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In this study, we examined the expression of 11 cytokines in liver and serum of C57BL/6 mice upon single or co-exposed to Aflatoxin B1 and Microcystin-LR at low-dose and sub-chronic conditions. The objective is to elucidate the potential combined hepatotoxic effects induced by AFB1+MC-LR, and we aim to provide references for further immune impacts in the liver. Luminex-based cytokine examination was applied, and we found that most of the cytokine expression increased with time. The level of IL-18, GM-CSF, IFN-γ, IL-1β and IL-4 in the liver showed a significant rise. However, some cytokines (IL-13) showed an upward trend after being suppressed during the middle stage of exposure. The level of IFN-γ and IL-12p70 generally represented the immune response in the combined exposure group. Conclusionally, there are many uncertainties due to sub-chronic and low-dose exposure. Therefore, the occurrence of subsequent irreversible liver injury and liver cancer is a probabilistic event.

In this study, we examined the expression of 11 cytokines in liver and serum of C57BL/6 mice upon single or co-exposed to Aflatoxin B1 and Microcystin-LR at low-dose and sub-chronic conditions. The objective is to elucidate the potential combined hepatotoxic effects induced by AFB1+MC-LR, and we aim to provide references for further immune impacts in the liver. Luminex-based cytokine examination was applied, and we found that most of the cytokine expression increased with time. The level of IL-18, GM-CSF, IFN-γ, IL-1β and IL-4 in the liver showed a significant rise. However, some cytokines (IL-13) showed an upward trend after being suppressed during the middle stage of exposure. The level of IFN-γ and IL-12p70 generally represented the immune response in the combined exposure group. Conclusionally, there are many uncertainties due to sub-chronic and low-dose exposure. Therefore, the occurrence of subsequent irreversible liver injury and liver cancer is a probabilistic event. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To determine the exposure to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in southern Mexico and the presence of the aflatoxin signature mutation in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissue from patients from a cancer referral center. Materials and methods. We estimated the prevalence and distribution of AFB1 in a representative sample of 100 women and men from Chiapas using the National Health and Nutrition Survey 2018-19. We also examined the presence of the aflatoxin signature mutation in codon 249 (R249S), and other relevant mutations of the TP53 gene in HCC tissue blocks from 24 women and 26 men treated in a national cancer referral center. Results. The prevalence of AFB1 in serum samples was 85.5% (95%CI 72.1-93.1) and the median AFB1 was 0.117 pg/μL (IQR, 0.050-0.350). We detected TP53 R249S in three of the 50 HCCs (6.0%) and observed four other G>T transversions potentially induced by AFB1. Conclusion. Our analysis provides evidence that AFB1 may have a relevant role on HCC etiology in Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several species of filamentous fungi have the ability to synthesize highly toxic secondary metabolites named mycotoxins. Within this group there are aflatoxins, which are ubiquitous in food and extremely toxic to both humans and animals. For this reason, decontamination strategies based on physical, chemical, and biological procedures have been investigated and developed. Generally, physical strategies are highly effective, mainly with the use of adsorbent materials. Adsorbents are compounds with the ability to bind mycotoxins, thus limiting their absorption in the gastrointestinal tract of animals. However, one of the disadvantages of inorganic adsorbents is the sorption of micronutrients from the diet and/or the release of toxic components. Consequently, this review provides an overview of the aflatoxins and their effects on animals, as well the effectiveness of certain plant-derived materials for their adsorption. Finally, conclusions and future research needs are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

La presencia de aflatoxinas en el ensilaje y en granos que se destinan para la alimentación de los rumiantes en lactación representa un problema para la salud animal y la inocuidad de la leche. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar el contenido de aflatoxina B1 en alimentos consumidos por cabras procedentes de cuatro unidades de producción de leche caprina del altiplano mexicano (APM). Un total de 47 muestras de concentrados y 29 muestras de ensilados procedentes de cuatro unidades de producción de leche caprina del Altiplano Mexicano (APM). Se analizaron 47 muestras de concentrados y 29 muestras de ensilados por Cromatografía de Líquidos de Alta Resolución (HPLC), empleando una columna de fase reversa y detección por fluorescencia previa derivatización de las aflatoxinas. Los resultados mostraron que el 38.29 % y 31.02 % de las muestras de concentrados y ensilados respectivamente presentaron niveles de AFB1 superiores al límite máximo permisible establecido por la Unión Europea (UE) (0.05 µg/kg); mientras el 29.78 % y 10.34 % para concentrados y ensilados respectivamente presentaron valores superiores a los 20 µg/kg propuesto por la norma oficial mexicana. Los resultados obtenidos corroboran la problemática actual de la presencia de aflatoxinas en la alimentación de las cabras lactantes, al poder metabolizarse esta toxina en aflatoxina M1 y afectar la inocuidad de la leche y derivados de encontrarse la misma.

La presencia de aflatoxinas en el ensilaje y en granos que se destinan para la alimentación de los rumiantes en lactación representa un problema para la salud animal y la inocuidad de la leche. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue determinar el contenido de aflatoxina B1 en alimentos consumidos por cabras procedentes de cuatro unidades de producción de leche caprina del altiplano mexicano (APM). Un total de 47 muestras de concentrados y 29 muestras de ensilados procedentes de cuatro unidades de producción de leche caprina del Altiplano Mexicano (APM). Se analizaron 47 muestras de concentrados y 29 muestras de ensilados por Cromatografía de Líquidos de Alta Resolución (HPLC), empleando una columna de fase reversa y detección por fluorescencia previa derivatización de las aflatoxinas. Los resultados mostraron que el 38.29 % y 31.02 % de las muestras de concentrados y ensilados respectivamente presentaron niveles de AFB1 superiores al límite máximo permisible establecido por la Unión Europea (UE) (0.05 µg/kg); mientras el 29.78 % y 10.34 % para concentrados y ensilados respectivamente presentaron valores superiores a los 20 µg/kg propuesto por la norma oficial mexicana. Los resultados obtenidos corroboran la problemática actual de la presencia de aflatoxinas en la alimentación de las cabras lactantes, al poder metabolizarse esta toxina en aflatoxina M1 y afectar la inocuidad de la leche y derivados de encontrarse la misma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of CES Medicina is the property of Universidad CES and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Argentina is one of the main exporters of maize. Soil is the main source of inoculum for the species Aspergillus section Flavi determining grain colonization and the subsequent aflatoxin production. The objective of this study was to evaluate the Aspergillus section Flavi incidence in soil and corn kernels from different regions of Argentina and evaluate the sclerotial type and the aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) producing capacity. Maize kernels and maize soil samples were collected at harvest from the north of Argentina and from the center and south of the province of Córdoba. Analysis was performed by comparing the distribution of culturable fungal and Aspergillus section Flavi strains. The type of sclerotia and the production of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) were evaluated. The Aspergillus section Flavi counts observed in soil samples from the southern region of Córdoba were similar than those observed in samples from the central region. Severity by Aspergillus section Flavi did not exceed 9% and 2.5% in southern and northern Córdoba. 75% of the strains from the northern region of Argentina produced L sclerotia while a 25% were not sclerotia producers and showed high levels of AFB1. The highest percentages of strains producing L sclerotia (95%) and the lowest number of S strains (5%) were isolated from the southern part of Córdoba. 61% of the strains from the central region produced L sclerotia while approximately 20% produced S sclerotia and the highest AFB1 levels. This study contributes to the knowledge of aflatoxigenic strains from three regions of Argentina and to the development of further aflatoxin control and prevention strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to determine fungal genera, Aspergillus, Pénicillium and Fusarium species and aflatoxin B1 contamination from raw materials and finished feed intended for fish farm localized in Piaui, Brazil. Aspergillusflavus and P. citrinum were isolated with a high relative density from all samples. In general, a high percent of samples exceeded the levels proposed as feed hygienic quality limits (CFU g-1) according to Good Manufacture Practice. Aflatoxin B1 was analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. All raw materials and finished feed showed aflatoxin B1 levels. Although in this study AFB1 levels below recommended limits (20 μg kg-1) were found, it is important to emphasize the feed intake with toxin in low concentrations along time, since it produce chronic deleterious effects in animal production. This fact requires periodic monitoring to prevent the occurrence of chronic aflatoxicosis in aquaculture, to reduce the economic losses and to minimize hazards to animal health.

The objective of this study was to identify the toxigenic mycobiota and the occurrence of aflatoxins in shrimp feed products intended for shrimp cultivated in the coastal area of the state of Piauí, Brazil, in three farms ("A", "B" and "C"). The toxigenic capacity of the fungal species isolated was tested for aflatoxins (AF) and ochratoxin A production. The fungal counts of shrimp feed were similar for the "A" and "B" farms at all cultivation phases, collection sites, in closed and opened packages (1.33 to 2.66CFU g-1 log10 -1). The lowest fungal counts were found in feed from "C" farm (0.65CFU g-1 log10 -1) from closed packages. Thirty-four strains of Aspergillus were detected with a greater prevalence of A. flavus. Two strains produced B1, B2, G1 and G2 aflatoxins at concentrations from 0.39 to 0.42ng g-1; 0.18 to 0.27ng g-1; 1.78ng g-1 and 0.09ng g-1 respectively and were classified as atypical A. flavus. Two strains of A. niger aggregate were OTA producers. Fifteen samples (13.88%) presented AFB1 contamination at levels ranging from 0.25ng to 360ng g-1. This study demonstrates the presence of toxigenic fungi in shrimp feed used at different phases of cultivation and farms. Atypical strains of A. flavus were isolated which produced AF B1, B2, G1 and G2 in shrimp feeds. Only AFB1 was detected in the analyzed feed

A qualidade da dieta ofertada às vacas em lactação é uma preocupação dos agentes de saúde devido à possibilidade da detecção de micotoxinas prejudiciais a saúde humana e animal. Os objetivos do trabalho foram avaliar o perfil da micobiota, determinar a atividade de água (Aa) e a ocorrência natural de aflatoxina B1 (AFB1) em dietas ofertadas a vacas em lactação de fazendas leiteiras no estado de São Paulo, Brasil. As amostragens das dietas foram realizadas diretamente dos cochos de lote de 15 vacas, em dois dias consecutivos com intervalos de 24h e a cada 15 dias, perfazendo um período de 45 dias de amostragens por fazenda. A purificação e determinação de AFB1 foram realizadas em colunas de imunoafinidade e Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência (CLAE). O estudo da micobiota presente nas amostras das dietas (288) revelou que as leveduras foram predominantes em todas as dietas (83,97 a 99,98%). Foram isolados 15 gêneros de fungos filamentosos, com os gêneros Aspergillus spp (20,09%), Fusarium spp (14,16%) e Penicillium spp (11,48%) os mais prevalentes. As contagens de Unidades Formadoras de Colônias por grama de alimento (UFC. g-1) variaram de 102 a 1011. A atividade de água das amostras variou entre 0,91 a 0,98. Foi detectada a presença de AFB1 em 31,44% das amostras com teores entre 1,68 a 194,51μg.kg-1. Medidas de boas práticas de produção, estocagem e utilização devem ser tomadas para diminuir a ocorrência de AFB1 nas dietas ofertadas às vacas em lactação.

Copyright of Revista de la Sociedad Química del Perú is the property of Sociedad Quimica del Peru and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Aflatoxin, a mycotoxin produced by pollutant molds, is a potent hepatotoxic and carcinogenic agent. Dietary exposition to it is of particular importance in certain regions of Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Populations in these regions suffer from high incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma, and have high frequency of the mutation in the codon 249 of p53 gene; besides, prevalence of Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is high in those populations. Synergism between infection with HBV and the exposition to this mycotoxin in the pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma has been demonstrated. Few studies have explored the exposition to aflatoxin in the diet of populations in Latin America, and the role in them of this mycotoxin as a risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma is unknown. In this article different aspects of aflatoxin are reviewed with emphasis on its relationship with HBV infection and with such neoplasia.

Estudou-se o efeito combinado da exposição à aflatoxina B1 (AFB1 ) e o estresse induzido por corticosterona (CORT) sobre os níveis de residuais de AFB1 em fígados de codornas japonesas. Um total de 144 codornas japonesas (Coturnix japonica) foram divididas em 6 tratamentos com 6 repetições por tratamento, cada uma contendo 2 machos e 2 fêmeas. As dietas dos tratamentos foram oferecidas da 5ª até a 11ª semana de idade. Os diferentes tratamentos resultaram da combinação da presença ou ausência de CORT na água de beber (5 mg / L), com a presença ou ausência de suplementação AFB1 (100 ou 500 ng /g) As dietas diferentes foram: Tratamento (T) 1: dieta basal (B) AFB1 (15 ng/g); T2: B mais AFB1 (100 ng / g); T3: B mais AFB1 (500 ng / g); T4: B mais CORT (5 mg / L); T5: B mais AFB1 (100 ng / g) e CORT (5 mg / L), e T6: B mais AFB1 (500 ng / g) e CORT (5 mg / L). Os níveis residuais de AFB1 foram significativamente mais elevados em fígados de aves alimentadas com AFB1 em comparação com os que pertencem ao grupo que recebeu uma combinação de AFB1 e CORT (P< 0,05). Sugere-se uma possível explicação para a redução dos níveis da toxina observada naqueles animais submetidos a dieta com CORT. Estes resultados constituem-se de um ponto de início para uma série de estudos que visam a elucidar a influência da resposta do eixo hipotalâmico-hipofisário-adrenais (HPA) ao stress em aves expostas a AFB1 .

Copyright of MESO is the property of Zadruzna Stampa D.D. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Two buckwheat groats processing methods were used for production of final commercial product. The first one involved thermal processing (steamed) and then dehulling, and the second one dehulling without thermal treatment (raw). The research evidenced that the raw groats and hulls were several times more contaminated with aflatoxin B1 compared with steamed ones. High concentrations of aflatoxin B1 (75.8 ìg kg-1) and T-2 toxin (351.0 ìg kg-1) were detected in the raw hull samples. The total phenolics responded more sensitively to thermal treatment than phenolic acids. More than 20 times higher concentrations of quercetin (65.47 ± 6.3 ìg g-1) were determined in steamed hulls compared to other raw and steamed samples. Buckwheat groats and hulls, containing the highest concentrations of quercetin and hydroxybenzoic acids, were found to be 10-fold less contaminated with aflatoxin B1 and T-2 toxins; however, the correlations between the phenolics and mycotoxins were statistically insignificant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Los residuos de cervecería son suplementos de bajo costo y de fácil disponibilidad, sin embargo, el alto contenido de humedad los hace susceptibles a la degradación fúngica y al desarrollo de microorganismos patógenos. Las bacterias ácido lácticas (BAL) se encuentran formando parte de la microbiota de los granos de cebada, de manera tal, que podrían contribuir en la calidad y seguridad tanto de la malta como de los pro- ductos derivados. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la presencia BAL, especies fúngicas de Aspergillus sección Flavi, Listeria monocytogenes e incidencia de aflatoxina B1 (AFB1) en residuos de cervecería, y evaluar in vitro el efecto antifúngico y anti-aflatoxicogénico de las BAL. El análisis de los residuos de cervecería mostró que, en general, los recuentos de BAL fueron elevados durante todos los períodos analizados, sin embargo, el recuento de Aspergillus sección Flavi, L. monocytogenes e incidencia natural de AFB1 fue variable. El hallazgo de L. monocytogenes es el primero informado en Argentina en este tipo de sustrato. Lactobacillus coryniformis subsp. coryniformis L47 y Lactobacillus cellobiosus L56 fueron las cepas más efectivas en inhibir el crecimiento y la producción de AFB1 de todas las cepas de Aspergillus sección Flavi ensayadas in vitro. Futuros estudios con estas cepas de BAL podrían realizarse para demostrar su efectividad in situ en estos sustratos alternativos destinados a la producción animal, así como también evaluar in vitro sus propiedades anti-listeria.

The presence of mycotoxins as a result of fungal attack can occur before, after and during the harvest and storage operations on agricultural crops and food commodities. Considering the inhibitory property of essential plant oils on the mycelial development of fungi and the importance of Aspergillus flavus, the main producer of aflatoxins, this research was designed to evaluate the toxicity of essential oil from Pittosporum undulatum against A. flavus. The essential oils were obtained from P. undulatum leaves, collected in different months and analyzed by GC/MS. The oils were rich in hydrocarbon, monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes and it was observed a significant variation on the chemical composition of the essential oil of leaves at different months. Besides, the essential oils were tested against fungal growth and the results showed different spectrum of inhibition on A. flavus. However, the essential oils inhibited the aflatoxin B1 production.A presença de micotoxinas como resultado do ataque fúngico pode ocorrer antes, após e durante a colheita e também no armazenamento de grãos e alimentos. Considerando as propriedades inibitórias dos óleos essenciais de plantas no desenvolvimento do micélio dos fungos e a importâncias do Aspergillus flavus, principal produtor de aflatoxinas, relatou-se neste trabalho, a atividade tóxica do óleo essencial do Pittosporum undulatum em cultura de A. flavus. Os óleos essenciais de P. undulatum foram obtidos a partir de folhas coletadas em diferentes meses e analisado por CG/EM. Os óleos se mostraram ricos em hidrocarbonetos, monoterpenos e sesquiterpenos e foi observada uma significante variação na composição química destes óleos nos diferentes meses de coleta. Os óleos essenciais mostraram diferentes espectros de inibição do crescimento de A. flavus, porém todos foram capazes de inibir a produção de aflatoxina B1.

Foi verificado o efeito da irradiação gama (60Co) na capacidade de destruir a microbiota fúngica, em amendoim em grão, cultivar Tatu Vermelho, da safra 2003 (segundo semestre). Os grãos de amendoim, após a irradiação, foram mantidos à temperatura ambiente em embalagem plástica comercial, durante 180 dias. Para a determinação da porcentagem fúngica foi utilizada a técnica do plaqueamento direto utilizando o meio Ágar Dicloran Rosa de Bengala Cloranfenicol (DRBC), desinfetando ou não os grãos com solução de hipoclorito de sódio. Em grãos de amendoim irradiados e desinfetados externamente, observou-se redução da infecção fúngica a 5 kGy e destruição total de fungos a 10 kGy, após 180 dias de armazenamento à temperatura ambiente. Em grãos irradiados e não desinfetados externamente foram verificados, em função do tempo de armazenamento, aumento da população de fungos com a dose de 1 kGy, redução com a dose de 5 kGy e eliminação total com a aplicação de 10 kGy. A irradiação gama, na dose de 10 kGy ou superior, demonstrou ser um processo eficaz na redução da microbiota fúngica de amendoim em grão, cultivar Tatu Vermelho.Gamma-irradiation effect was verified on the capability of destroying the mycoflora of peanuts grain, Tatu Vermelho cultivar, 2003 crop (second semester). The peanuts grains, after irradiation, were kept at room temperature in plastic bags during 180 days. To determine the percentage of fungi, the direct plating technique was used and the grains were plated out on mycological media dicholoran rose bengal chloranphenicol (DRBC), being desinfected or not with sodium hypochlorite solution. Irradiated and desinfected peanuts was observed a reduction of fungi infection at 5 kGy and total fungi destruction at 10 kGy, after 180 days in storage at room temperature. Irradiated and non desinfected grains showed a increase of fungi population with 1 kGy dose, reduction with 5 kGy dose and total destruction with 10 kGy dose. Gamma-irradiation in 10 kGy dose or higher, showed to be an efficient process to reduce the mycoflora of peanuts, Tatu Vermelho cultivar.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da aflatoxina B1 (AFB1) e da fumonisina B1 (FB1) sobre o hemograma e o leucograma de frangos alimentados com ração contendo as toxinas isoladamente e em associação, nos níveis de 0, 50 e 200mig de AFB1/kg, e/ou 0, 50 e 200mg de FB1/kg. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial 3x3, com 9 tratamentos e 12 repetições, totalizando 108 aves. Os frangos foram alimentados com as rações contaminadas do 8° até o 41° dia de vida. As aves de todos os grupos alimentados com micotoxinas apresentaram redução (P

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito das aflatoxinas sobre o crescimento de alevinos de jundiá (Rhamdia quelen), e sua deposição no fígado e na carcaça de peixes alimentados com ração com diferentes teores da micotoxina. Foram utilizados 960 alevinos, em dois experimentos, o primeiro com duração de 45 dias e o segundo com 35 dias. As instalações experimentais foram compostas por um sistema termorregulado de recirculação de água. No primeiro experimento, foram avaliados os teores de 41, 90 e 204 ppb de aflatoxinas kg-1 de alimento e no segundo experimento, 350, 757 e 1.177 ppb de aflatoxinas kg-1 de alimento. Foram estimados os seguintes parâmetros: peso médio, comprimento total e padrão, rendimento de carcaça, fator de condição, ganho diário, sobrevivência e deposição de aflatoxinas no fígado e na carcaça. Observou-se, no primeiro experimento, diminuição do peso e comprimento dos peixes alimentados com 204 ppb aflatoxinas kg-1. No segundo experimento, não ocorreu diferença significativa nas variáveis analisadas. A partir de 350 ppb kg-1, ocorreram alterações no fígado e tecidos, sem comprometer o crescimento, durante os 35 dias.The objective of this study was to evaluate the aflatoxins effects on the growth of jundiá fingerlings (Rhamdia quelen), and its deposition on the tissue of fishes fed with diets containing different concentrations of the micotoxin. A total of 960 fingerlings were used in two experiments, the first with 45 days, and the second with 35 days. The experimental facilities were composed by a thermoregulated water reused system. In the first experiment, concentrations of 41, 90 and 204 ppb of aflatoxins kg-1 were tested. In the second experiment, 350, 757 and 1,177 ppb aflatoxins kg-1 were also evaluated. The following parameters were estimated: weight, total and standard length, dressing carcass, condition factor, weight gain, survival and aflatoxin deposition in the liver and carcass. In the first experiment, it was observed a decrease of weight and length in fish fed with 204 ppb aflatoxins kg-1. In the second experiment, significant difference in the tested variables did not occurred. For feed over 350 ppb kg-1, alterations in the liver and tissues occurred without compromising the growth for 35 days.

OBJETIVO: Confirmar el efecto de la nixtamalización tradicional sobre la aflatoxina, identificar el compuesto remanente en masa, evaluar su toxicidad y su regeneración por tratamiento ácido. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Se utilizó maíz, sin y con aflatoxina, y se nixtamalizó. La toxicidad se evaluó en pollos de ocho días de edad. Se aplicó el tratamiento ácido a la masa. La cuantificación de aflatoxinas se realizó por cromatografía líquida de alta resolución (HPLC). RESULTADOS: La nixtamalización destruyó la aflatoxina (96%) y el aflatoxicol (70%); el remanente en masa fue aflatoxina B1. El tratamiento ácido in vitro no eleva las concentraciones de ninguna de las dos micotoxinas. Los pollos murieron al ingerir 260 mg de AFB1, y la masa con aflatoxina remanente no fue tóxica. CONCLUSIONES: Los resultados ilustran el beneficio de la nixtamalización tradicional en la inactivación de las aflatoxinas presentes en maíz y en su no reconstitución por efecto del tratamiento ácido.OBJECTIVE: To ratify the effect of traditional "nixtamalización" upon aflatoxin in corn, to identify the residual compound in dough, to evaluate its toxicity, and to verify the effect of acidic treatment on the regeneration of aflatoxin. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Corn with and without aflatoxin was treated separately with lime and heat to obtain two types of dough. Aflatoxin and the residual compound were quantified by high pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) and toxicity was evaluated in eight day old chicks. RESULTS: "Nixtamalización" destroyed AFB1 (96%) and aflatoxicol (70%). The residual compound was identified as AFB1. Experimental animals died by ingestion of 260 mg of AFB1 Dough containing residual aflatoxin was not toxic. Acidic. treatment did not increase aflatoxin concentration, nor aflatoxicol. CONCLUSIONS: The results support the use of traditional "nixtamalización" as a means to inactivate aflatoxin in corn and that acidic treatment prevents its regeneration in dough.

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi estudar os efeitos da aflatoxina B1 (AFB1) sobre as vísceras (fígado, baço e moela) de codornas poedeiras japonesas, em condições de exposição a baixas doses, tendo em vista que são poucos os dados de toxicidade de longa duração nesta espécie. Assim, foram constituídos 4 grupos formados, cada um, por 6 codornas de linhagem comercial, as quais receberam rações contendo AFB1 nas concentrações de 0 (controle), 25, 50 e 100mg.kg-1, durante 168 dias. As aves do grupo 100mg kg_1 apresentaram fígados com peso relativo médio menor (p < 0,05) do que o controle. Alterações histológicas foram constatadas apenas no fígado, sendo que todas as amostras provenientes das codornas intoxicadas apresentaram degeneração vacuolar macrogoticular, sugestivas de metamorfose gordurosa moderada a severa, particularmente nos grupos que receberam ração com os maiores níveis de AFB1 (50 e 100mg.kg-1). A hiperplasia de ductos biliares foi observada somente no grupo alimentado com 100mg.kg-1. Os resultados indicaram que a AFB1, a partir de 50mg.kg-1, pode ocasionar lesões hepáticas significativas em codornas de postura, em condições de exposição prolongada.The aim of the present record was to study the effects of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) on selected viscera (liver, spleen and gizzard) of laying Japanese quail under conditions of low level exposure, in view of the little information regarding the long term toxicity on this specie. Thus, four experimental groups of six commercial quails were constituted and given rations containing either 0 (controls), 25, 50 or 100mg aflatoxin B1 (AFB1)/kg feed, during 168 days. When compared to controls, birds from group 100mg.kg-1 presented low relative liver weight (p < 0.05). Histological changes were observed only in the livers, and all samples from quail exposed to AFB1 revealed moderate to severe hepatic cell vacuolation with fatty change, particularly in birds from groups receiving highest levels of toxin (50 and 100mg.kg-1). Bile duct hyperplasia occurred only in the birds exposed to 100mg.kg-1 of AFB1. The results indicated that long term administration of AFB1 at levels above 50mg.kg-1 can cause significant hepatic lesions in Japanese quail.

RESUMEN. El arroz es un cereal utilizado en Venezuela para la nutrición humana y animal, susceptible a la contaminación con aflatoxinas en el campo y durante el almacenamiento en silos. En tal sentido, la investigación tuvo por finalidad evaluar la eficacia y reversibilidad del proceso de amonificación, en las modalidades de alta presión / alta temperatura ( AP/AT ) y presión atmosférica / temperatura moderada ( PA/TM ) en muestras de arroz contaminadas con aflatoxina B1. Para ello se construyó un diseño 2k considerando como variables la temperatura, humedad y el tiempo de proceso. En sus dos modalidades, el proceso permitió la reducción de la concentración de aflatoxina B1 en un rango entre 90% y 100%. Se observó además la reversión de la toxina en un rango entre 0% y 19% luego de la simulación in vitro de la digestión estomacal. La eficacia y permanencia del proceso estuvo determinada por la utilización de altas temperaturas y largo tiempo de exposición en las modalidades AP/AT y PA/TM, respectivamente.SUMMARY. Efficacy and stability of ammoniation process as aflatoxin B1 decontamination technology in rice ( Oriza sativa ). Rice, a cereal widely used in Venezuela for human and animal nutrition, is susceptible to aflatoxin contamination in the field and during storage. Therefore, the goal of this research was the evaluation of the efficacy and permanence of the ammoniation process through high pressure/high temperature ( HP/HT ) and atmospheric pressure/moderate temperature ( AP/MT ) conditions applied to rice samples artificially contaminated with aflatoxin B1. For this purpose a 2k design was drawn up considering the temperature, the rice moisture and the process time as variables. Under both sets of conditions, aflatoxin B1 concentration was reduced in a range of 90% to 100%. After in vitro stomach digestion simulation, toxin reversion ranged from 0% to 19%. In conclusion, the process efficacy and permanence were achieved through the use of high temperature and long process time for both sets of conditions ( HP/HT and AP/MT ), respectively.

The aim of the present study was to determine fungal genera, Aspergillus, Penicillium and Fusarium species and aflatoxin B1 contamination from raw materials and finished feed intended for fish farm localized in Piaui, Brazil. Aspergillus flavus and P. citrinum were isolated with a high relative density from all samples. In general, a high percent of samples exceeded the levels proposed as feed hygienic quality limits (CFU g-1) according to Good Manufacture Practice. Aflatoxin B1 was analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. All raw materials and finished feed showed aflatoxin B1 levels. Although in this study AFB1 levels below recommended limits (20 µg kg-1) were found, it is important to emphasize the feed intake with toxin in low concentrations along time, since it produce chronic deleterious effects in animal production. This fact requires periodic monitoring to prevent the occurrence of chronic aflatoxicosis in aquaculture, to reduce the economic losses and to minimize hazards to animal health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To determine the effect of pH, and exposure time over the inactivation of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) during the tortilla making process as well as the degradative molecules generated. Materials and methods. Inactivation of AFB1 in maize-dough with alkaline pH and in alkaline methanolic solutions was determined by HPLC. Kinetics of time exposure of AFB1 in methanolic solution and the degradative products were analyzed by direct injection electrospray mass spectometry (DIESI-MS). Results. The alkaline pH of the maize-dough after nixtamalización between 10.2, and 30-40 minutes of resting at room temperature allows the 100% reduction of AFB1. DIESI-MS analysis of the extracts indicated the presence of two degradation molecules from AFB1 Conclusion. The alkaline pH of maize-dough and resting time are the principal factors involved in diminishing AFB1 levels in tortillas. A procedure to the tortilla making process is proposed, which allows the reduction of remnant AFB1 avoiding the accumulative effect over consumers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cause of cancer related deaths every year. It's a neoplasia with an increasing incidence rate worldwide and it accounts 90% of primary hepatic tumors which makes it the most common of this kind of cancer. Research shows that HCC has many etiologies, and chronic exposure to micotoxins like aflatoxins, especallly aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), which is produced by Aspergillus fungi, causes a mutation in codon 249, exon 7 of the P53 gene which leads to HCC. AFB1 can be found in contaminated food, like corn, rice and beans. A relationship between the consumption of these foods and HCC in has been established in countries in Asia and Africa. This paper work reviews existing information about the mechanisms of cancerigenicity of AFB1 which leads to the development of HCC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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O presente trabalho relata um surto de intoxicação pela aflatoxina B1 em 150 bovinos machos mestiços, provenientes de um rebanho de 1774 animais, em sistema de confinamento, ingerindo polpa cítrica peletizada comercial, 5kg por animal. Todos os animais foram avaliados clinicamente, e os 18 animais que morreram foram necropsiados e submetidos a exames histopatológicos. A intoxicação foi confirmada pela presença da aflatoxina B1 (5ppm) em amostras da polpa cítrica peletizada utilizada na propriedade e em fragmentos de fígado dos animais que morreram.The present work reports an outbreak of intoxication by aflatoxin B1 in 150 adult bovine male, males from a herd of 1774 animals, in confinement system, fed on commercial citrus pellet. All animals were evaluated clinicaly, and ones that died were necropsied and tissues submitted to histopathotology. The intoxication was confirmed by aflatoxin B1 presence in samples of the citrus pellet and in fragments of liver of the animals which died.

La aflatoxina B1 (AFB1) es una micotoxina identificada como el más potente hepatocarcinógeno. El metabolito que resulta del proceso de detoxificación de la AFB1 en el hígado tiene la capacidad de reaccionar con el ADN genómico, generando el aducto AFB1-ADN; durante la replicación del ADN este aducto induce la transversión G:C→T:A. Polimorfismos en los genes que codifican las enzimas encargadas de la activación y detoxificación de la AFB1 y enzimas de reparación del ADN han sido asociados con el riesgo de desarrollar carcinoma hepatocelular (CHC). Adicionalmente, en poblaciones con alta exposición a aflatoxina y alta prevalencia de infección por el virus de la hepatitis B (VHB) se ha demostrado un sinergismo entre estos dos factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de CHC.

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Se estudió el efecto de la aflatoxina B1, transmitida vía transovárica, sobre la presencia de lesiones en pollitos de un día de edad procedentes de gallinas que recibieron dietas con aflatoxina B1. Utilizando 30 gallinas de la línea Isabrown, divididas en 3 grupos de 10 aves cada uno, que fueron sometidas a inseminación artificial recibiendo alimento con aflatoxina B1 durante 10 días de la siguiente manera: tratamiento 1, niveles no detectables (control); tratamiento 2, 0,02 mg/kg y tratamiento 3, 4 mg/kg. Se obtuvieron 246 huevos fértiles correspondiendo a dos lotes de incubación: lote A, huevos recogidos durante los últimos 7 días de administración de la toxina y lote B, huevos recogidos durante los 7 días posteriores a la restricción del consumo de aflatoxina B1; estos huevos fueron identificados por tratamiento y por lote de incubación. A todos los pollitos nacidos se les realizó necropsia durante las primeras 48 horas de vida, no observándose lesiones macroscópicas y microscópicas atribuibles a la transmisión vía transovárica de aflatoxina B1, en proventrículo, ventrículo, intestino delgado, páncreas, encéfalo, timo, hueso, riñón, bazo y bolsa de Fabricio, en pollitos nacidos del lote A y lote B. El hígado presentó lesiones (P < 0,01) histopatológicas características de intoxicación con aflatoxina B1, tales como necrosis individual de hepatocitos, espacios sinusoidales obliterados y leve proliferación de conductos biliares, en pollitos nacidos del tratamiento 2 (0,02 mg/kg) y 3 (4 mg/kg), tanto en el lote A, así como, el lote B. Estos resultados indican que pollitos recién nacidos pueden desarrollar hepatotoxicidad cuando provienen de gallinas alimentadas con dietas contaminadas con altos niveles (4 mg/kg) y/o bajos niveles (0,02 mg/kg) de aflatoxina B1.

Se evaluó la respuesta inmune de pollos (Hubard x Hubard) con la inclusión en la dieta por 42 días de 70 μ/kg de Aflatoxina B1 (AFB1) además de la capacidad de 2,5 mg/kg de Selenio (SE) y el Saccharomyces cerevisiae 0,1% (SC) para prevenir la aflatoxicosis. Usando un diseño de experimento factorial con ocho tratamientos y cuatro replicas de 15 aves para cada uno (480 pollos). Los tratamientos fueron: T1= dieta basal; T2= AFB1; T3= SC; T4 = AFB1+ SC; T5 = SE; T6= AFB1+ SE ;T7= SC + SE; T8 = AFB1+ SC + SE. Las variables estudiadas fueron: Numero de glóbulos blancos (GB); Leucograma (LEU); Títulos de anticuerpos (Gumboro y Newcastle) (TA); Proteínas séricas (PS); Gammaglobulinas (Gamma); Relación albúmina /globulina (alb/glo); índice peso Bursa/peso corporal (Pb/Pc); Porcentaje de linfocitos viables en Bursa (PLV); Grados de lesión de Bursa (GL). Se aplicó un análisis de la varianza (ANOVA). Se realizaron comparaciones de medias usando la prueba de Dunnet. La variable GL se analizó utilizando Kruskal Wallis todas del paquete estadístico SAS. Los resultados indicaron: la AFB1 disminuyó GB, indujo linfocitosis y heteropenia, disminuyó PS, afectó Pb / Pc e incrementó GL. El selenio incrementó PS e indujo una mayor respuesta celular, además disminuyó GL en presencia de AFB1. La levadura no previno las alteraciones en ninguna de las variables afectadas por la AFB1. Estos resultados sugieren que la exposición constante a bajas dosis de AFB1 afecta la respuesta inmune de los pollos de engorde y que la utilización del selenio a 2,5 mg/kg previene este efecto, no así el Saccharomyces cerevisiae a la dosis utilizada.

Se realizó un estudio para determinar el efecto de bajas concentraciones (70 µg/kg) de Aflatoxina B1 purificada (AFB1) sobre los valores hematológicos de pollos de engorde, la exposición a niveles subclínicos de AFB1 es causa de bajo rendimiento en la industria avícola a consecuencia de sintomatología que va desde anemia hasta un comprometimiento de la respuesta inmune. Se utilizaron 480 pollos de la línea Hubbard x Hubard de un día de edad y se dividieron en dos grupos de 240 animales: Control (T1) alimento comercial sin niveles detectables de AFB1 y Tratamiento (T2) alimento contaminado con 70 µg/kg de AFB1. El día 42 se tomaron muestras de sangre a 32 aves de cada grupo para determinar: Proteínas Totales (PT) Hematocrito (Hcto), Hemoglobina (Hem), Recuento de Glóbulos Rojos (GR), Recuento de Glóbulos Blancos (GB) y Hemograma (DIF). La base de datos fue analizada para un diseño completamente aleatorizado a través de una análisis de la variancia y comparaciones de medias utilizando la opción GLM del SAS. Los valores para el T1 fueron: (PT) 3,18 Ó 0,42 g/dl; (Hcto) 28,9 Ó 2,48%; (Hem) 9,05 Ó 1,10 g/dl; (GR) 2,65 Ó 0,41 millones /mL; (GB) 6951,56 Ó 3435 glóbulos /mL, los cuales no difieren de los resultados del T2. Todas las aves del ensayo presentaron linfopenia, heterofilia y monocitosis, lo que es compatible con un hemograma de stress calorico. Se concluye que 70 µg/kg AFB1 durante seis semanas no es capaz de afectar significativamente la respuesta hematológica en pollos de engorde.

Se estudió el efecto de la aflatoxina Bı, transmitida vía transovárica, sobre la mortalidad embrionaria en aves. Para ello se realizó una investigación de tipo experimental donde se utilizaron 30 gallinas de la línea Isa Brown divididas en 3 grupos de 10 aves cada uno, las cuales fueron sometidas a inseminación artificial para obtener huevos fértiles, recibiendo alimento contaminado con aflatoxina B1 durante 10 días de la siguiente manera: tratamiento 1, niveles no detectables (control); tratamiento 2, 0,02 mg/kg y tratamiento 3, 4 mg/kg. Se obtuvieron 246 huevos fértiles correspondiendo a dos lotes de incubación: lote A, huevos recogidos durante los últimos 7 días de administración de la toxina y lote B, huevos recogido durante los 7 días posteriores al consumo de la toxina; estos huevos fueron identificados por tratamiento y por lote de incubación, observándose mediante un ovoscopio para determinar la mortalidad embrionaria. Los resultados obtenidos demostraron que la mortalidad estuvo afectada por la administración de aflatoxina Bı a la dosis de 4 mg/kg (tratamiento 3) para los lotes A y B (P menor 0,01).

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