ginseng groups for mean AgNOR number in 48 hours incubation. However, there was no significant difference for the TAA/NA ratio, in the groups for 48 hours. Conclusion: The current study showed that ginseng had a crucial function against cancer development. Also, both AgNOR values might be used as biomarkers for detection of the most reliable therapeutic dose selection for cancer and it has been shown that correct consumption of Ginseng can be effective in preventing cancer formation and slowing its progression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nucleoli are subcellular compartments where transcription and maturation of preribosomal RNAs occur. While the transcription of ribosomal RNAs is common to all living cells, the presence and ultrastructure of nucleoli has been only documented in eukaryotes. Asgard-Archaea, the closest prokaryotic relatives of eukaryotes, and their near relatives TACK-Archaea have homologs of nucleolar proteins and RNAs in their genome, but the cellular organization of both is largely unexplored. Here we provide ultrastructural and molecular evidence for the presence of putative nucleolus-like subcellular domains in the TACK crenarchaeon Saccharolobus solfataricus (formerly known as Sulfolobus solfataricus). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed consistent electron-dense fibro-granular compartments, also positive to the specific silver staining for nucleolar organizer regions (AgNOR). TEM also confirmed that ribosomal DNA (rDNA) is spatially distributed in non-random, clustered arrays underlying fine structures, as observed by ultrastructural in situ hybridization (UISH). To further explore these observations, proteomic sequencing of isolated bands from AgNOR-stained protein gels was conducted and compared against a compiled inventory of putative nucleolar homologs from the S. solfataricus P1 genome. Sequenced AgNOR-sensitive peptides encoded homologs of eukaryotic nucleoli proteins, enriched for nucleolus-related functions. Our results provide first evidence that subcellular domains of nucleolar-like nature are not exclusive to eukaryotes. Based on our data, we propose a model for a putative nucleolus in S. solfataricus. Whereas technical limitations and further aspects remain a matter for future functional studies, our data supports the origin of nucleoli within the common ancestor of Eukarya and TACK-Archaea, based on a two-domain tree of life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Facultatis Medicae Naissensis is the property of Nis University, Faculty of Medicine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract Background A current critical need remains in the identification of prognostic and predictive markers in early breast cancer. It appears that a distinctive trait of cancer cells is their addiction to hyperactivation of ribosome biogenesis. Thus, ribosome biogenesis might be an innovative source of biomarkers that remains to be evaluated. Methods Here, fibrillarin (FBL) was used as a surrogate marker of ribosome biogenesis due to its essential role in the early steps of ribosome biogenesis and its association with poor prognosis in breast cancer when overexpressed. Using 3,275 non-metastatic primary breast tumors, we analysed FBL mRNA expression levels and protein nucleolar organisation. Usage of TCGA dataset allowed transcriptomic comparison between the different FBL expression levels-related breast tumours. Results We unexpectedly discovered that in addition to breast tumours expressing high level of FBL, about 10% of the breast tumors express low level of FBL. A correlation between low FBL mRNA level and lack of FBL detection at protein level using immunohistochemistry was observed. Interestingly, multivariate analyses revealed that these low FBL tumors displayed poor outcome compared to current clinical gold standards. Transcriptomic data revealed that FBL expression is proportionally associated with distinct amount of ribosomes, low FBL level being associated with low amount of ribosomes. Moreover, the molecular programs supported by low and high FBL expressing tumors were distinct. Conclusion Altogether, we identified FBL as a powerful ribosome biogenesis-related independent marker of breast cancer outcome. Surprisingly we unveil a dual association of the ribosome biogenesis FBL factor with prognosis. These data suggest that hyper- but also hypo-activation of ribosome biogenesis are molecular traits of distinct tumors.

Background: Oral cancer is considered as a major health problem in most part of the world. Many factors have been identified as important causative agents responsible for the development of oral cancerous and precancerous lesions. In Sudan, smoking of tobacco has been identified as major cause. Aim: The study aimed to evaluate the value of PAP (Papanicolaou stain) and Silver stained Nucleolar Organizer Regions (AgNOR) techniques in identification of bacterial infections and changes in cells of buccal cavity among Sudanese hookah users. Methods: In the current study hundred apparently healthy people were included, Pap and AgNORs stains was used for the staining of buccal smears. Results: A total of hundred samples of buccal smears were included in this study. The age of participant ranged from 20 - 70 years. Thirty three samples (33%) had bacterial infection, one sample (1%) had Actinomyces infection, and 66 samples (66%) showed normal cells. Twelve samples (12%) had acute inflammation, 30 samples (30%) had chronic inflammation, and 58 samples showed normal cells. Samples stained with Pap stain, seven smears (7%) had inflammatory changes and 93 samples (93%) were negative. p < /em> value, and standard deviation, mean AgNORs showed 1.920_+4.50 in cases and 0.682_+1.420 in control. Conclusions: Analysis of AgNORs and Pap stain suggest that, use of hookah influences prolifrative activity in cells and also play a role in transmission of different types of microorganisms due to smoking it in the form of groups.

A battery of in vivo evaluations is done on bioscaffolds to ascertain its biocompatibility and host responses. Fibroblast proliferation in a controlled manner is integral part in scaffold assisted wound healing and tissue regeneration. Therefore, AgNOR staining was employed in this study for quantification of fibroblast proliferation and therefore evaluating the host bioscaffold response. Here full thickness skin wound healing studies were done in adult male New Zealand White rabbits using decellularized porcine cholecyst derived scaffolds (dPCS), scaffold supplemented with autologous bone marrow cells (dPCSM) and open wound control group (OW). The scaffolds were explanted seven and forteen days post implantation and were subjected to AgNOR staining. Statistical analysis showed significant variations between scaffold assisted and open wound healing. The study concluded that AgNOR could be used as a good quantitative marker involving fibroblast proliferation and could be used in primary screening of bioscaffold assisted healing and regeneration studies.

Context: Accumulated evidence suggests that X-radiations can induce genotoxic effects and are not safe at any particular radiation dose level. Various assays have been proposed as potential tools in cytogenetic biomonitoring studies, but they have limitations. Aims of the Study: To assess the genotoxic effects of panoramic radiography on oral mucosa by estimating micronuclei count (using acridine orange) and AgNORs (using silver stain) from cytological smear cells and to compare these two biomarkers. Material and Methods: 100 subjects who underwent panoramic radiography for dental treatment with pre-defined inclusion and exclusion criteria formed the sample for this cross-sectional study. Two smears were prepared using a cytobrush from the buccal mucosa wet fixed using 95% ethyl alcohol. After 10 days and 40 days, the subjects were recalled for a similar repetition of smear preparations from the same site. Before all the procedures, ethical approval was obtained from the institute's ethical committee where the study was conducted, and written informed consent was taken from all the patients before they participated in the study. Statistical Analysis: The results obtained were further assessed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Post Hoc Tukey's HSD for inter and intra observational comparisons. Results: Radiation exposure from panoramic radiography showed a statistically significant increase in micronuclei. However, the AgNOR count remained unchanged after radiation exposure. Conclusion: MN count is better for detecting the short-term genotoxic effect of panoramic radiation exposure on buccal mucosal cells than AgNORs.

Nucleoli are subcellular compartments where transcription and maturation of pre-ribosomal RNAs occur. While the transcription of ribosomal RNAs is common to all living cells, the presence and ultrastructure of nucleoli has been only documented in eukaryotes. Asgard-Archaea, the closest prokaryotic relatives of eukaryotes, and their near relatives TACK-Archaea have homologs of nucleolar proteins and RNAs in their genome, but the cellular organization of both is largely unexplored. Here we provide ultrastructural and molecular evidence for the presence of putative nucleolus-like subcellular domains in the TACK crenarchaeon Saccharolobus solfataricus (formerly known as Sulfolobus solfataricus). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed consistent electron-dense fibro-granular compartments, also positive to the specific silver staining for nucleolar organizer regions (AgNOR). TEM also confirmed that ribosomal DNA (rDNA) is spatially distributed in non-random, clustered arrays underlying fine structures, as observed by ultrastructural in situ hybridization (UISH). To further explore these observations, proteomic sequencing of isolated bands from AgNOR-stained protein gels was conducted and compared against a compiled inventory of putative nucleolar homologs from the S. solfataricus P1 genome. Sequenced AgNOR-sensitive peptides encoded homologs of eukaryotic nucleoli proteins, enriched for nucleolus-related functions. Our results provide first evidence that subcellular domains of nucleolar-like nature are not exclusive to eukaryotes. Based on our data, we propose a model for a putative nucleolus in S. solfataricus. Whereas technical limitations and further aspects remain a matter for future functional studies, our data supports the origin of nucleoli within the common ancestor of Eukarya and TACK-Archaea, based on a two-domain tree of life.

Simple Summary: Mast cell tumors (MCTs) are one of the most common skin tumors in dogs with variable clinical behavior ranging from benign lesions to those causing widespread metastasis. Prognostic factors have been intensively studied in cutaneous MCTs but are less commonly investigated in subcutaneous MCTs as the majority are benign. Activating mutations in exons 8 and 11 of c-kit, a gene that regulates proliferation and differentiation of mast cells, occur commonly in canine cutaneous MCTs and are strong predictors of prognosis. c-kit mutations have rarely been reported in subcutaneous MCTs. The goal of this study was to identify the prevalence of c-kit mutations in exons 8 and 11 in 216 canine subcutaneous MCTs and to investigate their association with other prognostic factors, including mitotic count, histologic grade, KIT pattern and proliferation markers. We detected c-kit mutations in exons 8 and 11 in 23 (10.6%) and 12 (5.56%) subcutaneous MCTs, respectively. c-kit mutations in exon 11 were associated with histologic high grade and a high mitotic count, suggesting that these parameters can predict the biological behavior of subcutaneous MCTs in a similar manner as in their cutaneous counterparts. The prognostic significance of internal tandem duplication (ITD) mutations in exons 8 and 11 of c-kit has been well-described for canine cutaneous mast cell tumors (MCTs), but c-kit mutations have rarely been reported in subcutaneous MCTs. The objective of this study was to identify the prevalence of ITD mutations in exons 8 and 11 of c-kit in canine subcutaneous MCTs and to investigate its association with histologic grade, KIT pattern, and proliferation markers. ITD mutations in exons 8 and 11 of c-kit, mitotic count, Ki67 index, AgNOR number, Ki67xAgNOR score, KIT pattern, and histologic grade (two-tier system) were retrospectively recorded for 216 dogs with subcutaneous MCTs. ITD mutations in exons 8 and 11 of c-kit were detected in 23 (10.6%) and 12 (5.56%) subcutaneous MCTs, respectively. Exon 11 mutations were significantly associated with Kiupel high grade (p < 0.001) and increased mitotic count (p < 0.001) compared to subcutaneous MCTs with no mutations in exons 8 or 11 (p = 0.002) or subcutaneous MCTs with a mutation in exon 8 (p = 0.001). There was no significant association of either c-kit mutation with KIT patterns or proliferation activity. This study identified a higher prevalence of ITD mutations in exons 8 and 11 of c-kit in subcutaneous MCTs than previously reported. Like their cutaneous counterpart, subcutaneous MCTs with exon 11 mutations were more likely to be histologically high grade and have a higher mitotic count, whereas such associations were not observed in subcutaneous MCTs with exon 8 mutations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colorectal Cancer (CRC) is defined as colon and rectum cancer and is among the major causes of mortality in developed Countries. Tarantula cubensis alcoholic extract (TCAE) and Nerium oleander distillate (NOD) are reported to have anticancer and antioxidative activity. In this study, it was aimed to research the impact on cell proliferation markers of TCAE and NOD given simultaneously in experimental colon cancer. A total of 24 rats, 6 in each group, were used in the study. Cancer Control (CC): Azoxymethane was administered at the beginning of the experiment at a dose of 15 miligrams (mg)· kilograms-1 (kg), (Subcutaneous, SC) twice, with an interval of a week (wk), to induce cancer. CC+TCAE: the dosage of Azoxymethane administered was 15 mg·kg-1 (SC) twice a wk at the beginning of the experiment, while in the case of TCAE, it was 0.2 mL·kg-1 (SC) once a wk for 18 wk from the beginning of the experiment. Fifteen mg·kg-1 (SC) of Azoxymethane was administered twice at one-wk intervals at the beginning of the experiment to the CC+NOD group, and NO distillate (NOD) was given with water throughout the experiment. Afterwards, animals were euthanized under appropriate conditions, paraffin blocks formed from colon tissues, histochemical AgNOR (Silver-stained nucleolar organizer regions), and immunohistochemical PCNA (proliferating cell nuclear antigen) stainings were performed. In the study, immunohistochemically, PCNA scores and AgNOR count per nucleus (AgNCI) were significantly decreased in C-TCAE and C-NOD groups (P

Glucocorticoid administration is a common clinical practice that attempts to decrease the inflammation associated with and improve the resectability of canine mast cell tumors (MCTs). However, the impact of neoadjuvant glucocorticoids on the histological features and proliferation indices of canine MCTs is unknown. The objective of this study was to evaluate changes in tumor grade, mitotic count, Ki67, AgNOR, and AgNORxKi67 scores following short-course anti-inflammatory neoadjuvant prednisone in canine patients with MCTs. This was a prospective single-arm pilot study. Client-owned dogs with treatment-naïve cytologically confirmed MCTs were enrolled. Patients underwent an initial incisional biopsy followed by a 10–14-day course of anti-inflammatory prednisone and surgical resection. All histological samples were randomized, masked, and evaluated by a single pathologist. Unstained paired pre- and post-treatment samples were submitted to a commercial laboratory for Ki67 and AgNOR immunohistochemical analysis. There were 11 dogs enrolled with 11 tumors. There were no statistical differences between the pre- and post-treatment histological parameters of mitotic index, Ki67, AgNOR, or Ki67xAgNOR. There were no clinically significant alterations between pre-treatment and post-treatment in the assignment of tumor grades. A short course of anti-inflammatory prednisone does not appear to alter the histological parameters that affect grade determination or significantly alter the proliferation indices in canine MCTs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: A current critical need remains in the identification of prognostic and predictive markers in early breast cancer. It appears that a distinctive trait of cancer cells is their addiction to hyperactivation of ribosome biogenesis. Thus, ribosome biogenesis might be an innovative source of biomarkers that remains to be evaluated.Methods: Here, fibrillarin (FBL) was used as a surrogate marker of ribosome biogenesis due to its essential role in the early steps of ribosome biogenesis and its association with poor prognosis in breast cancer when overexpressed. Using 3,275 non-metastatic primary breast tumors, we analysed FBL mRNA expression levels and protein nucleolar organisation. Usage of TCGA dataset allowed transcriptomic comparison between the different FBL expression levels-related breast tumours.Results: We unexpectedly discovered that in addition to breast tumours expressing high level of FBL, about 10% of the breast tumors express low level of FBL. A correlation between low FBL mRNA level and lack of FBL detection at protein level using immunohistochemistry was observed. Interestingly, multivariate analyses revealed that these low FBL tumors displayed poor outcome compared to current clinical gold standards. Transcriptomic data revealed that FBL expression is proportionally associated with distinct amount of ribosomes, low FBL level being associated with low amount of ribosomes. Moreover, the molecular programs supported by low and high FBL expressing tumors were distinct.Conclusion: Altogether, we identified FBL as a powerful ribosome biogenesis-related independent marker of breast cancer outcome. Surprisingly we unveil a dual association of the ribosome biogenesis FBL factor with prognosis. These data suggest that hyper- but also hypo-activation of ribosome biogenesis are molecular traits of distinct tumors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Oral cancer is considered as a major health problem in most part of the world. Many factors have been identified as important causative agents responsible for the development of oral cancerous and precancerous lesions. In Sudan, smoking of tobacco has been identified as major cause. Aim: The study aimed to evaluate the value of PAP (Papanicolaou stain) and Silver stained Nucleolar Organizer Regions (AgNOR) techniques in identification of bacterial infections and changes in cells of buccal cavity among Sudanese hookah users. Methods: In the current study hundred apparently healthy people were included, Pap and AgNORs stains was used for the staining of buccal smears. Results: A total of hundred samples of buccal smears were included in this study. The age of participant ranged from 20 - 70 years. Thirty three samples (33%) had bacterial infection, one sample (1%) had Actinomyces infection, and 66 samples (66%) showed normal cells. Twelve samples (12%) had acute inflammation, 30 samples (30%) had chronic inflammation, and 58 samples showed normal cells. Samples stained with Pap stain, seven smears (7%) had inflammatory changes and 93 samples (93%) were negative. p value, and standard deviation, mean AgNORs showed 1.920_+4.50 in cases and 0.682_+1.420 in control. Conclusions: Analysis of AgNORs and Pap stain suggest that, use of hookah influences prolifrative activity in cells and also play a role in transmission of different types of microorganisms due to smoking it in the form of groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Non-ST elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) is a type of acute coronary syndrome and its' incidence is similarly high to ST-elevation myocardial infarction. Nucleolar organizing regions (NORs) are located of the secondary structure of acrocentric chromosome and composed of proteins and ribosomal DNA (rDNA) some of which are argyrophilic. We aimed to investigate the change of AgNOR proteins, which increase in hypoxia, in patients with NSTEMI. Methods: A total of 125 participants, 63 patients with NSTEMI and 62 volunteers without any acute coronary syndrome were included in the study. Echocardiography was performed and both mean AgNOR Number and total AgNOR area/total nuclear area (TAA/TNA) were detected for each individuals. Results: The mean AgNOR number and TAA/TNA ratio were significantly higher in the NSTEMI group than control (p<0.001). Also, statistically significant relations between TAA/TNA and all of creatinine, hemoglobin, WBC(μl/ml), monocyte, neutrophil, neutrophil / lymphocyte ratio, monocyte / lymphocyte ratio were detected (p<0.05 for all). Also, statistically significant relations between mean AgNOR number and all of fasting blood sugar, HDL, WBC(μl/ml), monocyte, neutrophil, EF were detected (p<0.001). Conclusions: Both AgNOR protein amounts may be used as a marker for NSTEMI. It may also contribute to the prediction of the outcomes by providing some prognostic information in NSTEMI. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Cientifica de la Facultade de Veterinaria is the property of Universidad del Zulia, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Context: Dentistry and its associated specialties play a crucial role in diagnosing and treating oral diseases due to deleterious oral habits. Oral health-care providers also conduct researches to identify the association between oral diseases resulting from these bad oral habits, such as oral squamous cell carcinoma. Aim: The purpose of this quantitative cross-sectional study was to compare the efficacy of exfoliative Papanicolaou staining (PAP) stains, acridine orange (AO), and AgNOR for detecting micronucleus (MN) count in smokers' (individuals with the habit of smoking) oral mucosa. Materials and Methods: Exfoliative cytology smears obtained from thirty smokers' oral mucosa were divided into three equal groups to evaluate the frequency of MN count after staining with PAP, AO, and AgNOR. Smears were collected from smokers' oral mucosa ranging in age from 30 to 70 years who visited the Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology and from the Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology. Results and Stats: This research revealed the slightly different and higher MN count in PAP stain in the mean count among all the three stains after analysis and evaluation along with considerably higher in AO stain compare to AgNOR stain. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences SPSS software (windows Version 22.0 Chicago, IL, USA). Conclusion: In this quantitative, cross-sectional study, with limitations and pitfalls, the results showed higher proliferative activity in smokers' oral mucosa without any oral lesions and higher mean MN count in PAP stain followed by a mean range of AO stains.

A battery of in vivo evaluations is done on bioscaffolds to ascertain its biocompatibility and host responses. Fibroblast proliferation in a controlled manner is integral part in scaffold assisted wound healing and tissue regeneration. Therefore, AgNOR staining was employed in this study for quantification of fibroblast proliferation and therefore evaluating the host bioscaffold response. Here full thickness skin wound healing studies were done in adult male New Zealand White rabbits using decellularized porcine cholecyst derived scaffolds (dPCS), scaffold supplemented with autologous bone marrow cells (dPCSM) and open wound control group (OW). The scaffolds were explanted seven and forteen days post implantation and were subjected to AgNOR staining. Statistical analysis showed significant variations between scaffold assisted and open wound healing. The study concluded that AgNOR could be used as a good quantitative marker involving fibroblast proliferation and could be used in primary screening of bioscaffold assisted healing and regeneration studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Agriculture & Nature / Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam Üniversitesi Tarım & Doğa Dergisi is the property of Kahramanmaras Sutcu Imam Universitesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background and Objectives: It is of great importance to obtain information about the severity of ischemic damage and duration of testicular torsion for an effective treatment strategy. Nucleolarorganizing regions (NORs) are sites of the ribosomal genes composed of ribosomal DNA and proteins. Post-silver staining NORs are termed “AgNOR”. Since AgNORs clearly reveals the self-renewal potential of cells damaged in ischemic events, we performed the current study. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out in four groups as control, sham, early, and late T/D. In the surgical groups, testes were corrected after a 4-h ischemia period. Testicular tissue samples were taken on the third day after detorsion in group 1, 2, 3, and on the tenth day after detorsion in group 4. TUNEL and silver stainings were applied to all samples. Results: The differences were significant among the groups for both mean AgNOR number and total AgNOR area/total nuclear area (TAA/TNA). Moreover, the differences between control and early torsion-detorsion (T/D), between control and late T/D, between sham and early T/D, between sham and late T/D, and between early T/D and late were statistically significant for AgNOR amount. Furthermore, statistically significant differences among the groups for an average number of apoptotic cells per tubule and the percentage of apoptotic tubule values were detected. Discussion: The apoptotic index gives the ratio of cells that are damaged and will die in a programmed way and cells that remain intact, rather than show the viability of the returning testicle. However, by measuring cells that regenerate with AgNOR, we can show not only those that survive but also cells that can repair themselves. Conclusion: AgNOR proteins are usable for the early observation of ischemic injury levels. The amount of AgNOR protein can enlighten us about the extent of testicular damage after T/D treatment. It may also help the physician in the development of effective treatment strategies for cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is believed to cause cervical cancer. Thousands of women develop cancer and other diseases caused by HPV each year. HPV 16 and 18 types are found in approximately 70% of cervical cancers. Micronuclei are small chromosomal fragments that are considered indicators of DNA damage. AgNOR positive dots are useful for assessing proliferation. We investigated the relation between HPV-DNA, micronuclei and AgNOR in smear samples. Three groups were defined: HPV negative, 16/18 positive and other high-risk groups (31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 66 and 68) (HR). After typing, micronuclei were identified by Papanicolaou staining and AgNOR regions were detected by silver staining. Serum reactive protein (CRP) also was measured. We found that the average age of HPV negative patients was significantly greater than for the HPV positive groups. We also found that CRP levels were significantly higher in the HPV 16/18 positive group than HPV negative and other HPV group. We found that the number of micronuclei in the HPV 16/18 group was significantly greater than for the HPV negative group. Also, we found that AgNOR staining for the HPV 16/18 group was significantly greater than for the HPV negative group. We found that CRP level, cell proliferation and genome instability were increased in HPV positive patients. The AgNOR and micronucleus tests were useful for evaluating cell proliferation and DNA damage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To perform an epidemiological survey comparing the cell proliferative activity of 107 cases of oral leukoplakia with their clinical and histopathological characteristics. Materials and methods: A cross-sectional, observational, and histological-histochemical study. The cases came from the Histopathological Diagnostic Service of UPF/RS and the School of Dentistry of Araçatuba FOA/UNESP/SP (1986–2016). The histopathological sections were stained using the silver staining (AgNOR) technique and the nuclei of 100 epithelial cells selected randomly were recorded to count the number of nucleolar organizer regions (NORs). The mean NORs per lesion were correlated to clinical and histological characteristics using ANOVA, at 5% significance. Results: Most of the cases included men (62.62%), white (64.49%), and with an average age of 53.94 years. The most probable etiological factors were smoking (44.7%) and alcohol consumption (9.85%). The evolution time of most lesions was fast (33.65%), manifesting mainly in the form of plaques (70.37%) and without symptoms (58.88%). They were located mainly in the cheek mucosa (26.62%) and presented white color (66.35%), well-defined edges (59.81%), firm consistency (47.5%), and keratinized surface (49.53%). Etiological factor (p = 0.003), evolution time (p = 0.006), symptoms (p = 0.029), location (p = 0.020), consistency (p = 0.047), histopathological characteristics (p = 0.004), and superficial keratinization (p = 0.001) were statistically significant regarding the mean NORs of the leukoplakias studied. Clinical relevance: Oral leukoplakias caused by alcohol consumption and/or tobacco use, considering an evolution time of fewer than 12 months, asymptomatic, located in the lower lip or tongue, and with a firm consistency and increased superficial keratinization should be treated more aggressively by the clinician to avoid cancerization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Quercetin is a natural flavonoid with potential anticancer properties without significant cytotoxicity in normal tissues. However, the effects of quercetin on Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) have not yet been clarified. The study aimed to show the antitumoral effect of quercetin through argyrophilic nucleolar organizer region (AgNOR) protein synthesis in mice carrying EAC. Thirty mice were used in the experiment (negative control (n = 6), tumor control (n = 8), quercetin 50 mg/kg (n = 8), and quercetin 100 mg/kg (n = 8) intravenously). The animals were euthanized on the 14th day, and the solid tumors were removed. Then, the total AgNOR area/nuclear area (TAA/NA) and average AgNOR number were calculated for each mice and the immunoreactivity of the factor VIII protein in tumor was evaluated. Tumor volumes and animal weights were statistically significant compared to the tumor control group (p < 0.05). Statistically significant differences were observed between the groups in terms of TAA/NA ratio (p < 0.05). Factor VIII expressions decreased in quercetin groups compared to control tumor tissue (p < 0.05). The current study showed that quercetin has an important function against cancer development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

(1) Background: ST-elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) is an inflammatory disease in which neutrophils, macrophages, and lymphocytes accumulate in the ischemic myocardium and have important functions. Nucleolar-organizing regions (NORs) are the site of the ribosomal genes composed of ribosomal DNA and proteins. We aimed to evaluate AgNOR proteins, which have never been studied in patients with STEMI in the literature. (2) Methods: A total of 140 participants (75 with STEMI and 65 volunteers without any diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome) were included in this study. Echocardiography was carried out, and mean AgNOR number and total AgNOR area/total nuclear area (TAA/TNA) were evaluated for all individuals. (3) Results: The mean AgNOR number and TAA/TNA ratio were significantly higher in the STEMI group than the control (p < 0.001). Statistically significant relations between both TAA/TNA ratio and mean AgNOR number and interventricular septal thickness, fasting blood sugar, creatinine, HDL, hemoglobin (g/dL), WBC (µL/mL), monocytes, neutrophils, and neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio were detected (p < 0.05). Moreover, a statistically significant relation between LDL (mg/dL) and mean AgNOR number (p = 0.005) was detected. (4) Conclusion: Both AgNOR protein amounts increase depending on the hypoxia that occurs in STEMI. The AgNOR proteins may thus be promising markers in STEMI.

A modified agyrophil technique was applied to peripheral blood smears to determine the mean AgNOR counts (MAC) of lymphocytes and ultimately assess the state of the lymphoid system in various clinical conditions of dogs. Fifty dogs, from clinically normal to pets with leukaemia, presented to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, were recruited. Blood smears from each dog were stained with routine Romanowsky and modified agyrophil stains. Signalment, clinical diagnoses and hematologic parameters of the dogs were related to the MAC. An AgNOR proliferative index (AgPI) — percentage of lymphocytes with 3 or more AgNORs, was determined, and correlated with MAC. The statistical significance was determined at P < 0.05. MAC ranged from 1.17 in clinically healthy patients to 6.00 in leukaemic patients. The MAC was 2.00 in patients (n = 26) with lymphocyte counts within reference intervals (900—2400 per microliter); 2.23 in patients (n = 4) with lymphopenia; 2.18 in patients with lymphocytosis (n = 18) and 4.73 in patients (n = 4) with lymphocytic leukemia. Also, the MAC was 2.00 in non-anemic dogs while it was 2.47, 2.49 and 3.06 in patients with mild, moderate and severe anaemia, respectively. The MAC correlated strongly with AgPI (r = 0.91). The ancillary AgNOR technique provides a cheaper, more rapid and sensitive tool than routine lymphocyte counts in assessing the state of lymphoid proliferation in a variety of conditions in the dog.

Nucleolar organizer regions (NORs) are chromosomal segments which are selectively stained by silver methods and evaluated as agyrophilic nucleolar organizer regions (AgNORs). The evaluation of AgNORs provides an insight into the level of cellular proliferation. This technique has extensively and sparsely been used in human and veterinary histopathology respectively. However, two major drawbacks have been irreproducible results and excessive staining precipitates. This study seeks to adapt the technique to canine peripheral blood smears in order to establish a routine staining protocol. Standardized volumes and concentrations of silver nitrate, gelatin, and formic acid were applied to smears at different temperatures for varying lengths of time. The technique was applied to unfixed and fixed smears. In some cases, a reducing agent (1% potassium iodide) was applied. It was shown that the optimum staining protocol was achieved by applying standardized solutions to a fixed smear at 46°C for 50 minutes. It is concluded that the staining protocol outlined in this study is practicable, and produces excellent and reproducible results that would enhance evaluation of AgNORs in canine peripheral blood cells.

This study aims to evaluate possible effects of chronic carbon monoxide (CO) exposure on argyrophilic nucleolar–organizer region (AgNOR)-associated protein synthesis in striated muscle cells. Eighteen rats were randomly divided into three groups. Rats in group II and group III were given CO gas (1000 and 3000 ppm, respectively) for 30 min a day for 7 d. Mean AgNOR number per nucleus and ratio of total AgNOR area to nuclear area (TAA/NA) were determined. Both TAA/NA ratio and mean AgNOR number provided information about the existence or absence of exposure. TAA/NA ratio was also an indicator of the level of exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to analyze and compare the presence of argyrophilic nucleolar organizer regions (AgNORs) in exfoliated cells obtained from the buccal mucosa among crack and cocaine users and non-users by the AgNOR staining technique. Seventy-three males ≥ 18 years were categorized into two groups: 38 crack and/or cocaine users and 35 non-user volunteers. They were interviewed and responded a questionnaire regarding general health and drug addiction. Exfoliative cytology specimens were collected from the clinically intact buccal mucosa, and cytological preparations were fixed and stained by AgNOR technique. The mean number of AgNORs (p = 0.02) and the percentage of epithelial cells with more than 3 (p = 0.01) and 4 (p = 0.04) AgNORs/nucleus were significantly higher in the non-user group. In conclusion, the frequency and diversity of substances present in the drugs—cocaine, crack, and alcohol—consumed by the volunteers of this study may have influenced the number of AgNORs and the response to damage and consequent effect on protein synthesis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The epithelium adjacent to an oral squamous cell carcinoma is at risk of undergoing precancerous changes. Even after such changes occur, however, the adjacent epithelium remains histologically similar to normal mucosa. We investigated five argyrophilic nucleolar organizer region (AgNOR)-related features in samples of oral verrucous carcinoma (VeCa) and their corresponding adjacent lining epithelium (adj. VeCa). Morphometric characteristics of AgNORs in oral adj. VeCa and oral VeCa were compared to normal mucosa epithelium, squamous cell carcinoma and oral mucosa epithelium adjacent to squamous cell carcinoma findings that we published earlier. Although adj. VeCa and normal oral mucosa were histologically similar, total AgNOR volume differentiated adj. VeCa from normal oral mucosa, but revealed no significant difference between VeCa and adj. VeCa. Total AgNOR volume/nuclear volume discriminated VeCa from adj. VeCa and normal oral mucosa. Certain AgNOR parameters provide a complementary tool for discriminating VeCa from adj. VeCa and normal oral mucosa, and also for detecting incipient malignant changes in epithelium adjacent to VeCa. Use of the AgNOR technique is cost-effective, because it can be performed on paraffin sections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 13-year-old entire male Thai Ridgeback dog presented to Prasu-Arthorn Animal Hospital, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Mahidol University with a mass on the caudal right flank. Fine needle aspiration (FNA) revealed round cells with intracytoplasmic granules consistent with mast cell tumour (MCT). Surgical excision was performed. Histological grading revealed poorly-differentiated, high grade MCT with 18 mitotic figures per 10 high power-fields (HPFs) and KIT staining was consistent with KIT pattern II (focal or stippled cytoplasmic staining); both of which are associated with poor survival. This contrasted with the better survival time implicated by low argyrophilic nucleolar organiser region (AgNOR) and Ki-67 scores, which were all below the cut-off values, suggesting low cellular proliferation. A chemotherapy protocol of vinblastine and prednisolone was subsequently commenced. Distant recurrence at the neck occurred at 67 days, confirmed to be MCT by histopathology. The dog later died, with a total survival time of 90 days from diagnosis. The actual survival time closely aligned with the estimated survival time based on histological grading. With few multivariate survival analyses available, this case demonstrates the use of AgNOR, Ki-67, and KIT localisation to complement histological grading for further studies to compare different variables in a clinical setting in Thailand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AIM: Cornus mas L is commonly used due to its anti-inflammatory, anti-carcinogenic and anti-oxidant properties. In the study, the effects of C. mas L extract on a solid tumor were examined in the Ehrlich solid tumor model developed in Balb/C type mice. METHODS: Ehrlich acid tumor (EAT) cells (1x106 EAT cell) from the stock animal were injected subcutaneously (s.c.) through the nape of the mice. Treatment groups of solid tumor-induced animals received 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg of C. mas L extract intraperitoneally (i.p.) for 14 days. RESULTS: Tumor volumes and animal weights were found to be statistically significant compared to the control group (p < 0.05). AgNOR staining was performed in tumor tissues. Statistically significant differences were observed between the groups in terms of TAA/NA ratio (p < 0.05). Immunohistochemical and biochemical parameters were also evaluated. An estimation of tumor proliferation of the lung, liver, brain, kidney, testis and tumor antioxidant parameters viz. lipid peroxidation, reduced glutathione (GSH), glutathione S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) was made. CONCLUSIONS: Our study showed that the anti-tumor effect of C. mas L in assisted tumor development with EAT cells, was mediated by the enhancement of oxidative stress with multiple mechanisms (Tab. 6, Fig. 12, Ref. 38). Text in PDF www.elis.sk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/aim: To determine the effect of different doses of capsaicin on AgNOR protein synthesis in human colon adenocarcinoma derivate from colon cancer (Caco-2 cell). Materials and methods: In this experimental study, after the cultured of Caco-2 cell line, the cells are divided into 4 groups as control and different capsaicin exposed doses (25uμ, 50uμ, and 75uμ). Mean AgNOR number and total AgNOR area/nuclear area (TAA/NA) were calculated. Results: A significant differences were detected between control and capsaicin (50uμ) (P = 0.001), between control and capsaicin (75uμ) (P = 0.000), between capsaicin (25uμ) and capsaicin (50uμ) (P = 0.001) and between capsaicin (25uμ) and capsaicin (75uμ) (P = 0.000) for TAA/NA. Also, there were significant differences between control and capsaicin (50uμ) (P = 0.001), between control and capsaicin (75uμ) (P = 0.000), between capsaicin (25uμ) and capsaicin (50uμ) (P = 0.000) and between capsaicin (25uμ) and capsaicin (75uμ) (P = 0.000) for mean AgNOR number. Conclusion: A certain amount of capsaicin has a protective effect against colon adenocarcinoma and the dose concentrations are important for the most reliable treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives: It is of great importance to obtain information about the severity of ischemic damage and duration of testicular torsion for an effective treatment strategy. Nucleolar-organizing regions (NORs) are sites of the ribosomal genes composed of ribosomal DNA and proteins. Post-silver staining NORs are termed “AgNOR”. Since AgNORs clearly reveals the self-renewal potential of cells damaged in ischemic events, we performed the current study. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out in four groups as control, sham, early, and late T/D. In the surgical groups, testes were corrected after a 4-h ischemia period. Testicular tissue samples were taken on the third day after detorsion in group 1, 2, 3, and on the tenth day after detorsion in group 4. TUNEL and silver stainings were applied to all samples. Results: The differences were significant among the groups for both mean AgNOR number and total AgNOR area/total nuclear area (TAA/TNA). Moreover, the differences between control and early torsion-detorsion (T/D), between control and late T/D, between sham and early T/D, between sham and late T/D, and between early T/D and late were statistically significant for AgNOR amount. Furthermore, statistically significant differences among the groups for an average number of apoptotic cells per tubule and the percentage of apoptotic tubule values were detected. Discussion: The apoptotic index gives the ratio of cells that are damaged and will die in a programmed way and cells that remain intact, rather than show the viability of the returning testicle. However, by measuring cells that regenerate with AgNOR, we can show not only those that survive but also cells that can repair themselves. Conclusion: AgNOR proteins are usable for the early observation of ischemic injury levels. The amount of AgNOR protein can enlighten us about the extent of testicular damage after T/D treatment. It may also help the physician in the development of effective treatment strategies for cases.

Fibrosarcoma a malignant mesenchymal tumour, is rarely reported in external genitalia of buffalo. A biopsy tissue sample of 6 years old female buffalo with a history of large round shape growth approx 250gms attached to dorsum of vulvar lips was received at Department of Veterinary Pathology, LUVAS, Hisar. Biopsy sample was processed for cytological and histopathological examinations which indicated fibrosarcoma. Masson's Trichrome special stain (for fibers demonstration) and AgNOR (to confirm number of nucleoli in the nucleus) staining confirmed fibrosarcoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study is descriptive exploratory in Thi

Background Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and oral leukoplakia (OL) with dysplasia are closely linked conditions in the oral cavity, with the latter often indicating precancerous changes, underscoring the urgency of early detection and intervention. Histopathological confirmation is crucial for accurate diagnosis. The nucleolar organizer region (NOR), specifically analyzed through silver-staining (argyrophilic NORs), provides insights into nuclear changes associated with the lesion. Computer-assisted morphometric analysis enhances precision and objectivity in evaluating AgNOR-related parameters. Aim To conduct a computer-assisted morphometric comparison of AgNORs using various NOR-related parameters in cases of OSCC and leukoplakia with dysplasia and to evaluate their diagnostic significance. Materials and methods A computer-assisted morphometric analysis was conducted using various NOR-related parameters, such as nuclear profile area, single AgNOR profile area per nucleus, total AgNOR profile area per nucleus, and number of AgNOR profiles per nucleus on a total sample of 90 specimens, which includes leukoplakia with dysplasia (30), OSCC (30), and a control group, including 30 samples of normal oral mucosa. A comparison was conducted on the morphometric values between the groups under investigation. Tukey's multiple comparison tests and ANOVA were used to analyze the data and determine the differences between the groups. Results The present investigation revealed a significant difference in all four AgNOR-related parameters between leukoplakia and OSCC in comparison to the control group (normal oral mucosa). Comparing OL (41.78 ± 0.46) and OSCC (62.78 ± 0.47) to the control group (35.93 ± 0.99), the mean value of nuclear profile area (A Nuc) was significantly greater. In comparison to the control group (3.40 ± 0.09), the mean value of a single AgNOR profile area per nucleus (A NOR) was found to be relatively lower in both research groups, OL (2.00 ± 0.02) and OSCC (1.39 ± 0.01). The total AgNOR profile area per nucleus (TA NOR) had a mean value of 10.61 ± 0.69 in OL and 12.05 ± 0.28 in OSCC, respectively, compared to 7.82 ± 0.38 in the control group. The study found that there was more number of profiles of AgNORs per nucleus (n NOR) in the study groups of OL (5.30 ± 0.29) and OSCC (8.69 ± 0.19) than in the control group (2.32 ± 0.11). Conclusion The parameters linked to the NOR are biologically informative and easy to check regularly in a pathology lab. Additionally, AgNORs give us important information that enables us to study the range of nuclear changes in malignant and potentially malignant lesions., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist., (Copyright © 2024, Nararyanan et al.)

The aim of the study is to determine the protective role of vitamin E on the prostate of rats exposed to bisphenol A (BPA). A total of 40 adult male Wistar Albino rats were used. The rats were randomly divided into five groups as follows: control, sham, vitamin E, BPA, and vitamin E+BPA. The applications of vitamin E (300 IU/kg/day) and BPA (10 mg/kg/day) were proceeded for three weeks. Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) and Silver-Staining for Nucleolar Organizer Region (AgNOR) methods were applied to prostate sections for histochemical examinations. Also, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression was examined immunohistochemically. The number of AgNOR positive dots and intensity of iNOS expression in glandular epithelial cells of prostate increased in BPA group compared to control group. Also, iNOS expression decreased in vitamin E+BPA group compared to BPA group. On the other hand, a significant difference wasn't found between the groups in terms of PAS reaction. As a conclusion, our findings demonstrate that BPA might stimulate cell proliferation and oxidative changes in prostate. The usage of vitamin E might contribute to reducing oxidative damage induced by BPA in prostate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To identify whether temperature has effect on proliferation in the tumor cell (adenocarcinoma) especially In vivo condition Methodology: The experiment was conducted In true experimental design (parallel), in which C3H mice are used, arranged in three cages with different temperatures: 20-22°C, 25-27°C, and 32-34°C in 2 weeks every day for 6 hours each day. The proliferation of the cells was detected with Argyrophilic Nucleolar Organizer Region (AgNOR) staining (mAgNOR and pAgNOR) and lymphocytes were stained with Hematoxylln-Eosln staining. Results: As the result, One-Way ANOVA analysis shows p = 0,000 for mAgNOR and p = 0.000 for pAgNOR. In addition, Mann-Whitney analysis for lymphocyte counts shows p = 0.0241 for both 20-22°C & 25-27°C and 25- 27°C & 32-34°C. Applications/Originality/Value: The temperature affects cell proliferation in vivo, and number of tumor ilfiltrating lymphocytes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incidence of breast cancer patients was considered high both in the world and in Indonesia. The pathogenesis of breast cancer is influenced by many factors and one of the factors that would be focus on in this research is temperature. The aim of this research is to analyze the temperature effect on the proliferation of adenocarcinoma mammae cells in vivo. A true experimental design is used with C3H mice exposed to: 20-22°C, 25-27°C, and 32-34°C for 6 hours daily in 2 weeks. Two kinds of staining were used, agyrophilic nucleolar organiser region (AgNOR) for cells proliferation and Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE) for mitotic count. AgNORs result revealed that the mean AgNORs (mAgNORs) and proliferative index AgNORs (pAgNORs) of group 32-34°C was the highest and the differences are significant with p= 0,000 through one-way ANOVA. HE result showed that there was a tendency of group 32-34°C to have a higher mitotic count compared to the other two groups but was insignificant through Mann-Whitney. The result of the AgNORs study is expected to give an idea for breast cancer non-invasive therapy by manipulating environmental temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]