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Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an emerging human-to-human infectious disease that broke out in early December 2019 and threatens global public health, causing widespread concern. This respiratory disease is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The development of reliable techniques for COVID-19 diagnosis is a significant step to prevent further infection. Thus in this study we see the prevalence of Covid 19 cases in eastern part of Uttar Pradesh by a molecular diagnostic method. Aim and Objective: To study the diagnosis of sars-cov-2 virus with real time PCR in patients attending the tertiary care centre. Material and Methods: This was a Retrospective study carried out in the Department of Microbiology between September 2020 to June 2022. The Samples were collected from COVID19 clinically suspected patients at GMC, Ambedkarnagar and evaluated with real time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) tests. Also few samples were sent for genome sequencing and analysed. Results: In our study a total of 2999 patients were diagnosed with COVID-19. Five samples showed emerging delta strain in mid part of study. Conclusion: RT-PCR amplification of viral nucleic acid has been widely recognized as the gold standard for diagnosis of COVID-19 and can effectively confirm timely and accurate SARS-CoV2 infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: A chronic inflammation of the middle ear and mastoid cavity that lasts more than two weeks is known as chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM). A common organism that causes CSOM is pseudomonas aeruginosa. Although carbapenems are among the best medicines for treating Pseudomonas infections, the development of metallo-ß-lactamases strains is frequently linked to carbapenem resistance. Finding strains that produce MBLs can help ensure that patients receive the best care possible to stop the development of resistance. Finding the imipenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa carrying the metallo-ß-lactamase (MBL) geneblaIMP-1 is the primary goal of the research. Aim and Objective: To study the Molecular Characterization of Metallo-Beta Lactamase Gene blaIMP-1 in Imipenem Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from Patients of Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media. Material and Methods: This was a cross sectional study carried out in the Department of Microbiology and ENT Department for a period of 1 year i.e, May 2023 to May 2024. A total of 200 patients clinically suspected cases for CSOM was studied. Swabs taken from discharging ears were sent for Gram’s staining, culture and antibiotic sensitivity test as per the latest CLSI guidelines 2023. The DNA was extracted by using Qiagen DNA Extraction kit and blaIMP-1 gene for Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates was detected by conventional PCR. Results: In the present study the number of cases clinically diagnosed of having CSOM were 200, out of which 70 (35%) was found to be culture positive for CSOM infection. Males were 44 (62.8%) as compared to that of female 26 (37.1%), the age group of 0-10 years followed by 11-20 years were being affected the most and the least number of cases was seen in the age group above 51 years. The side of the ear affected was almost in equal distribution, with the left ear being (51.4%) and the right ear being (40%) while (8.5%) were bilateral. In our study it was observed that the maximum number of cases was found in Gram negative isolates (98.5%) as compared to the Gram positive isolates (14.2%). It was also observed that 62 isolates (88.5%) samples showed growth of single isolates while 8 (11.4%) were mixed isolates. Pseudomonas aeruginosa being the most common isolate with 42.8% followed by Klebsiella sp. with 21.4% and among gram positive isolates Staphylococcus aureus was 11.4% and Streptococcus pneumonia (2.8%) being the least observed. The sensitivity observed in P. aeruginosa for Colistin was (97.1%), Piperacillin‑tazobactam (78.5%), Amikacin (82.8%), and cefepime (78.5%) were found to be the most effective Antibiotics. The resistance to ciprofloxacin was (56.6%), Levofloxacin (50%), Piperacillin(46.6%), Gentamicin(37.1%), Imipenem (31.4%), Tobramycin(31.4%), Ceftazidime (31.4%) and Gentamycin (37.1%). The blaIMP-1 gene was detected in 14 (20%) of the isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Conclusion: Pseudomonas aeruginosa was the most frequently isolated strain in the current investigation, and the most effective antibiotics were cefepime, amikacin, piperacillin-tazobactam, and colonistin, ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin were the least effective. The Kanpur region (%) is seeing an increase in P. aeruginosa isolate resistance to imipenem as a result of MBL enzymes. Understanding the CSOM etiological agents and their antibiogram is crucial for effective treatment and prevention of antimicrobial resistance as well as clinical consequences. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: K.pneumoniae is a gram-negative bacterium belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae family. This microorganism is a part of the healthy microbiome of individuals and colonizes many parts of the body. The incidence of carbapenemresistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (CRKP) infections is increasing globally. In India, around 65% of K. pneumoniae isolates are resistant to carbapenem antibiotics. The blaNDM is the predominant carbapenem-resistant gene in CRKP isolates. AIM AND OBJECTIVE: To Study the Molecular Characterization of blaNDM-1 Resistant genes in Carbapenem Resistance Klebsiella Pneumonia Clinical isolates. MATERIAL AND METHODS:This was a cross sectional study carried out for a period of 1 year i.e, during 2023 to 2024at K.G.M.U, Lucknow . Samples like urine, sputum, ET tube, pleural fluid, pus, CSF, blood and Ascitic fluid were included in this study. Carbapenemase resistance was detected phenotypically by MHT, mCIM and eCIM methods and genotypically by using PCR where the DNA extraction was done and the resistant gene blaNDM-1 was confirmed by PCR assay. RESULT:A total of 350 isolates of K. pneumoniae were collected from patients, with 127(36.28%) identified as CRKP. There were 30 (57.69%) isolates obtained from male and 22(42.30%) were obtained from female, while the maximum number of patients belong to the age group <50 years and maximum patients were engaged as Student/Housewife/Retired (44.09%) followed by Clerical/Shopkeeper/Farmer (36.22%) and others. In our study,it was also observed that, in phenotypic test 81.88% were positive for M-CIM while 77.95% were positive for E-CIM and in genotypic test there were 86.61 % positive for NDM-1. CONCLUSION: The study highlighted the existence of carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae, particularly in blaNDM-1, in patients with comorbidities. Our findings emphasize the importance of the molecular characterization of resistance-determinant-carrying bacterial pathogens as a part of infection control and prevention in hospital settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Surgical site infection (SSI) is still a common and widespread disease that leads to severe morbidity and death, longer hospital stays, and ultimately higher healthcare costs. P.aeruginosa clinical isolates have been shown to express the virulent gene Exo T, which is significant in the aetiology of infection. The current study aimed to identify the resistance gene Exo T gene in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and to ascertain the prevalence of SSI and associated risk factors among those who had undergone any type of surgical operation. Aim and Objective: To Study the Prevalence, Risk Factors of Surgical Site Infections and the Molecular Characterization of Exo T gene in Drug Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa patients at a Tertiary Care Centre, India. Material and Methods: This was a cross-sectional study conducted in a hospital setting over the period of 1 year i.e., August 2022 to August 2023 at a Tertiary Care Centre. All surgically treated adult patients of both sexes who were older than 16 years old were included. Patients who received a second surgery at the same location for any reason, patients receiving immunosuppressant medication, people with immunodeficiency diseases, people currently taking antibiotics, and people with infections elsewhere were all disqualified from participating. If there was signs of a wound infection 48 hours after surgery, the patient was diagnosed with SSI. The DNA was extracted using the Qiagen DNA Extraction kit and the resistant gene Exo T was detected using the conventional PCR. Results: In the present study a total of 170 patients underwent different types of surgeries. The prevalence of SSIs during the study period was 8.2%. SSIs were more common in abdominal surgeries with the Males (64.2%) have a higher risk of getting SSI than females (35.7%). Patients who underwent emergency surgery have a higher risk of getting SSI than those who underwent elective surgery. Those with diabetes had a higher risk of getting SSI than those who were nondiabetics. In the present study it was also observed that Klebsiella pneumoniae (28.5%) was the most common isolate followed by E.coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa with 21.4%, S.aureus with 14.25% and least for Staphylococcus epidermitidis and Klebsiella oxytoca with 7.14%. It was observed that the site of the infection most common affected was the superficial site with 57.1%. The Molecular characterization confirms that out of 3 Pseudomonas 2 showed the presence of Exo T gene (66.6%). Conclusion: SSIs were more likely to follow abdominal operations. Patients who were male, in the 30-year-old age range, had emergency surgery, had diabetes, and/or had a protracted hospital stay prior to any kind of surgery were more likely to experience surgical site infections (SSIs). It was also found that the proven role of Exo T virulence genes in the pathogenicity of P. aeruginosa would help in treatment and prognosis of Pseudomonas infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background:Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common, complex and heterogeneous reproductive endocrinopathy of females throughout the world. Circulating leptin correlates strongly with obesity, which is frequently associated with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), Adiponectin is a circulating protein produced by adipocytes. Circulating levels of adiponectin are inversely related to adipocyte mass. Aim and Objective: To Study the Association of Leptin and Adiponectin as a predictive marker in Obese And non Obese Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Patients. Material and Methods:This was a case control study carried out in the Department of Biochemistry with collaboration with the Obstetrics and gynaecology Department. The study comprised of 120 patients with PCOS and 120 controls without PCOS.Each group was analysed for the following parameters as TSH, Prolactin, FSH, LH, AMH, Total cholesterol, Systolic/diastolic(BP), BMI, Leptin, Adiponectin, MDA(Malondialdehyde) and SOD(Superoxide dismutase). The validity of leptin toward the diagnosis of PCOS or leptin combined with these parameters was estimated by Descriptive and inferential statistical analysis at 5% level of significance. Results: In the present study increased level of leptin among women with PCOS positively associated with FSH, LH, TSH, Total cholesterol, MDA in PCOS whereas Adiponectin was negatively correlated. However, there was no statistically significant correlation between the Adiponectin Insulin and the Body Mass index with respect to PCOS. Conclusion:The relationships between leptin and adiponectin and insulin resistance and sensitivity, metabolic syndrome, and BMI in women with PCOS suggest that Leptin and Adiponectin potentially could serve as a marker for disease risk and provide opportunity for earlier intervention if knowledge is successfully translated from laboratory to clinical practice. However, further study of the relationship between adiponectin and PCOS is required before there can be direct application to clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Multiple antibiotic resistances in the bacteria that cause infections in humans have been directly caused by the ongoing use of antibiotics in clinical practise. In undeveloped and impoverished nations, the overuse and inappropriate use of antibiotics may increase the risk of resistant bacteria emerging and proliferating throughout the population. Consequently, the antibiotics' effectiveness is declining. Therefore, there is now more interest in the therapeutic use of natural materials due to the need for innovative alternative antibacterial techniques. Aim and Objective: To study the antimicrobial activity of honey against clinical isolates of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus with special reference to Mec A gene, from various clinical samples at a tertiary care centre, Uttar Pradesh, India. Material and Methods: This was a prospective study carried out in the Department of Pharmacology and the Microbiology Department for a period of 1 year i.e, August 2022 to August 2023 at a Tertiary care centre, Uttar pradesh. The antibacterial activity of Dabur pasteurised honey was evaluated against the bacterial strains of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Methicillin Sensitive Staphylococcus aureus. Their antibacterial sensitivity pattern was tested using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion susceptibility testing technique according to the CLSI guidelines 2022 along with other commonly used antimicrobials. Results: A total of 200 clinical isolates were isolated, out of which 72 isolates were of S.aureus in which a total of 24 MRSA isolates were were identified by CX, OX, and E-test. The DNA was extracted using the DNA extraction Qiagen Kit and the Mec A gene was detected by the PCR. In the present study there were 24 isolates of MRSA out of which 15(62.5%) isolates were sensitive to honey and 48 isolates of (MSSA) Methicillin sensitive S. aureus out of which 42(87.5%) isolates were sensitive to honey. It was observed that all the Methicillin resistance isolates were resistant to Cefoxitin and Oxacillin whereas sensitive to linezolid, Teicoplanin and Vancomycin. In the present study the results of antibacterial activity of honey towards the two microorganisms tested were performed. MRSA as well as MSSA were sensitive to undiluted honey samples tested with an average zone of inhibition of 30.03± 0.1 and 41.06±0.2 respectively. Both MRSA and MSSA isolates were sensitive to honey. But MRSA were resistant to all antimicrobials tested except linezolid where as MSSA were sensitive to all except penicillin. Conclusion: Honey is undoubtedly a viable candidate for further research and testing as an antibacterial in the future. With more research on its mode of action at the molecular level, honey could find extensive application as an antibacterial agent in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) is an important health problem for the treatment of infectious diseases. Carbapenems have historically been used as a last resort for treating MDR Gram-negative bacterial infections. There has been a recent surge in carbapenem resistance in A. baumannii. The majority of the carbapenem resistance mechanisms in A. baumannii are due to enzymatic degradation by -lactamases. Aim And Objectives: To study the Molecular Characterization of Invasive Carbapenem-Resistant Acinetobacter baumannii with special reference to blaVIM gene in ICU patients at a Tertiary care centre, Uttar Pradesh. Material And Methods: This was a Cross sectional study carried out in the Department of Microbiology for a period of 1 year i.e, August 2022 to August 2023 at a tertiary care centre, Uttar pradesh. A total of 210 non-duplicate, consecutive, carbapenem-resistant isolates recovered from Acinetobacter species were included in this study. The isolates were obtained from the clinical samples. The isolates were identified by the Standard biochemical tests and the Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed according to the CLSI guidelines 2022. Results: In the present study a total of 926 clinical samples were collected out of which 210 Acinetobacter species were isolated. The maximum number of isolates were from the ETA samples with 132 (62.8%), 70 (33.3%) from blood and 8 (3.8%) from the tissue. The ratio of Males 124 (59%) was more as compared to that of the Females 86(40%) with the maximum age of 31-40 being affected the most followed by 41-50 and least in the age group above 61 years of age. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing revealed that all the isolates were resistant to ceftazidime, cefepime, piperacillin/tazobactam, cefoperazone/sulbactam, aztreonam, imipenem, meropenem, amikacin, netilmycin, tetracycline, tobramycin, levofloxacin and co-trimoxazole. In the present study it was also observed that 208 (98.5%) of the study isolates were susceptible to polymyxin B (colistin). The Molecular characterization reveals that among 210 isolates tested for MBL, there were 11 isolates positive for the blaVIM gene (5.2%). Conclusion: There should be continuous further research necessary to monitor the spread of carbapenem-resistant OXA-type lactamase genes from A. baumannii in hospital settings since they are becoming a significant cause of carbapenem resistance.. Effective infection control practises and strict guidelines for the use of antibiotics should be in place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The emergence of strains resistant to methicillin and other antimicrobials has become a major concern, particularly in the hospital settings as MRSA infections are resistant to the majority of conventional antibiotics, possesing serious risks to hospitals and communities all over the world. Aim and Objectives: To study the prevalence and the molecular characterization of Mec A gene in MRSA isolates at a tertiary care centre, Uttar Pradesh, India. Material and Methods: This was a cross sectional study conducted in the Department of Microbiology at a tertiary care centre, for a period of 1 year i.e, August 2022 to August 2023. A total of 682 clinical isolates was studied out of which 200 isolates of S. aureus were identified using the biochemical test from the clinical samples such as pus, swab, blood, wound and urine etc. The different Phenotypic Methods including Cefoxitin and Oxacillin Disc Diffusion test and the genotypic method including MecA gene detection for Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates was performed. The DNA was extracted using the DNA extraction Qiagen Kit and the Mec A gene was detected by the PCR method. Results: In the present study a total of 42 MRSA isolates were identified by CX, OX, and E-test test phenotypically. The prevalence of MRSA was found to 21%. The maximum number of isolates were observed from the OPD ward with 38.5%. The ratio of the males 28 (66.6%) was more as compared to the females with 14 (33.3%) with the maximum age of 41-50 years being affected the most followed by 31-40 years and least in the age group of 61 years and above. The pus 47.6% was the most common isolate followed by the blood with 23.8% and least for urine and the body fluids 2.3%. All the MRSA isolates were found sensitive to linezolid, Teicoplanin, vancomycin, however all the isolates were recorded resistant with Cefoxitin and Oxacillin. The presence of MecA gene was recorded in all the 42 isolates of MRSA. The presence of MecA gene was confirmed by the PCR followed by sequencing assay. Conclusion: This study provides a clear guidance to effectively diagnose and measure MRSA infections in hospitals and communities. Future research could identify MRSA isolates with the help of the data produced in this investigation. For the control of antibiotic resistance, there is a need for ongoing monitoring and the deployment of effective control techniques where continuous surveillance, awareness of the incidence of MRSA, and upkeep of hygienic standards have been needed to reduce MRSA infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Persistent suppurative otitis media (CSOM) is a persistent inflammation of the middle ear and mastoid cavity that persists for more than two weeks. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a common pathogen that causes CSOM. One of the best medications for treating Pseudomonas infections is carbapenem. The development of bacteria resistant to carbapenems is frequently linked to metallo-β lactamases. In an effort to stop and propagate resistance, identifying the strains that create MBLs can help guarantee that patients receive the best therapy possible. Aim and Objective: To study the molecular characterization of metallo-beta lactamase gene with special reference to blaIMP-1 gene in imipenem resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from patients of chronic suppurative otitis media. Material and Methods: The present study was a cross sectional study carried out in the Department of Microbiology with collaboration with the ENT and the Pharmacology Department for a period of 1 year i.e between August 2022 to August 2023 at a tertiary care centre. A total of 352 patients clinically suspected cases for CSOM were studied. Swabs taken from discharging ears were sent for Gram's staining, culture and antibiotic sensitivity test was performed according to the CLSI guidelines 2022. The isolates were further tested for MBL by screening test, by Imipenem - EDTA combined disc test, and MBL E test (Imipenem). The DNA was extracted by using Qiagen DNA Extraction kit, which was further proceeded for the blaIMP-1 gene detection for Pseudomonas aeruginosa by the conventional PCR. Results: In the present study the clinically diagnosed suspected cases of CSOM were 352, out of which 118 (33.5%) was found to be positive for CSOM infection. The ratio of Male 74 (62.7%) was found to be more as compared to the Female 44 (37.2%), with the maximum cases in the age group of 0-10 and the least in the age group above 41 years. In our study it was observed that the maximum number of cases was observed in the Gram negative bacilli isolates (77.2%) as compared to the Gram positive isolates (19.4%) with sides of the ear almost equally affected. P. aeruginosa 58 (49.1%) was the most common isolate followed by Klebsiella spp with 19 (16.1%) and among gram positive isolate Staphylococcus aureus was found to be 15.2%, there was only 3 case found for candida albicans (2.5%). The sensitivity observed for P. aeruginosa for Colistin was (96.5%), Piperacillin-tazobactam (74.1%), Amikacin (77.5%), and Cefipime (74.1%) were found to be the most effective Antibiotics. The resistance to ciprofloxacin was (58.6%), Levofloxacin (50%), Piperacillin(25.8%), Gentamicin (36.2%), Imipenem (36.2%), Tobramycin and Ceftazidime with 27.5% respectively. The molecular characterization of the blaIMP-1 gene was detected in 18 (31%) of the isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa which were screening test-positives for MBL by Imipenem - EDTA combined disc test, and MBL E test (Imipenem). Conclusion: For a treatment to be effective and to prevent both medical problems and antibiotic resistance, it is essential to understand the etiological agents of CSOM and their antibiogram. It is imperative that wide spectrum antibiotics like imipenem be used for the need of the hour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multidrug-resistance (MDR) strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa has resulted in the medical therapy complicated. Antimicrobial resistance and biofilm production are virulence factors responsible for the persistence of prolonged infections. In this study, antimicrobial susceptibility pattern and phenotypic characteristics of biofilm of P. aeruginosa were investigated. The aim and objective of this study is to evaluate the antibacterial susceptibility testing and the presence of Biofilm Formation Potential among clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa at a Tertiary care centre. This was a cross sectional study carried out in the Department of Microbiology, Rama Medical College Hospital and Research Centre, Mandhana, Kanpur for a period of 1 year i.e, between March 2022 to March 2023. A Total of 355 clinical isolates from different clinical samples including urine, sputum, blood, Et secreation, pus, throat swab were identified by Standard microbiological techniques and the isolates were further tested for the detection of biofilm along with the MBL by Imipenem-EDTA combined disc test and MBL Etest (Imipenem) according to the CLSI guidelines 2021. A total of 355 clinical samples were studied out of which 132 P. aeruginosa isolates were obtained with the prevalence rate of 37.1% with the males 75(56.8%) being affected the most as compared to the females 57 (43.1%). The age group of 21-30 years of age followed by 31-40 was affected the most. In the age group of 0-10 years and above 71 years was the least affected with the Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection. It was also observed that the maximum number of isolates observed were from the Urine sample and least was from the blood and throat swab. The Sensitivities of Colistin was (96.9%), Piperacillin tazobactam (73.4%), Amikacin (77.2 %) and cefepime (73.4%) were found to be the most effective Antibiotics. The resistance to ciprofloxacin was (42.5%), Levofloxacin (50%), Gentamicin(63.6%), Imipenem (63.6%), Tobramycin( 69.6%), Ceftazidime (69.6%). Of which 20(15.1%%) were MBL positive by Imipenem-EDTA combined disc test, and 19(20.45%) by MBL E- test. It was observed that 50.75% of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates were Biofilm producers with 1.5% strong and 3.7% were moderate biofilm producers. In conclusion, the present study showed combination therapy including an anti-pseudomonal beta-lactamand an aminoglycoside along with anti-biofilm agents can also be selected to eradicate biofilm-associated Pseudomonal infections, with strict infection control practices. MBL E-Test was found to be the best phenotypic method for detection of MBL is recommended into the daily routine of clinical laboratory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Age-related cataract is the leading cause of blindness in the world. (AP)-endonuclease APE1 and the X-ray cross-complementing group 1 (XRCC1) are the key enzymes taking part in the repair of DNA damage. The association of X-ray cross-complementing group 1 (XRCC1) and AP endonuclease-1 (APE1) plays a critical role as polymorphisms of DNA repair genes decreasing the ability to repair DNA damage, leaving human body a greatly increased susceptibility to cancer or age-related diseases. Aim and objective: To study the Molecular characterization and its Association to AP endonuclease-1 (APE) and X-ray cross-complementing group 1 (XRCC1), as a DNA Repair protein from patients with the risk of age-related cataract at a Tertiary Care Centre, Uttar Pradesh. Material and methods: This was a case control study carried out in the Department of Anatomy & Department of Ophthalmology of RMCH&RC for a period of 2 year i.e., June 2020 to June 2022. A total of 500 clinical suspected cases were included in our study in which 250 patients were confirmed as cataract positive patients whereas 250 were the Controls. The Demographic profiles of the cases were recorded after duly obtaining consent. The 5ml of venous blood was collected in Ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid tubes. DNA was extracted by using Qiagen DNA Extraction kit as per manufactures guidelines. The AP endonuclease-1 (APE) and X-ray cross-complementing group 1 (XRCC1) gene was detected by the conventional PCR. Results: In the present study the maximum number of cases were reported in the Females as compared to the Males with the maximum age group of 51-60 years being affected the most. The Expression of (AP) -endonuclease (APE1) gene was more 68.4% as compared to X-ray cross-complementing group 1 (XRCC1) with 62.8%. The increase expression indicates the presence of these genes in the DNA repair damage. Conclusion: The Expression of (AP)-endonuclease (APE1) gene was more 68.4% as compared to X-ray cross-complementing group 1 (XRCC1) with 62.8%. The increase expression indicates the presence of these genes in the DNA repair damage. So, there should be early screening and its molecular detection of the DNA repair gene, which will help the clinician in the early diagnosis as well as early treatment of the cataract. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]