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Zaman Ashraf,1 Tariq Mahmood,1 Mubashir Hassan,2 Samina Afzal,3 Hummera Rafique4 Khurram Afzal,3 Jalifah Latip5 1Department of Chemistry, Allama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad, Pakistan; 2Department of Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Kongju National University, Gongju, Republic of Korea; 3Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Bahauddin Zakria University, Multan, Pakistan; 4Department of Chemistry, University of Gujrat, Gujrat, Pakistan; 5Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Chemical Sciences & Food Technology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia Background: The amide derivatives of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs have been reported to possess antitumor activity. The present work describes the synthesis of dexibuprofen amide analogues (4a–j) as potential anticancer agents. Methods: The title amides (4a–j) were obtained by simple nucleophilic substitution reaction of dexibuprofen acid chloride with substituted amines in good yield and chemical structures were confirmed by FTIR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and mass spectral data. Results: The brine shrimp lethality assay results showed that all of the synthesized compounds are non-toxic to shrimp larvae. The inhibitory effects on tumor growth were evaluated and it was observed that N-(2,5-dichlorophenyl)-2-(4-isobutylphenyl) propionamide (4e) and N-(2-chlorophenyl)-2-(4-isobutylphenyl) propionamide (4g) exhibited excellent antitumor activity compared to all other derivatives. The compound 4e bearing 2,5-dichloro substituted phenyl ring and 4g possesses 2-chloro substituted phenyl ring exhibited 100% inhibition of the tumor growth. The anticancer activity was evaluated against breast carcinoma cell line (MCF-7) and it was observed that derivative 4e exhibited excellent growth inhibition of cancer cells with IC50 value of 0.01±0.002 µm, which is better than the standard drugs. The docking studies against breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein BRCA1 (PDBID 3K0H) exhibited good binding affinities, which are in good agreement with the wet lab results. The compounds 4e and 4g showed the binding energy values of -6.39 and -6.34 Kcal/mol, respectively. The molecular dynamic (MD) simulation was also carried out to evaluate the residual flexibility of the best docking complexes of compounds 4e and 4g. The MD simulation analysis assured that the 4e formed a more stable complex with the target protein than the 4g. The synthesized amide derivatives exhibited were devoid of gastrointestinal side effects and no cytotoxic effects against human normal epithelial breast cell line (MCF-12A) were found. Conclusion: Based upon our wet lab and dry lab findings we propose that dexibuprofen ana­logue 4e may serve as a lead structure for the design of more potent anticancer drugs. Keywords: dexibuprofen analogues, preparation, computational studies, cytotoxicity, anti­cancer activity

Abstract The study aimed to investigate the transformative effect of overt instruction on the acquisition of irregular inflectional morphemes by Saudi EFL learners. A mixed-method approach consisting of quantitative data and complemented with a qualitative descriptive analysis was adopted for this study to measure the transformative effect of explicit instruction through pretest and posttest procedures. Input Processing Theory and Processability Theory were used in this study to see the transformative effect of overt instruction between the control and experimental groups. The study employed visual aids and metalinguistic discussion instructional techniques to treat the experimental group with a one-hour session once a week, other than the normal classroom instruction sessions. In total, it continued for seven consecutive weeks. The results demonstrated that a p-value less than 0.001 for all three hypotheses developed in the study posited in favour of the alternative hypothesis and rejected the null hypothesis. Hence, the two groups significantly differed in their vocabulary knowledge: morpheme recognition and morpheme use in writing. The results support the hypotheses developed initially in this study that overt instruction of inflectional irregular morphological knowledge transfers to the EFL learners’ writing skills and facilitates L2 acquisition. The study has significant implications for foreign language learners, L2 teachers, and researchers.

Abstract Background The therapeutic landscape of chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML) has been transformed by tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI). Nilotinib, showed higher rates of major molecular response than imatinib, however associated with higher cardiovascular (CV) toxicity. We sought to describe the CV events associated with nilotinib in a real-world population and assess the predictive value of the HFA-ICOS risk score. Methods The HFA-ICOS baseline risk was calculated for patients with CML treated with nilotinib beween 2006 and 2021. The primary end point was the incidence of all CV events. The secondary end point was the incidence of ischaemic events. Survival analysis evaluated the risk (hazard ratio [HR]) of events stratified by baseline risk category, whilst on nilotinib therapy. Results Two hundred and twenty-nine eligible patients were included. The incidence of CV events was 20.9% (95% CI: 15.7–26.2%) following a median duration of treatment of 34.4 months. The secondary end point occurred in 12.7% (95% CI: 8.4–16.9%) of the population. Patients with higher HFA-ICOS baseline score had higher rates of CV events (low: 11.2%, medium: 28.2% [HR: 2.51, 95% CI: 1.17–5.66], high/very high: 32.4% [HR: 3.57, 95% CI: 1.77–7.20]) and ischaemic events (low: 5.20%, medium: 17.9% [HR: 2.19, 95% CI: 0.97–4.96], high/very high: 21.6% [HR: 3.9, 95% CI: 1.91–7.89]). In patients who did not have a CV event, the median total dose at last follow up or cessation of nilotinib therapy was lower when compared to the total daily median dose of nilotinib in patients who had a CV event (450 mg vs. 600 mg, p = 0.0074). Conclusions The HFA-ICOS risk stratification tool is an efficient discriminator at low, medium and high/very high risk of developing cardiovascular events, with an overall positive trend towards increasing cardiotoxicity rates with rising risk catergories. This study provides evidence to support the use of this predictive tool in nilotinib treated patients.

Plant-based hard capsules have gained considerable attention because of their great properties. Accordingly, designing and developing of these kinds of capsules will be a difficult task. Herein, an innovative pullulan-based hard capsule formulation was prepared for the first time. A series of characterization approaches, including Fourier transform infrared, field emission scanning electron microscope, and rheology analysis, were utilized to figure out the straightforward preparation of a designed hard capsule. Many tests and experiments were performed to achieve the optimum capsule formulation. Based on the obtained results, specifications such as uniform downfall and non-desirable adhesion, and other ideal characteristics of the capsule display the critical function. The gelling promoter of divalent cationic salts is more beneficial than its single-valent counterparts. With respect to the key role of gelling promoter, the presence of chosen MgSO4.7H2O salt and the source of selected carrageenan are important parameters to achieve optimal formulation. Moreover, field emission scanning electron microscope images illustrate that the weight ratio of 3.5 (gelling agent to salt) displays uniform surface morphology without any impurities or other foreign materials. Likewise, the outcomes of the rheology test also illustrated that the weight ratio of 3.5 is preferable. Considering the different weight ratios, the benefits of a weight ratio of 3.5 outweigh the other investigated ratios. Overall, the current research addresses substantial information about developing pullulan-based hard capsules for target usage.

Background: Hypertension is a serious medical condition and cause of premature death worldwide, with upwards of 1 in 4 men and 1 in 5 women having the condition. Overweight and obesity are major risk factor for noncommunicable diseases such as: cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, musculoskeletal disorders and some cancers (including endometrial, breast, ovarian, prostate, liver, gallbladder, kidney, and colon). Recent literature suggests hypertension and obesity to be a rising health problem not only in adults but also in adolescents. The early identification and effective management of hypertension and obesity in children and adolescents is key primordial and primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases. Objectives: To determine the prevalence of hypertension and obesity and their associated factors among school going adolescents in Aligarh. Methodology: A school based cross-sectional study was carried out among 569 school students of Class-V to XII studying at schools of Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, Uttar Pradesh. Data was collected using a predesigned, structured questionnaire. Blood pressure was measured using digital blood pressure apparatus wit age appropriate cuffs and hypertension was defined using the American Academy of Paediatrics 2017 criteria. BMI was calculated using the standard formula, weight (kg)/height2 (m2), and values were compared with the WHO growth charts. Data was analysed using IBM SPSS 20.0 software. To study frequency distribution and sociodemographic characteristics, descriptive statistics were carried out. Chi square and other appropriate tests were applied. Results: In this study 569 adolescents were participated, of which 324 (56.9%) were males. The prevalence of elevated blood pressure was 10.7% and hypertension was 18.5%. The prevalence of obesity was 2.6%. Male gender, family history of hypertension, overweight/obesity are significantly associated with hypertension. Conclusion: Approximately one fifth of the participants in this study had hypertension, highlighting the need for intervention including lifestyle modification and active case finding.

Abstract This study aimed to investigate the phenomenon of diminutive morphological function in terms of productivity, similarities, and differences in inflectional bound morphemes between English and Pashto, particularly in the categories of nouns and adjectives. The study also aims to examine the possible influence of ancient languages, such as Greek, on the diminutive morphological function and productivity of these two languages. It is generally assumed that languages descending from similar parental groups share the same diminutive function and productivity pattern in marking morphological mechanisms such as number, gender, and case. Different online sources, libraries, and publication papers were consulted to make a comparison between these two varieties. The findings revealed that both English and Pashto retain a morphological function, but English uses limited inflectional morphemes. Pashto, on the other hand, employs a wide range of suffixations, particularly in marking the diminutive aspect, and that differentiates it from English in semantic and pragmatic expressions. The findings aligned with the initial hypothesis developed that languages descending from similar parental groups use a similar pattern of morphological mechanisms. The only difference is that English drops the inflections to a greater extent because it underwent different phases of modifications, while Pashto still retains the inflections and, in turn, reveals greater productivity. Moreover, the findings disclosed that Pashto is closer to Greek in its inflectional nature and functioning of diminutives than English.

Metastatic dissemination following successful treatment of the primary tumour remains a common cause of death. There is mounting evidence that therapeutic interventions themselves may promote development of metastatic disease. We earlier reported that cell-free chromatin particles (cfChPs) released from dying cancer cells are potentially oncogenic. Based on this observation we hypothesized that therapeutic interventions may lead to the release of cfChPs from therapy induced dying cancer cells which could be carried via the blood stream to distant organs to transform healthy cells into new cancers that would masquerade as metastasis. To test this hypothesis, we generated xenografts of MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells in severe combined immune-deficient mice, and using immuno-fluorescence and FISH analysis looked for cfChPs in their brain cells. We detected multiple human DNA signals representing cfChPs in nuclei of brain cells of mice which co-localized with eight human onco-proteins. No intact MDA-MB-231 cells were detected. The number of co-localizing human DNA and human c-Myc signals increased dramatically following treatment with chemotherapy, localized radiotherapy or surgery, which could be prevented by concurrent treatment with three different cfChPs deactivating agents. These results suggest that therapeutic interventions lead to the release cfChPs from therapy induced dying cancer cells carrying oncogenes and are transported via the blood stream to brain cells to potentially transform them to generate new cancers that would appear as metastases. cfChPs induced metastatic spread of cancer is preventable by concurrent treatment with agents that deactivate cfChPs.

Abstract For the first time, a bio-photo-catalyst is synthesized in a microfluidic platform. The microchannel, which is wall-coated by in situ synthesized bio-photo-catalyst is used as an opto-fluidic reactor for amoxicillin degradation. Analyses including SEM, XRD, FTIR, Raman, UV–Vis spectra, and DLS have been used to characterize samples. The structure and morphology of TiO2 in microfluidic assisted synthesis are studied at 70–120 °C. The results show that both single-crystalline anatase sample and two-phase samples of anatase and rutile can be attained. According to SEM images, the smallest size and the narrowest particle size distribution (0.86 nm $$\pm \hspace{0.17em}0.14$$ ± 0.14 ) is achieved by synthesis at 70 °C. Elemental mapping of Ti shows a uniform coating layer on inner walls. Raman signals besides the primary amines in FTIR results show the biological activity of the cross-linked Glucose oxidase (GOx), which is aimed for situ generation of H2O2. FTIR comparison of bulk and spiral microfluidic synthesized ZnO indicates identical bonds. SEM-coupled with performance experimentation reveal that by regulating the flowrate of spiral micromixer for ZnCl2 at 25 µl/min and NaOH at 50 µl/min, the narrowest size distribution and best the bio-photo-catalytic performance of ZnO nanoparticles is observed.

Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and primary brain tumor with poor prognosis. They are removed by following tedious and life threatening surgeries. GBM stem cells (GSCs) are the main source of tumor recurrence after surgery. Hence, drugs are designed to overcome the recurrent glioblastoma malignant cells. Currently used chemotherapies are not cost effective as well as bear resistance. New and effective chemotherapeutic compounds are developed to overcome the intrinsic and acquired resistance. Dicoumarol derivative 3,3′-[(4-methoxyphenyl)methanediyl]bis(4-hydroxy-2Hchromen-2-one) (HL) and its triethylammonium salt triethylammonium3-[(4-methoxyphenyl)(4-hydroxy-2-oxo-2H-chromen-3-yl)methyl]-2-oxo-2H-chromen-4-olate (L) were synthesized and characterized using spectral and analytical techniques. The deprotonated compound L was further studied structurally using single crystal analysis. Cytotoxic studies against human glioblastoma cells A172 and LN229 were investigated both dose and time dependently and compared with the cytotoxicity of normal human astrocytes (NHA). The IC50 value of HL against A172 was found to be lying within the range 2.68–0.95 μM whereas against LN229 the range was found to be 9.55–0.85 μM. Similarly, the compound L revealed range of 1.9–0.271 μM against A172 and 1.2–0.27 μM against LN229. Cell cycle arrest was observed in GBM cells treated with L compared to the control group, which suggested that L may trigger apoptosis in GBM cells according to cytotoxicity and flow cytometry results. The antioxidant activity of synthesized compounds was also investigated using DPPH free radicals.

Graphene is an advanced material in the carbon group and offers greater mechanical, electrical, structural, and optical properties. Graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanoparticles were synthesized and characterized and their special effects on enhancing the physio-mechanical characteristics of medium density fiberboard (MDF) were assessed. GO and rGO nanoparticles were added to urea formaldehyde (UF) resin at different weight percentages (1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 wt%) during the dosing process. To manufacture the MDF, nanofillers were created by sonication and combination with natural wood fibers. To observe the behavior of nanoparticles in the nanofillers, microstructure characterizations were conducted. The manufactured nano MDF samples underwent physical and mechanical testing. The incorporation of GO and rGO nanoparticles into UF resin led to significant improvements in the physical and mechanical properties of the MDF. The addition of GO and rGO nanoparticles at different weight percentages (1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 wt%) resulted in a range of improvements in thickness swelling (up to 53.3% and 35.2% for GO and rGO nanoparticles, respectively), water absorption (up to 23.3% and 63.15%, respectively), and thermal conductivity (up to 42.16% and 27.7%, respectively). Additionally, the internal bond and rupture modulus of the MDF was enhanced by 59.0% and 70.0%, respectively, for GO and 41.4% and 48.5% for rGO. The highest value of the modulus of rupture (MoR) was observed at a concentration of 3.0% of rGO nanoparticles (44.7 MPa). The findings also showed that thickness swelling (Ts) and water absorption (WA) exhibited directly proportional relationships for 3.0% GO and rGO. These results suggested that incorporating GO and rGO nanoparticles into UF resin can significantly improve the physical and mechanical properties of nano MDF.

Extensive wounds might result in massive infections, deformation, or organ malfunction. Conventional therapies like skin grafting possess some drawbacks, therefore, the urge of developing tissue engineering techniques and skin substitutes has emerged. During this study, a biocompatible nanoscaffold was fabricated from wood nanocellulose, collagen, and carboxymethyl diethylaminoethyl cellulose to be used in the wound regeneration process. The main chemical, physical, and biological features of the synthesized nanoscaffold were determined by employing various techniques. In addition, an in vivo assay was performed to evaluate the allergic or immunogenic properties and potential healing effects of the scaffold. Zeta potential was measured to be −43.9 mv reflecting the high stability of the scaffold. The crystallite size was determined to be 69 nm by XRD which was in the nanoparticle size range. The crystallinity index was estimated to be 66.8% indicating more crystalline nature of the nanocomposite. PH was adjusted to 5.6 to be suitable for the wound healing process. The scaffold was proved to be biocompatible and showed improved water uptake capacity and adhesive properties. Moreover, no allergic or immune response was induced while applying the scaffold to a biological system. It was proved the scaffold assists in the wound healing process by histological studies. This study shows the synthesized nanoscaffold is a good candidate to be used in the wound regeneration process. It could combine with cell therapy to increase the healing effect. There could be a possibility to use the scaffold as a biological Band-Aid following more intensive clinical trials in the future.

Background: Iron deficiency anemia is linked with growth retardation, cognition impairment, reduced interest in daily activities and has been shown to contribute to infant mortality. Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of intravenous iron sucrose treatment in children with iron deficiency anemia. Methodology: A quasi-experimental study was conducted at the Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar from November 2020 to April 2021. Patients younger than 18 years with iron deficiency anemia who were refractory to conventional therapy were included and patients who were non-compliant with the oral iron therapy prescribed before the study were excluded. Patients were administered iron sucrose complex intravenously as per standard protocol. Patients’ demographics, hemoglobin, ferritin levels, and other related variables were recorded. Results: A total of 152 patients were enrolled in the study with a mean age of 4.26 ± 3.21 years. At baseline, the mean hemoglobin was 7.01 ± 0.69 g/dL which increased to 12.35 ± 0.71 g/dL (p

Abstract Motor neuron diseases such as spinal cord injuries and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis are known as the most common disorders worldwide. Using stem cells (e.g., human umbilical cord blood mesenchymal stem cells) is currently a potent medical approach for modulating the impact of neural damages and regeneration of spinal cord injuries. MicroRNAs (miRNA) are taken into account as principal regulators during differentiation. The miRNAs play a significant role in stem cell self-renewal and fate determination. There are few studies on how miRNAs regulate neural differentiation in stem cells. The purpose of this study is to explore miRNA profiles of CB-MSCs during differentiation into motor neuron-like cells. Human CB-MSCs were isolated and characterized using flow cytometry. Cell differentiation has been induced by combining retinoic acid (RA) and sonic hedgehog (Shh) in a two-step protocol for 14 days. Then, cell differentiation was confirmed by immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry. The miRNA was analyzed using Illumina/Solexa sequencing platform. In this regard, three libraries were prepared to investigate the effect of these two biological morphogens on the miRNA profile of the differentiating cells. These libraries were Control (non-treated CB-MSCs), Test 1 (RA + /Shh +), and Test 2 (RA-/Shh-). Quantitative RT-PCR was employed to verify miRNA expression. CB-MSCs were spindle-shaped in morphology, and they did not express hematopoietic markers. After differentiation, the cells expressed motor neuron markers (i.e., Islet-1, SMI-32, and ChAT) at the protein level after 14 days. The analysis of miRNA sequencing demonstrated a significant up-regulation of miR-9-5p and miR-324-5p in Test 1 (RA + /Shh +). Also, there is a considerable down-regulation of mir-137 and let-7b in Test 2 (RA-/Shh-). These results have been obtained by comparing them with the Control library. Indeed, they were responsible for neuron and motor neuron differentiation and suppression of proliferation in neural progenitor cells. Furthermore, significant up-regulation was detected in some novel microRNAs involved in cholinergic, JAK-STAT, and Hedgehog and MAPK signaling pathways. CB-MSCs are potent to express motor neuron markers. This procedure has been performed by developing a two-week protocol and employing Shh and RA. The miRNA profile analysis showed a significant up-regulation in the expression of some miRs involved in neuron differentiation and motor neuron maturation. MiR-9-5p and miR-324-5p were up-regulated at the early stage of differentiation. Also, miR-137 and miR-let-7b were downregulated in the absence of RA and Shh. Furthermore, several novel miRNAs involved in cholinergic, Hedgehog, MAPK, and JAK-STAT signaling pathways have been detected. However, further studies are still necessary to validate their functions during motor neuron generation and maturation.

This study aims to analyze the types, and frequency of errors in written sentences by undergraduate Saudi English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners, following a quasi-experimental design. Data were collected from two groups: the control group (CG) and the experimental group (EG) through written sentences. The control group (CG) did not receive the treatment whereas the experimental group (EG) did to show the effect of writing exercises in the classroom on the production of written sentences. The experimental group (EG) received extra 3 hours of teaching and writing practice in a week to show the effect of classroom writing on the production of written sentences. The researcher assigned extra writing exercises in the classroom for the experimental group (EG) from the coursebook (Unlock 1, and 2) for 2 months. The age of the participants ranged from 18 to 25. The findings revealed that both groups committed overall errors with a significantly different frequency such as the control group with 199, whereas the experimental group with 116. Moreover, the control group committed errors in 9 categories out of 11 like “wrong word order”, “wrong use of preposition”, “wrong use of article”, “wrong com-adjectives”, “wrong subject verb-tense”, “faulty capitalization”, “punctuations”, “spelling errors”, and “wrong word choice”. In contrast, the experimental group produced errors only in 7 categories out of 11, and these are, “wrong use of preposition”, “wrong use of article”, “wrong subject verb-tense”, “faulty capitalization”, “punctuations”, “spelling errors”, and “wrong word choice”. The study has important implications for the teachers to modify their instructional strategies and focus on writing exercises in the classroom, and course designers to add more writing course content consisting of writing materials to provide a wide range of opportunities to the EFL learners and minimize their errors in writing skills.

Today, the principle of research and development is pulmonary drug delivery due to the potential for maximizing therapeutic effects for patients by direct drug targeting the pathology site in the lungs. Amongst the convenient delivery alternatives, the Dry Powder Inhaler (DPI) is the preferred device to remedy a variety of diseases. In this regard, the fabrication and development of a novel formulation for DPI capsules have been studied. We investigated the effects of various parameters, such as percentages of polyethylene glycol (PEG), propylene glycol (PG), glycerol (Gly), brittleness, test conditions, and particle release of manufactured DPI capsules. The efficacy of each parameter was evaluated in detail to understand and address the consequences of the mentioned factors. The results illustrated that the lower molecular weight of PEGs presented the better plasticizing capability of gelatin. Owing to the hygroscopicity of the utilized plasticizer, polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400) increased the capsule flexibility for a longer time and its stability under environmental conditions in the gelatin capsule formulation. Likewise, no particle release was observed in the gelatin/PEG capsule. The prepared gelatin/PEG400 capsules were compared with pure gelatin and HPMC capsules. The capsules were evaluated in terms of loss on drying (LOD), surface morphology, roughness, and puncture type. The results show that using PEG-400 can lead to the production of capsules that have low moisture content and minimal interaction with APIs. In addition, gelatin/PEG capsules have no particles due to the smooth surface after the punching process. The as-produced capsules are not blocked again after punching, allowing the patient to take the drug completely. In fact, the present research provided substantial insight regarding the development of DPI formulation in capsule investigations on an industrial scale.

Wastewater effluents usually involve dyes that are dangerous for aquatic life and other environments. Many of these dyes are toxic, carcinogenic, and can cause skin and eye irritation. In this study, firstly aminized cellulose acetate was prepared from cellulose acetate and applied for the adsorption of Acid Brown 354 from aqueous solutions. The effects of different parameters including adsorbent dosage, pH, temperature, and initial concentration of dye on adsorption capacity were examined. Results showed that removal efficiency of dye declined by increasing values of all parameters. Finally, maximum removal of dye was achieved in the presence of 0.1 g adsorbent, pH of 2, and 10 mg/L of initial dye concentration at a temperature of 25 °C. Also, different adsorption isotherms were investigated including Langmuir, Temkin, and Freundlich models and results demonstrated that the adsorption isotherm of dye followed the Freundlich model with a correlation coefficient of 0.988 revealing that the bond between the dye and the adsorbent is strong. Finally, kinetic study indicated that the adsorption of dye is exactly governed by pseudo-second-order kinetics explaining that the adsorption process is chemical and the adsorbent can not be reused. HIGHLIGHTS Synthesis of aminized cellulose acetate nanofibers (ACA) with hydrophilic and alkaline properties.; Removal of Acid Brown 354 dye by ACA nanofibers and studying the effect of different parameters.; Investigation of equilibrium isotherms and equilibrium thermodynamic parameters and introducing the best isotherm model.; Study of kinetics and mechanism of the dye removal process and proposing the best kinetic model.;

This paper presents the development and optimization of a new approach which combines the utilization of activated carbon and glucose oxidase enzyme for decolourisation of beet sugar syrup. The combining of the physical adsorption with the enzymatic reaction was managed to improve the decolourisation of beet sugar syrup from 35.29 to 83.68% compared to the basic adsorption by activated carbon after 120 min of operation under the optimum conditions. The maximum decolourisation efficiency by the coupled process was achieved at glucose oxidase dosage of 0.07 g, glucose concentration of 20 mM, and solution pH 7 at the temperature of 30ºC using 0.01 g of activated carbon particles. Given the high effectiveness, reusability, and the eco-friendly nature of the process, the proposed method can serve as an alternative to ordinary decoloursation techniques.

Composite coatings were prepared by using epoxy-hardener having a 2:1 composition and functionalized SiO _2 having 0, 0.01, 0.03, and 0.05 proportion/s accordingly. Curing of the coatings on aluminium alloy 7075 substrates was performed at a temperature of 60 ± 5 °C. Moreover, corrosion assessment was carried out in 0.6M NaCl solution at room temperature. The outcome of Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FT-IR) confirmed the presence of Si-O bond and epoxide peaks. XRD spectra depict that the intensity of AA-7075 peaks was substantially effected possibly due to more x-rays absorption in composite coatings as a result of increasing silica content. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) analysis depicted 116, 284, 620, and 1309% increase in charge transfer resistance (Rct) for 0, 1, 3, and 5% silica composition relative to bare AA-7075 samples. Moreover, potentiodynamic plots were used to estimate corrosion rate which depicted decline of 20, 55, 40, 90 and 97% when compared with pure AA-7075 substrate.

Iron oxide nanoparticle (ION)-based ferro-nanofluids (FNs) have been used for different technological applications owing to their excellent magneto-rheological properties. A comprehensive overview of the current advancement of FNs based on IONs for various engineering applications is unquestionably necessary. Hence, in this review article, various important advanced technological applications of ION-based FNs concerning different engineering fields are critically summarized. The chemical engineering applications are mainly focused on mass transfer processes. Similarly, the electrical and electronics engineering applications are mainly focused on magnetic field sensors, FN-based temperature sensors and tilt sensors, microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) and on-chip components, actuators, and cooling for electronic devices and photovoltaic thermal systems. On the other hand, environmental engineering applications encompass water and air purification. Moreover, mechanical engineering or magneto-rheological applications include dampers and sealings. This review article provides up-to-date information related to the technological advancements and emerging trends in ION-based FN research concerning various engineering fields, as well as discusses the challenges and future perspectives.

Damage to the liver or kidney can occur through direct toxic effects; however, damage can also be drug-induced immune-mediated. Levamisole-adulterated cocaine (LAC) is known to cause antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody- (ANCA-) associated vasculitis and glomerulonephritis leading to acute kidney injury and end-stage renal disease. It remains unclear whether LAC is associated with hepatic duct damage. Here, we report a case with biopsy-proven evidence of intrahepatic duct damage months after being diagnosed with ANCA-associated crescentic and sclerosing glomerulonephritis caused by LAC use. This case represents the first report of LAC-induced ANCA-associated hepatic duct cholestasis in the setting of previous LAC-induced ANCA-positive glomerulonephritis.

The ride quality including comfort and safety is the primary factor that is targeted in the design of an effective suspension system. The parametric behavior of suspension system is non-linear but for simplicity most of the researchers have assumed it as linear. The emphasis of this study is to analyze the non-linear behavior of basic components of the suspension system. Anon-linear mathematical model for semi-active suspension system equipped with MR (Magnetorheological) damper is developed based on a two degrees of freedom quarter vehicle model. Matlab/Simulink is used for simulation of the proposed model for different types of road disturbances. Transient response characteristics of the proposed non-linear model is compared with linear semi-active suspension model which show the difference between the responses of these models.

The reaction between 3,3′-[(3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl)methanediyl]bis(4-hydroxy-2H-chromen-2-one) and triethylamine in methanol yielded the title compound triethylammonium 3-[(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)(4-hydroxy-2-oxo-2H-chromen-3-yl)methyl]-2-oxo-2H-chromen-4-olate, C6H16N+·C26H17O8− or (NHEt3)+(C26H17O8)−, which crystallized directly from its methanolic mother liquor. The non-deprotonated coumarol substituent shares its H atom with the deprotonated coumarolate substituent in a short negative charge-assisted hydrogen bond in which the freely refined H atom is moved from its parent O atom towards the acceptor O atom, elongating the covalent O—H bond to 1.18 (3) Å. The respective H atom can therefore be described as being shared by two alcohol O atoms, culminating in the formation of an eight-membered ring.

For preparing nebivolol loaded solid lipid microparticles (SLMs) by the solvent evaporation microencapsulation process from carnauba wax and glyceryl monostearate, central composite design was used to study the impact of independent variables on yield (Y1), entrapment efficiency (Y2) and drug release (Y3). SLMs having a 10-40 μm size range, with good rheological behavior and spherical smooth surfaces, were produced. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffractometry pointed to compatibility between formulation components and the zeta-potential study confirmed better stability due to the presence of negative charge (-20 to -40 mV). The obtained outcomes for Y1 (29-86 %), Y2 (45-83 %) and Y3 (49-86 %) were analyzed by polynomial equations and the suggested quadratic model were validated. Nebivolol release from SLMs at pH 1.2 and 6.8 was significantly (p < 0.05) affected by lipid concentration. The release mechanism followed Higuchi and zero order models, while n > 0.85 value (Korsmeyer- Peppas) suggested slow erosion along with diffusion. The optimized SLMs have the potential to improve nebivolol oral bioavailability.

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) and Fe3O4 magnetite particles were coated on spherical Kissirises; glucose oxidase (GOx) enzyme was immobilized on Kissiris/Fe3O4/TiO2 by physical adsorption. This catalyst was analyzed by a scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) measurements. The performance of the prepared biocatalyst in the decolorization of Malachite Green dye was investigated. The optimal operation parameters were 20 mg/L, 20 mM, 5.5 and 40 ̊C for initial dye concentration, initial glucose concentration, pH and temperature, respectively. Under these conditions, a 95% Malachite Green decolorization efficiency was obtained after 150 min of reaction by using 1 g of prepared heterogeneous bio-Fenton catalyst. In this process, in contrast to a conventional Fenton’s reaction, external hydrogen peroxide and ferrous ion sources were not used. The effect of various reaction parameters such as initial concentration of dye, amount of catalyst, concentration of glucose, pH value and temperature on MG decolorization efficiency was studied.

The main purpose of this research work is to characterize zinc oxide-urea formaldehyde nano resin and identify the physical performance of medium-density fiberboard (MDF). Considering the dry weight of natural fibers, the ZnO nanoparticles were added to urea formaldehyde (UF) glue at four levels—0.0%, 1.0%, 2.0% and 3.0%—and their effects were investigated in terms of the physical properties of MDF. The surface morphology and crystalline structure of ZnO, UF and UF-ZnO nanofillers were characterized using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and significant improvements were achieved as a result of the addition of nanoparticles. Thermal properties were analyzed by means of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravemetric analysis (TGA) and it was observed that increasing the concentration of ZnO nanoparticles ultimately enhanced the curing of UF-ZnO nanofillers. Finally, density, thickness swelling and water absorption properties were investigated and it was observed that thickness swelling and water absorption properties were improved by 38% and 12%, respectively, when compared to control MDF.

This paper investigates the influence of iron oxide (Fe2O3) nanoparticles on the physical properties of medium density fiberboard (MDF). In this study, three different nano iron oxide loadings, i.e., 0.5, 1.5 and 2.5 wt %, and untreated poplar fibers were used. The iron oxide (Fe2O3) nanoparticles were initially dispersed into urea formaldehyde resin using a high-vacuum mechanical stirrer before being incorporated into natural fibers. The untreated poplar fibers were wound onto metal frames to produce dry mat layers. Twenty different composite samples were made. All composite samples were tested for physical properties, i.e., thickness swelling, water absorption, moisture content and density in accordance with standards EN-317, ASTM D570, EN-322 and EN-323 respectively. Based on the results, it was found that the incorporation of homogeneously dispersed iron oxide nanoparticles significantly improved thickness swelling (Ts). Moreover, water absorption (WA) improved by up to 49.18 and 34.54%, respectively, at the highest loading of 2.5 wt %. Microstructure was investigated and characterized with scanning electron microscopy (SEM), x-ray diffraction (XRD) and energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and we examined whether iron oxide nanoparticles exhibit good interactions with urea formaldehyde and poplar wood fibers. Heat and mass transfer investigation in the form of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) was carried out due to the impact of Fe2O3 nanoparticles. The curing temperature and thermal stability of the resin were enhanced due to the addition of Fe2O3 nanoparticles. A one-way ANOVA statistical analysis was established to effectively control the use of Fe2O3 nanoparticles. Therefore, the presence of iron oxide nanoparticles in an epoxy polymer contributes to a stiffer matrix that, effectively, enhances the capability of improving the physical properties of nano MDF.

In this research work effect of embedment of multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on the physical and mechanical properties of medium density fiberboard (MDF) have been investigated. The MWCNTs were embedded in urea formaldehyde resin (UF) at 0, 1.5%, 3% and 5% concentrations by weight for the manufacturing of nano-MDF. The addition of these nanoparticles enhanced thermal conductivity by 24.2% reduced curing time by 20% and controlled formaldehyde emission by 59.4%. The internal bonding (I.B), modulus elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR), thickness swelling (Ts) and water absorption (WA) properties were improved significantly by 21.15%, 30.2%, 28.3%, 44.8% and 29% respectively as compared to controlled MDF.

This research aims to explore the effects of nanoparticles such as alumina (Al2O3) on the physical and mechanical properties of medium density fiberboards (MDF). The nanoparticles are added in urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin with different concentration levels e.g., 1.5%, 3%, and 4.5% by weight. A combination of forest fibers such as Populus Deltuidess (Poplar) and Euamericana (Ghaz) are used as a composite reinforcement due to their exceptional abrasion confrontation as well as their affordability and economic value with Al2O3-UF as a matrix or nanofillers for making the desired nanocomposite specimens. Thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) and thermal analytical analysis (TAA) in the form of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) are carried out and it has been found that increasing the percentage of alumina nanoparticles leads to an increase in the total heat content. The mechanical properties such as internal bonding (IB), modulus of elasticity (MOE) and modulus of rupture (MOR), and physical properties such as density, water absorption (WA), and thickness swelling (TS) of the specimens have been investigated. The experimental results showed that properties of the new Nano-MDF are higher when compared to the normal samples. The results also showed that increasing the concentration of alumina nanoparticles in the urea-formaldehyde resin effects the mechanical properties of panels considerably.

Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) was coated on 316L stainless steel (SS) substrate through a spin coating technique to enhance its corrosion resistance properties in hydrochloric acid (HCl) and nitric acid (HNO3) medium. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed the morphology of the coated and uncoated substrates and showed a uniform and crack-free PTFE coating on 316L SS substrate, while a damaged surface with thick corrosive layers was observed after the electrochemical test on the uncoated sample. However, an increased concentration of HCl and HNO3 slightly affected the surface morphology by covering the corrosive pits. An atomic force microscope (AFM) showed that the average surface roughness on 316L SS and PTFE coating was 26.3 nm and 24.1 nm, respectively. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) was used for the compositional analysis, which confirmed the presence of PTFE coating. The micro Vickers hardness test was used to estimate the hardness of 316L SS and PTFE-coated substrate, while the scratch test was used to study the adhesion properties of PTFE coating on 316L SS. The anticorrosion measurements of 316L SS and PTFE-coated substrates were made in various HCl and HNO3 solutions by using the electrochemical corrosion test. A comparison of the corrosion performance of PTFE-coated substrate with that of bare 316L SS substrate in HCl medium showed a protection efficiency (PE) of 96.7%, and in the case of HNO3 medium, the PE was 99.02%, by slightly shifting the corrosion potential of the coated sample towards the anodic direction.

The effect of biological pretreatment on the rapeseed straw was evaluated by solid-state cultivation of white rot fungi Phanerochaete chrysosporium. P.chrysosporium degraded the lignin during the pretreatment, with enzymatic hydrolysis ratios increasing in the pretreated straw (3-fold after a 15 day pretreatment). The samples were identified by XRD, FTIR and SEM. X-ray analysis showed that pretreated samples had higher crystallinity than untreated samples (39.47% for a pretreated sample compared to 33.17% for untreated samples) and FTIR spectroscopy demonstrated that the content of lignocellulose also decreased during the biological pretreatment process. The surface characterization study showed morphological changes in pretreated samples. Moreover, the biological pretreatment slowed a plunge in hydrolysis rate during enzymatic hydrolysis.

The aim of this study was to modify surface properties of immobilized rutile TiO2 using Argon cold plasma treatment and to evaluate the performance of the catalyst in photocatalytic elimination of synthetic dyes in UV/TiO2/H2O2 process. The surface-modified TiO2 was characterized by XRD, EDX, SEM, UV-DRS and XPS analyses. Response surface methodology was adopted to achieve high catalyst efficiency by evaluating the effect of two main independent cold plasma treatment parameters (exposure time and pressure) on surface modification of the catalyst. The increase of the plasma operation pressure led to higher decolorization percentage, while the increase of plasma exposure time decreased the decolorization efficiency. RSM methodology predicted optimum plasma treatment conditions to be 0.78 Torr and 21 min of exposure time, which resulted in decolorization of 10 mg/L solution of the malachite green solution by 94.94% in 30 min. The plasma treatment decreased the oxygen to titanium ratio and caused oxygen vacancy on the surface of the catalyst, resulting in the superior performance of the plasma-treated catalyst. Pseudo first-order kinetic rate constant for the plasma-treated catalyst was 4.28 and 2.03 times higher than the rate constant for the non-treated photocatalyst in decolorization of aqueous solutions of malachite green and crystal violet, respectively.

Background: Examining the knowledge, attitude, perceptions and practices (KAP) of the medical students regarding antibiotic resistance (ABR) and use can help us in devising suitable educational interventions for them, tailored according to their earlier held knowledge, beliefs, capabilities and experience. Methods: A cross sectional, questionnaire based survey was conducted among the second year medical students of a teaching hospital, whereby their KAP regarding antibiotic use and resistance was assessed by using a five point Likert scale, whose responses ranged from ‘strongly agree’ to ‘strongly disagree,’ ‘always’ to ‘never and ‘very important’ to ‘unimportant’. The data was analysed by using simple descriptive statistics. Wherever it was relevant, the Chi-square test was used to determine any significant difference. Results: The response rate was 100 per cent. The number of respondents who agreed that ABR was an important and a serious public health issue in our teaching hospital (n = 66, 68 per cent), was significantly less (p < 0.001) as compared to the number of respondents who agreed that ABR was an important and a serious issue which the country (n = 86, 88.65 per cent) and the world (n = 88, 90.7 per cent) were facing. Only 77.3 per cent (n = 75) of the respondents were aware that bacteria were not responsible for causing colds and flu, while the remaining 22.7 per cent (n = 22) were not knowledgeable about this fact. More than 80 per cent rated the adverse effect profile of the antibiotic and the risk of a superinfection as the important factors which deserved consideration. Cost of the antibiotic was considered to be an important factor deserving consideration by only 56.7 percent (n=55) of the participants. Conclusions: Our survey revealed that most of the students were aware of the antimicrobial resistance and its consequences. The only concern was their casual attitude regarding the antibiotic use. Further educational interventions are necessary to improve their understanding and perceptions on antibiotic resistance, as well as their attitude towards antibiotic use.

Context: Inappropriate antimicrobial use increases the incidence of drug resistance, drug toxicity and superinfections, thereby increasing the healthcare costs. Various approaches for rationalizing the antimicrobial therapy, have been suggested. Collection of baseline data on the pattern of the antimicrobial use is usually suggested as the first step in this direction, which will help in identifying the problem areas, which demand our attention. Aims: To study the usage pattern of prophylactic antimicrobials in surgical patients, in order to detect any inappropriateness concerning the selection, timing, redosing and the duration of antimicrobial administration. Settings and Design: A retrospective review of the randomly selected medical records of general surgical cases over an 8 month period in a tertiary care teaching hospital. Methods and Material: The medical records of 258 patients who had undergone surgical procedures were verified for the appropriateness of the antimicrobial prophylaxis, with respect to the choice of the antimicrobial agent, the time of its administration, the intraoperative dosing, and the duration of the postoperative use. The obtained data was analyzed and conclusions were drawn with the help of descriptive statistics. Results: Third generation cephalosporins were used preoperatively in all the 258(100%) patients through the intravenous route. In addition, 77(30%) patients received metronidazole or amikacin. The antimicrobials were administered half an hour to one hour before the surgery. No intraoperative redosing was given. The duration of the postoperative prophylaxis was extended to 36 hours or more in 248(96%) of the cases. Conclusions: The timing of administration of the preoperative dose was appropriate and well delegated to the operating room nurse. The intra operative dose was appropriately omitted. The main concern was the increasing use of the third generation cephalosporins and the unnecessary prolonged duration of the postoperative prophylaxis, which needed to be addressed.

The decolorization of Maxilon-red dye by Kissiris immobilized Phanerochaete chrysosporium in the trickle-bed reactor (TBR) using the basal nitrogen-limited growth medium was studied. The influence of the superficial liquid velocity (SLV) on the decolorizing ability of the fungus was examined at four SLVs (cm sec-1): 0.05, 0.075, 0.1, and 0.15. Maximum level of the decolorizing activity was about 94 % by day 4-5 of the process when the TBR operated at SLV=0.075 to 0.1 cm sec-1. At these SLVs, the maximum activities of the lignin peroxidase (LiP) and the manganese peroxidase (MnP) were (UL-1): 87 and 207, respectively. In a successive decolorization of the tested dye in a continuous dye addition in the TBR when glucose level decreased to 2 gL-1, significant reduction in the characteristics of the interest were observed. While by controlling the glucose concentration, these properties were improved considerably: The decolorizing ability of the Kissiris immobilized mycelia was more than 85 % after nearly 20 days of the process while the maximum activities of the LiP and the MnP were (UL-1): 320 and 151, respectively. Considerable levels of the enzyme activities were detected by day 19 and after 11 times of the dye additions.

Background: Due to the adverse effects produced by the present conventional medicines for anxiety disorders, research for newer drugs is still desirable. From the literature it is evident that NMDA receptors play a key role in animal models of anxiety. Aim: The present study is done to evaluate the antianxiety effect of memantine in swiss albino mice. Materials and Methods: The experimental study was conducted from November 2014 to January 2015. Animals were divided into four groups. Twelve mice were randomly allotted in each group. Animals in the first group received normal saline as a control 10ml/kg, lorazepam 0.5mg/kg was administered to second group, memantine 3mg/kg as a test drug was given to the third group and memantine 3mg/kg + lorazepam 0.5mg/kg was administered to the fourth group. All the drugs were given for 7 consecutive days by intraperitoneal route. Results: Results were analyzed by one-way ANOVA followed by Post-hoc Tukey’s test. On the 1st day, memantine treated group did not show statistical significant anxiolytic effect in both the behavioural paradigms when compared to control group. On the 8th day, the animals showed significant decrease p

Background: Measles is a major killer in children worldwide. Immunization has a main role in reduction of morbidity and mortality of the disease. The objective of this study was to compare the gender, age distribution, and hospital stay in vaccinated and unvaccinated measles patients. Material & Methods: This cross-sectional comparative study was conducted Department of Pediatrics, Lady Reading Hospital, Peshawar, from April 2012 to March 2013. A total of 566 admitted cases of measles were enrolled. Immune compromised children and children who developed measles within 4 weeks of measles vaccination were excluded. Gender, age in years, and age grouping were demographic variables while hospital stay was research variable. Age was a ratio variable and was analyzed by mean + SD, minimum and maximum. All the other variables were categorical and were analyzed by number and percentages. Results: Out of 566 patients with measles, 310(54.80%) were males and 256(45.20%) were females with a male to female ratio of 1.2:1. The mean age of the sample was 3.18±2.16 (1-14) years. Out of total 566 patients, 211(39%) were vaccinated and 345(61%) were unvaccinated. Unvaccinated children had longer hospital stay as compared to vaccinated patients. Conclusion: Measles is not uncommon in children despite vaccination. Its prevalence is higher in younger males. Hospital stay in unvaccinated children is longer than the vaccinated ones.

This paper uses a quarter model of an automobile having passive and semiactive suspension systems to develop a scheme for an optimal suspension controller. Semi-active suspension is preferred over passive and active suspensions with regard to optimum performance within the constraints of weight and operational cost. A fuzzy logic controller is incorporated into the semi-active suspension system. It is able to handle nonlinearities through the use of heuristic rules. Particle swarm optimization (PSO) is applied to determine the optimal gain parameters for the fuzzy logic controller, while maintaining within the normalized ranges of the controller inputs and output. The performance of resulting optimized system is compared with different systems that use various control algorithms, including a conventional passive system, choice options of feedback signals, and damping coefficient limits. Also, the optimized semi-active suspension system is evaluated for its performance in relation to variation in payload. Furthermore, the systems are compared with respect to the attributes of road handling and ride comfort. In all the simulation studies it is found that the optimized fuzzy logic controller surpasses the other types of control.

Background: Neonatal sepsis is a clinical syndrome of bacterial infection characterized by signs and symptoms of systemic involvement during first month of life. It is a common cause of morbidity and mortality in full term and preterm neonates. The microorganisms and their sensitivity pattern vary from region to region and time to time. The current study was conducted to know the pattern of bacterial organisms at a tertiary level hospital and their response to commonly used antibiotics. Material & Methods: This descriptive study was conducted at Special Care Baby Unit, Department of Child Health and Microbiology Section Department of Pathology, Hayatabad Medical Complex, Peshawar, from February 2010 to January 2011. Blood was taken from 456 consecutive neonates admitted to Special Care Baby Unit fulfilling criteria for neonatal sepsis. The clinical and laboratory data was recorded. Results: A total of 456 blood cultures were taken, out of these 88(19.3%) were positive. Escherichia coli was the most common organism found in 36(40.91%) cases, followed by Klebsiella spp. in 17(19.32%), Staphylococcus aureus 14(15.91%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa 12(13.63%) and Staphylococcus epidermidis in 9(10.23%). All isolates showed low sensitivity to ampicillin, good sensitivity to cefotaxime & ceftazidime, and maximum sensitivity to amikacin, cefepime, ciprofloxacin, meropenem and vancomycin. Conclusion: Neonatal sepsis is a leading cause of neonatal admissions, morbidity and mortality in developing countries. Drug resistance is one of the emerging issues especially for routinely used antibiotics as found in our study.