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Purpose: This study aimed to cross-validate a recently proposed equation for the prediction of maximal oxygen uptake ( V ˙ O 2 max) in cycling exercise by using the average power output normalized by the body mass from a 5-minute time trial (RPO5-min) as the independent variable. Further, the study aimed to update the predictive equation using Bayesian informative prior distributions and meta-analysis. Methods: On different days, 49 male cyclists performed an incremental graded exercise test until exhaustion and a 5-minute time trial on a stationary cycle ergometer. We compared the actual V ˙ O 2 max with the predicted value obtained from the RPO5-min, using a modified Bayesian Bland–Altman agreement analysis. In addition, this study updated the data on the linear regression between V ˙ O 2 max and RPO5-min, by incorporating information from a previous study as a Bayesian informative prior distribution or via meta-analysis. Results: On average, the predicted V ˙ O 2 max using RPO5-min underestimated the actual V ˙ O 2 max by −6.6 mL·kg–1·min–1 (95% credible interval, −8.6 to −4.7 mL·kg–1·min–1). The lower and upper 95% limits of agreement were −17.2 (−22.7 to −12.3) and 3.8 (−1.0 to 9.5) mL·kg–1·min–1, respectively. When the current study's data were analyzed using the previously published data as a Bayesian informative prior distribution, the accuracy of predicting sample means was found to be better when compared with the data combined via meta-analyses. Conclusions: The proposed equation presented systematic bias in our sample, in which the prediction underestimated the actual V ˙ O 2 max. We provide an updated equation using the previous one as the prior distribution, which could be generalized to a greater audience of cyclists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Ultramarathon running has gained popularity over several decades. Although there has been considerable research on training for other running events, from the 100-m to the marathon at 26.2 miles (42.2 km), there is little evidence on best practices for ultramarathons, where distances potentially exceed 100 miles (160.9 km). Methods: In this case study, we examine the training regimen of an elite ultramarathon runner who broke 8 world records in 2021 and 2022, including the 24-hour run in which he ran 319.6 km in September 2022. Training data from December 28, 2020, to September 17, 2022, were collected from the Strava application database (recorded on Coros watch) and analyzed using Microsoft Excel and Tableau. Results: Our subject completed 5 training blocks, with volume per training block averaging 172.1 to 263 km/wk. Peak running volume per training block occurred on average 3.2 weeks out from races and reached a maximum of 378 km/wk. Recovery was emphasized the week following a race, with less running (19 km/wk) and more cross-training. Interval-type workouts (1- to 10-km repeats) were completed throughout training blocks. The average pace during the 24-hour world-record run was 4 minutes and 30 seconds per kilometer (4:30/km), closely matching the overall average training pace. Conclusions: These findings suggest that training for ultramarathon races should include high-volume running at varied paces and intensity with cross-training to avoid injuries. We hope that this evidence helps athletes understand how to prepare for these ultraendurance events. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Assessing awareness and knowledge of the Physical Activity Guidelines for Americans, 2nd edition (Guidelines), released in 2018, is important for monitoring factors that contribute to increasing physical activity. Methods: We estimated prevalence of awareness and knowledge of the adult aerobic guideline (≥150 min/wk of moderate-intensity equivalent aerobic physical activity preferably spread out over a week) among adults (n = 3471) and of the youth aerobic guideline (≥60 min/d of mostly moderate- to vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity) among a subset of parents (n = 744) from a nationwide sample of US adults in the 2019 FallStyles survey. We estimated odds ratios using logistic regression, adjusting for demographic and other characteristics. Results: Approximately 1 in 10 US adults and parents reported being aware of the Guidelines. Only 3% of adults knew the correct adult aerobic guideline. The most common responses were "don't know/not sure" (44%) and "30 minutes a day, 5 or more days a week" (28%). Among parents, 15% knew the youth aerobic guideline. Awareness and knowledge tended to be lower with lower education and income. Conclusions: Limited awareness and knowledge of the Guidelines suggest communication about the Guidelines could be strengthened, especially among adults with low income or education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Objectives: A high level of specific metabolic capacity is essential for maximal sprinting in both male and female athletes. Various factors dictate sex differences in maximal power production and energy utilization. This study aims to compare the contribution of energy systems between male and female athletes with similar sport-specific physiological adaptations during a 15-s sprint exercise. Methods: The endurance group consisted of 17 males (23 ± 7 y) and 17 females (20 ± 2 y). The speed-power group included 14 males (21.1 ± 2.6 y) and 14 females (20 ± 3 y). The contribution of phosphagen, glycolytic, and aerobic systems was determined using the three-component PCr-LA-O2 method. Results: Significant differences were observed in the energy expenditure for all systems and total energy expenditure between males and females in both groups (p = 0.001–0.013). The energy expenditure in kJ for individual systems (phosphagen–glycolytic–aerobic) was 35:25:7 vs. 20:16:5 in endurance males vs. female athletes, respectively. In the speed-power group, male athletes expended 33:37:6 kJ and female athletes expended 21:25:4 kJ, respectively. The percentage proportions did not differ between males and females in any system. The contribution of the phosphagen–glycolytic–aerobic systems was 52:37:11 vs. 48:39:13 in endurance male and female athletes, respectively. For speed-power males vs. female athletes, the proportions were 42:50:8 vs. 41:50:9, respectively. Conclusions: Despite the differences in body composition, mechanical output, and absolute energy expenditure, the energy system contribution appears to have a similar metabolic effect between male and female athletes engaged in sprint exercises with similar sport-related adaptations. The magnitude and profile of sex differences are related to sports discipline. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment was conducted during kharif season ( June-October, 2022) at Rice Research Station, Kaul, CCSHAU, Hisar using 48 rice genotypes to evaluate the genetic variability and character association under aerobic conditions. Analysis of variance revealed that the mean sum of squares was highly significant for all the traits examined. The magnitude of phenotypic coefficient of variation exceeded the genotypic coefficient of variation for all the traits analysed in the study. High genotypic coefficient of variation and phenotypic coefficient of variation were observed for root dry weight plant-1 followed by number of grains panicle-1, grain yield plant-1, biological yield plant-1, number of effective tillers plant-1 and flag leaf length. High heritability coupled with high genetic advance as per cent of mean was observed for grain yield plant-1, number of grains panicle-1, biological yield plant-1, root fresh weight plant-1 and root dry weight plant-1 indicating the presence of additive gene action. Grain yield plant-1 showed a highly significant and positive association with biological yield plant-1, harvest index percentage, root fresh weight plant-1, number of effective tillers plant-1 and 1000 seed weight. Path analysis revealed that biological yield plant-1 and harvest index percentage showed highest positive direct effect on grain yield plant-1. Furthermore, regression analysis revealed that biological yield plant-1, harvest index percentage, numbers effective of tillers plant-1, number of grains panicle-1, plant height and head rice recovery % as important traits contributing to grain yield plant-1. Therefore, phenotypic selection could be a viable approach for genetically improving these traits to obtain promising genotypes for future rice breeding programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Polymorphism rs1049434 characterizes the nonsynonymous exchange of adenosine (A) by thymidine (T) in the gene for monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1). We tested whether T-allele carriers of rs1049434 demonstrate increased accumulation of markers of metabolic strain. Methods: Physically active, healthy, young male subjects (n = 22) conducted a power-matched one-legged cycling exercise to exhaustion. Metabolic substrates in capillary blood, selected metabolic compounds, and indices for the slow oxidative phenotype of vastus lateralis muscle were quantified in samples collected before and after exercise. The genotypes of the rs1049434 polymorphism were determined with polymerase chain reactions. Results: One-legged exercise affected the concentration of muscle metabolites entering the tricarboxylic acid cycle, such as acetyl-co-enzyme A (+448%) and acetyl-L-carnitine (+548%), muscle glycogen (−59%), and adenosine monophosphate (−39%), 30 min post-exercise. Exercise-related variability in the muscular concentration of glycogen, long-chain acyl co-enzyme As and a triglyceride, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), and adenosine monophosphate (AMP) interacted with rs1049434. T-allele carriers demonstrated a 39% lesser reduction in glycogen after exercise than non-carriers when NADH increased only in the non-carriers. Muscle lactate concentration was 150% higher, blood triacyl-glyceride concentration was 53% lower, and slow fiber percentage was 20% lower in T-allele carriers. Discussion: The observations suggest a higher anaerobic glycolytic strain during exhaustive exercise and a lowered lipid handling in T-allele non-carriers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Purpose: Exercise is beneficial for persons with Parkinson disease (PwPD). The overarching purpose of this scoping review was to provide guidance to clinicians and scientists regarding current evidence for bicycling exercise for PwPD. A scoping review was conducted to examine the heterogeneous literature on stationary bicycling for PwPD to reduce motor symptoms and body function structure impairments, improve activities and motor performance, and reduce disease severity. Methods: The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-ScR) guidelines were followed. PubMed, CINAHL, and PEDro were searched from inception to January 23, 2023. Articles reporting original data on relevant outcome measures were included. Search results were screened and articles were extracted. Data were analyzed quantitatively with percentages of significant and clinically meaningful findings and qualitatively to extract themes. Results: Bicycling was categorized using bicycle types (assisted, nonassisted) and training modes (speed, aerobic, force). A high percentage of the 34 studies showed statistical significance for reducing motor symptoms (83%), body function structure impairments (78%), disease severity (82%), and improving activities (gait 72%, balance 60%). Clinically meaningful findings were achieved in 71% of the studies for reduction in disease severity and in 50% for improving gait. Discussion and Conclusions: The literature on bicycling for PwPD has evolved from speed to aerobic studies. The terminology describing types of bicycling was simplified. Of all the outcomes reported, reduction of disease severity achieved the highest frequency of clinical meaningful improvements. Bicycling was comparable with other forms of aerobic training for walking speed and endurance. Opportunities for translation to practice and research are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) affects many individuals, including war veterans and those impacted by conflicts such as in Ukraine. This study aimed to develop and assess a holistic rehabilitation fitness technology program (Rehab Fitness) to address PTSD. Methods: The Rehab Fitness program was developed, incorporating aerobic, strength, martial arts, and mental-regulatory fitness activities. The program was implemented with 36 participants with PTSD, including war veterans (n=4), their families (n=4), students from among forcibly displaced persons (n=23), and students with disabilities (n=5). The study followed ethical principles and obtained informed consent from all participants. Results: The Rehab Fitness program demonstrated significant improvements in participants' physical fitness and mental health over 6 months. Vital index, strength index, mass-height index, Harvard step test index, and psychophysiological characteristics (visual information processing speed and accuracy, attention capacity and distribution, productivity, mental stability, and attention levels) were positively impacted (P<0.05). The training according to the Rehab Fitness program had a positive effect on the mental health of the participants, which was confirmed by the indicators of psychophysiological characteristics (speed and accuracy of visual information processing, capacity, concentration and distribution of attention, productivity coefficient; level of mental stability; the level of attention by the number of processed digits). Situational anxiety scores showed significant improvement after the program. Conclusions: The Rehab Fitness program proved effective for overcoming PTSD in individuals affected by the war in Ukraine. Combining aerobic, strength, martial arts, and mental-regulatory fitness activities improved physical fitness, enhanced mental health, and promoted overall well-being among individuals with PTSD. Participants engaged in aerobic workouts experienced enhanced cardiovascular health and increased endurance, while those involved in strength training saw improvements in muscle tone and overall strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Study Aim Reactive agility and aerobic endurance are crucial physical components for athletes' success in both competitions and training. However, traditional training programs often fail to simultaneously address both components effectively. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a training type using the circuit method to improve reactive agility and aerobic endurance. Material and Methods This research is an experimental study employing a pre-experimental one-group pretest-posttest design. The participants were fourteen junior male athletes aged 15 to 17 years. The training program was conducted three times a week for six weeks and included eight different exercises. The instruments used were table tennis reactive agility measuring devices and the beep test for assessing aerobic endurance. Data were analyzed using the paired sample T-test. Results The results of the data normality test showed a significance value (Sig.) greater than 0.05, indicating that the data were normally distributed and suitable for further analysis. Subsequent testing for the effectiveness of the exercise regimen using the paired sample T-test revealed significant improvements: reactive agility and aerobic endurance both achieved a p-value of 0.000. Conclusions The findings indicate that circuit training, involving eight types of exercises, significantly improved the athletes' reactive agility and aerobic capacity. Specifically, there was a notable average increase in both reactive agility and aerobic capacity following the training regimen. These results underscore the potential benefits of employing the circuit training method with eight diverse exercises to enhance performance in table tennis athletes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose: this study aimed to determine the effect of a two-week tapering period on physiological variables by reducing three different percentages of volume (30%, 50%, 70%) while maintaining high training intensity on young futsal players. Method: An experimental design was used. The research sample was chosen from players of the talent school in Nineveh Governorate for the year 2023-2024, totaling 18 players (6 players per group). A paired student's t-test was used to process the interaction effect between pre- and post-training, and an ANCOVA test was used to determine the differences between the three groups. Results: Tapering with a 50% reduction rate led to the development of all physiological variables of performance in the Bruce test (p<0.005), aerobic (p<0.025) and anaerobic work (p<0.018), VO2max (p<0.028), and blood Lactate (p<0.031). while tapering with a 30% reduction rate led to the development of aerobic work (p<0.33) and VO2max (p<0.044). Tapering with a 70% reduction rate led to the development of achievement in the Bruce test(p<0.01), anaerobic work (p<0.046), and LA (p<0.030). While there were no significant differences among the three groups in physiological variables of performance in the Bruce test (p<0.151), aerobic (p<0.085) and anaerobic work (p<0.343), VO2max (p<0.181), and LA (p<0.166). Conclusions: the tapering by 50%, showed a more balanced development in aerobic and anaerobic work, VO2max, and LA compared to to the tapering by 30% reduction, which developed only aerobic work and VO2max, and to the tapering 70% reduction, which developed anaerobic work and LA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Prior adaptation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to the fermentation medium ensures its implantation and success in alcoholic fermentations. Fermentation kinetics can be characterized with mathematical models to objectively measure the success of adaptation and growth. The study aims at assessing and comparing two pre-culture procedures using, respectively, one or two adaptation steps, analyzing the impact of different initial glucose concentrations on the fermentation profiles of S. cerevisiae cultures, and assessing the performance of three predictive growth models (Buchanan's, modified Gompertz, and Baranyi and Roberts models) under varied initial glucose concentrations. We concluded that both protocols produced S. cerevisiae pre-cultures with similar viability and biomass increase, which suggests that short protocols may be more cost-effective. Furthermore, the study highlights the need of inoculating a high S. cerevisiae population to minimize the depletion of dissolved oxygen in the medium and to ensure that glucose is predominantly directed toward the ethanol formation at early fermentative steps. This study shows that the relationship between kinetic parameters is model-dependent, which hinders inter-study comparisons and stresses the need for standardized growth models. We advocate for the generalized use of confidence intervals of the kinetic parameters to facilitate objective inter-study comparisons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review delves into the effect of cardio, aerobic, Zumba, and yoga on physical, mental, and emotional health. Cardiovascular exercises enhance heart strength, aid weight management, boost lung capacity, increase endurance, and positively impact metabolism. Aerobic exercise contributes to heart health, lowers blood pressure, and promotes mental wellness. Zumba a dynamic dance-fitness program offers cardiovascular benefits, calorie burning, muscle toning, enhanced coordination, and stress reduction, fostering both physical and social well-being. Yoga, a holistic practice, improves flexibility, strengthens muscles, enhances balance, supports joint health, and cultivates good posture. Additionally, yoga positively influences mental and emotional health by promoting relaxation, reducing anxiety, enhancing focus, and fostering self-awareness. The combination of scientific insights across these diverse exercise modalities offers a holistic understanding of how physical activity profoundly shapes our overall well-being, making this review paper a valuable resource for individuals and health-care professionals alike.

Background and Study Aim. Reactive agility and aerobic endurance are crucial physical components for athletes' success in both competitions and training. However, traditional training programs often fail to simultaneously address both components effectively. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of a training type using the circuit method to improve reactive agility and aerobic endurance. Material and Methods. This research is an experimental study employing a pre-experimental one-group pretest-posttest design. The participants were fourteen junior male athletes aged 15 to 17 years. The training program was conducted three times a week for six weeks and included eight different exercises. The instruments used were table tennis reactive agility measuring devices and the beep test for assessing aerobic endurance. Data were analyzed using the paired sample T-test. Results. The results of the data normality test showed a significance value (Sig.) greater than 0.05, indicating that the data were normally distributed and suitable for further analysis. Subsequent testing for the effectiveness of the exercise regimen using the paired sample T-test revealed significant improvements: reactive agility and aerobic endurance both achieved a p-value of 0.000. Conclusions. The findings indicate that circuit training, involving eight types of exercises, significantly improved the athletes' reactive agility and aerobic capacity. Specifically, there was a notable average increase in both reactive agility and aerobic capacity following the training regimen. These results underscore the potential benefits of employing the circuit training method with eight diverse exercises to enhance performance in table tennis athletes.

Background and purpose: Azo dyes are present in the wastewater of most textile factories, and if they enter water resources, they pose risks to the health of humans and the living environment due to the effects of toxicity, biological accumulation, and mutagenicity. This study aimed to determine the removal of azo dye by a biological method using wastewater treatment plant sludge in aerobic and anaerobic conditions and isolation and identification of bacteria. Materials and methods: This experimental study, was conducted in the faculty of health, at Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. In this study, the removal of reactive red azo dye 195 in the wastewater of textile factories was investigated using the activated sludge of the wastewater treatment plant. Experiments were carried out in batch mode in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions with 192 samples. The concentrations of azo dye in the range available in the wastewater of textile factories were 50, 65, and 80 mg/liter. The culture medium used in this study was a mineral medium containing glucose. Bottles containing culture medium, sludge, and azo dye were kept at 30°C in an incubator in aerobic and anaerobic conditions for 8 days. The effect of factors including contact time, amount of sludge, and concentration of color was investigated. Sampling was done at the contact times of 1, 2, 4, and 8 days and after centrifuge, the color concentration was measured by spectrophotometric method at a wavelength of 545 nm. The total organic carbon (TOC) concentration of the samples was measured by a TOC analyzer. After removing the color, the bacteria in the bottles were identified by the differential diagnosis method and using special culture media, gram staining techniques, and biochemical tests. Results: In anaerobic conditions and contact time of 8 days, the removal of azo dye in concentrations of 50 and 80 mg/liter by using 5 ml of biomass was obtained by 93 and 82%, respectively. In the aerobic condition, the removal of the dye was achieved to more than 90% within two days, and after that, the removal efficiency reached 100% with a gently increasing slope up to 8 days. By increasing the concentration of dye from 50 to 80 mg/liter, the removal efficiency decreased by about 10%. Increasing the volume of sludge from 5 to 10 ml in both cases did not have a significant effect on increasing the amount of dye removal. The amount of azo dye removal was higher in aerobic than in anaerobic conditions. In aerobic conditions, for all dye concentrations, the TOC removal rate was about 85-90%. There was no significant difference in the amount of TOC removal for 5 and 10 ml of sludge. The average TOC removal in aerobic was about 10% higher than in anaerobic conditions. In the aerobic condition, the identified bacteria included Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aerogenosa, and in the anaerobic condition, the identified bacterial species were Lactobacillus, Enterococcus faecalis, and Bacillus cereus. Conclusion: Complete removal of azo dye from textile wastewater by sludge biomass under microaerophilic culture conditions is possible with a contact time of 8 days or more. The dye removal efficiency was higher in partial aerobic than in absolute anaerobic conditions. The identified azo dye-removing bacteria were mainly facultative anaerobic and microaerophilic.

Abstract In this work, the effect of moderate electromagnetic fields (2.5, 10, and 15 mT) was studied using an immersed coil inserted directly into a bioreactor on batch cultivation of yeast under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Throughout the cultivation, parameters, including CO2 levels, O2 saturation, nitrogen consumption, glucose uptake, ethanol production, and yeast growth (using OD 600 measurements at 1-h intervals), were analysed. The results showed that 10 and 15 mT magnetic fields not only statistically significantly boosted and sped up biomass production (by 38–70%), but also accelerated overall metabolism, accelerating glucose, oxygen, and nitrogen consumption, by 1–2 h. The carbon balance analysis revealed an acceleration in ethanol and glycerol production, albeit with final concentrations by 22–28% lower, with a more pronounced effect in aerobic cultivation. These findings suggest that magnetic fields shift the metabolic balance toward biomass formation rather than ethanol production, showcasing their potential to modulate yeast metabolism. Considering coil heating, opting for the 10 mT magnetic field is preferable due to its lower heat generation. In these terms, we propose that magnetic field can be used as novel tool to increase biomass yield and accelerate yeast metabolism.

The aim of the study is to examine the effect of functional threshold power training applied to young elite cyclists on power and strength parameters. 24 young elite level cyclists participated voluntarily. In our study, it was divided into two groups as Functional threshold training group (FTTG) and Traditional training group (TTG). Functional threshold training group n:12 (age 17 years, height 1,73±8,5 m., body weight 64,87±10.4 kg. and sports age 4,6±1.3), Traditional training group) n:12 (age 17 years, height 1,73±8,81 m., body weight 58,8±9,1 kg. and sports age 4,1 years). 30 sec Anaerobic power test, 20 min FTP test, 40 km. endurance and strength tests were applied to both groups as pre-post test. The obtained data were compared using the within-group Paired T test and the between-group Independent T test in the IBM SPSS Statistics 24.0 program. Traditional training group; Anaerobic power, 20 min FTP aerobics power, 40 km. endurance and strength pre-post test values improved. Functional threshold training group; Anaerobic power, 20 min FTP aerobic power, 40 km. endurance and strength pre-post test values were found to be more effective training development p

AbstractPurposeMaterials and MethodsResults and Conclusions\nIMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATIONWheelchair users experience many barriers to physical activity as affordable and accessible exercise equipment options are limited. Thus, the home-based adapted rower (aROW) and gym-based aROW were developed. The objectives were to determine: 1) wheelchair users’ preferences, perspectives, facilitators, and barriers to using the home-based versus the gym-based aROW, 2) perceived usability of the home and gym aROWs, and 3) recommendations to adapt the aROW further for home and community use.In this two-phase exploratory mixed-methods study, participants completed one month of using a home aROW, followed by one month of using a community gym aROW. After each phase, participants completed a semi-structured interview and the System Usability Scale (SUS) questionnaire. Interview data were analyzed using conventional content analysis and effect size comparing SUS data was calculated.Four categories were identified: what worked well, barriers to using the aROWs, what could be improved and important considerations. There was a large effect size in perceived usability between the aROWs with participants preferring the home aROW. Overall, rowing was enjoyable, and participants achieved positive physical outcomes. As preferences are individual, the home aROW provides wheelchair users with a potential choice between home or gym exercise.Rowing is an enjoyable and effective form of aerobic exercise for wheelchair usersWheelchair users experience social, environment and financial barriers to engaging in exerciseThe home aROW provides a low-cost and accessible option for wheelchair-adapted aerobic exerciseRowing is an enjoyable and effective form of aerobic exercise for wheelchair usersWheelchair users experience social, environment and financial barriers to engaging in exerciseThe home aROW provides a low-cost and accessible option for wheelchair-adapted aerobic exercise [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Display omitted] • The biological CO production in the compost pile was carried out by bacteria. • Bacteria isolated from compost produced CO with concentration > 1000 ppm. • The most common genus in compost was Bacillus with four representatives. • B. paralicheniformis and B. licheniformis produced the highest concentrations of CO. • High CO concentrations were accompanied by low O 2 (<6%) and high CO 2 levels (>8%) Carbon monoxide (CO) formation has been observed during composting of various fractions of organic waste. It was reported that this production can be biotic, associated with the activity of microorganisms. However, there are no sources considering the microbial communities producing CO production in compost. This preliminary research aimed to isolate and identify microorganisms potentially responsible for the CO production in compost collected from two areas of the biowaste pile: with low (118 ppm) and high CO concentration (785 ppm). Study proved that all isolates were bacterial strains with the majority of rod-shaped Gram-positive bacteria. Both places can be inhabited by the same bacterial strains, e.g. Bacillus licheniformis and Paenibacillus lactis. The most common were Bacillus (B. licheniformis, B. haynesii, B. paralicheniformis, and B. thermolactis). After incubation of isolates in sealed bioreactors for 4 days, the highest CO levels in the headspace were recorded for B. paralicheniformis (>1000 ppm), B. licheniformis (>800 ppm), and G. thermodenitrificans (∼600 ppm). High CO concentrations were accompanied by low O 2 (<6%) and high CO 2 levels (>8%). It is recommended to analyze the expression of the gene encoding CODH to confirm or exclude the ability of the identified strains to convert CO 2 to CO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work, the effect of moderate electromagnetic fields (2.5, 10, and 15 mT) was studied using an immersed coil inserted directly into a bioreactor on batch cultivation of yeast under both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Throughout the cultivation, parameters, including CO2 levels, O2 saturation, nitrogen consumption, glucose uptake, ethanol production, and yeast growth (using OD 600 measurements at 1-h intervals), were analysed. The results showed that 10 and 15 mT magnetic fields not only statistically significantly boosted and sped up biomass production (by 38–70%), but also accelerated overall metabolism, accelerating glucose, oxygen, and nitrogen consumption, by 1–2 h. The carbon balance analysis revealed an acceleration in ethanol and glycerol production, albeit with final concentrations by 22–28% lower, with a more pronounced effect in aerobic cultivation. These findings suggest that magnetic fields shift the metabolic balance toward biomass formation rather than ethanol production, showcasing their potential to modulate yeast metabolism. Considering coil heating, opting for the 10 mT magnetic field is preferable due to its lower heat generation. In these terms, we propose that magnetic field can be used as novel tool to increase biomass yield and accelerate yeast metabolism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article discusses recent advancements in oxidative cleavage reactions, specifically focusing on alternative methods to the traditional ozonolysis process. The article highlights two main approaches: aerobic cleavage using visible light excitation with molecular oxygen, and anaerobic cleavage using photoexcited nitroarenes. Both methods offer advantages such as improved reaction efficiency, cost economy, and expanded substrate scope. However, challenges still exist, such as the formation of overoxidation products and the requirement for stoichiometric amounts of nitroarenes. Overall, these methods provide a foundation for the development of sustainable oxidative cleavage reactions. [Extracted from the article]

Regular exercise and antihyperglycemic drugs are front‐line treatments for type‐2 diabetes and related metabolic disorders. Leading drugs are metformin, sodium‐glucose cotransporter‐2 inhibitors, and glucagon‐like peptide 1 receptor agonists. Each class has strong individual efficacy to treat hyperglycemia, yet the combination with exercise can yield varied results, some of which include blunting of expected metabolic benefits. Skeletal muscle insulin resistance contributes to the development of type‐2 diabetes while improvements in skeletal muscle insulin signaling are among key adaptations to exercise training. The current review identifies recent advances into the mechanisms, with an emphasis on skeletal muscle, of the interaction between exercise and these common antihyperglycemic drugs. The review is written toward researchers and thus highlights specific gaps in knowledge and considerations for future study directions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was two-fold: (i) to compare physical fitness adaptations following small-sided games (SSG) and running-based high-intensity interval training (HIIT), considering sex interactions; and (ii) to describe intra-individual variations of adaptations in both men and women developmental/trained soccer players over an 8-week randomized parallel study design involving 25 women and 27 men. Pre and post-intervention assessments included countermovement jump (CMJ), 10-meter linear sprint test, change-of-direction (COD) deficit, and final velocity at 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test (VIFT). Significant interactions between time, groups and sex were found in 10-m sprint (F1,48 = 6.042; p = 0.018; ηp² = 0.112). No significant interactions between time, groups and sex were found in CMJ (F F1,48 = 0.609; p = 0.439; ηp² = 0.013), COD deficit (F F1,48 = 2.718; p = 0.106; ηp² = 0.054) and VIFT (F F1,48 = 1.141; p = 0.291; ηp² = 0.023). Significant interactions were found between time and sex in CMJ (F F1,48 = 29.342; p < 0.001; ηp²= 0.379), 10-m sprint (F F1,48 = 4.359; p = 0.042; ηp² = 0.083), COD deficit (F F1,48 = 5.066; p = 0.029; ηp²= 0.095) and VIFT (F F1,48 = 11.248; p = 0.002; ηp² = 0.190). In conclusion, this study suggests similar effects of HIIT in both sexes. However, for women, SSG may entail less efficacy and more inter-individual variability compared to men. Therefore, HIIT could potentially be a better solution for women, whereas both training approaches were equally effective in men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and purpose: Azo dyes are present in the wastewater of most textile factories, and if they enter water resources, they pose risks to the health of humans and the living environment due to the effects of toxicity, biological accumulation, and mutagenicity. This study aimed to determine the removal of azo dye by a biological method using wastewater treatment plant sludge in aerobic and anaerobic conditions and isolation and identification of bacteria. Materials and methods: This experimental study, was conducted in the faculty of health, at Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences. In this study, the removal of reactive red azo dye 195 in the wastewater of textile factories was investigated using the activated sludge of the wastewater treatment plant. Experiments were carried out in batch mode in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions with 192 samples. The concentrations of azo dye in the range available in the wastewater of textile factories were 50, 65, and 80 mg/liter. The culture medium used in this study was a mineral medium containing glucose. Bottles containing culture medium, sludge, and azo dye were kept at 30°C in an incubator in aerobic and anaerobic conditions for 8 days. The effect of factors including contact time, amount of sludge, and concentration of color was investigated. Sampling was done at the contact times of 1, 2, 4, and 8 days and after centrifuge, the color concentration was measured by spectrophotometric method at a wavelength of 545 nm. The total organic carbon (TOC) concentration of the samples was measured by a TOC analyzer. After removing the color, the bacteria in the bottles were identified by the differential diagnosis method and using special culture media, gram staining techniques, and biochemical tests. Results: In anaerobic conditions and contact time of 8 days, the removal of azo dye in concentrations of 50 and 80 mg/liter by using 5 ml of biomass was obtained by 93 and 82%, respectively. In the aerobic condition, the removal of the dye was achieved to more than 90% within two days, and after that, the removal efficiency reached 100% with a gently increasing slope up to 8 days. By increasing the concentration of dye from 50 to 80 mg/liter, the removal efficiency decreased by about 10%. Increasing the volume of sludge from 5 to 10 ml in both cases did not have a significant effect on increasing the amount of dye removal. The amount of azo dye removal was higher in aerobic than in anaerobic conditions. In aerobic conditions, for all dye concentrations, the TOC removal rate was about 85-90%. There was no significant difference in the amount of TOC removal for 5 and 10 ml of sludge. The average TOC removal in aerobic was about 10% higher than in anaerobic conditions. In the aerobic condition, the identified bacteria included Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aerogenosa, and in the anaerobic condition, the identified bacterial species were Lactobacillus, Enterococcus faecalis, and Bacillus cereus. Conclusion: Complete removal of azo dye from textile wastewater by sludge biomass under microaerophilic culture conditions is possible with a contact time of 8 days or more. The dye removal efficiency was higher in partial aerobic than in absolute anaerobic conditions. The identified azo dye-removing bacteria were mainly facultative anaerobic and microaerophilic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to little available research on elite CrossFit athletes, the present investigation was undertaken to provide knowledge about their physical and physiological characteristics. Nineteen international level CrossFit athletes (8 men; 11 women) were tested for maximum oxygen consumption ( V ˙ O2max), Wingate, squat 1 repetition maximum (1RM), countermovement jump (CMJ), lower body force–velocity, and body composition (DXA). To provide perspective, the results were compared to sixteen elite-level Alpinists (8 men; 8 women). There was no significant difference in absolute nor relative V ˙ O2max between the CrossFit and Alpinist men (p = 0.335 and p = 0.279, respectively). The CrossFit women showed similar absolute but higher relative V ˙ O2max than the Alpinist women (p = 0.055 and p = 0.005, respectively). Mean anaerobic power was higher in both CrossFit men and women (p = 0.021 and p = 0.008, respectively). There were no significant differences in squat 1RM and CMJ for both men and women (p > 0.05). Both CrossFit men and women showed lesser lower body force production (p = 0.043 and p = 0.034, respectively) but higher power (p = 0.009 and p = 0.003, respectively). The CrossFit men and women had a lower fat mass (p = 0.018 and p = 0.002, respectively) and fat percentage (p = 0.027 and p < 0.001, respectively). These observations show that elite CrossFit athletes possess physical and physiological characteristics comparable to world-class Alpinists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthropogenic activities have denatured aquatic, terrestrial, and aerial environments throughout the world in general, and in Lubumbashi in particular, where market garden soils have become uncultivable for many plants. Thus, bioponics could be an effective means of producing uncontaminated vegetables in soilless cultivation, not only reducing the amount of fertilizer used and limiting contamination of agricultural produce but also achieving higher yields than in open-ground cultivation. The overall objective of this study was to implement a new bioponic technique for producing liquid fertilizer from chicken manure and utilize it in the organic hydroponic cultivation of lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. Lucrecia) installed on floating raft systems. To achieve this, two types of trials were conducted. The first was aimed at determining the quantities of organic matter to be used in the formulation of nutrient solutions. The second trial aimed to determine the optimal nitrogen concentration to be provided for hydroponic plant growth. Mineralization and/or anaerobic digestion of chicken manure were conducted for 7 days in 200 L barrels. For the first trial, nutrient solutions were created from three different concentrations of chicken manure (0.35%, 3.5%, and 7% dry matter—D.M.). These solutions were then used in bioponic rafts where total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) concentrations were fixed at 150 mg/L. For the second trial, D.M. was fixed at 2.5% for each tested modality, but TAN concentrations varied among them (i.e., 60, 90, and 120 mg/L TAN concentration). Modalities with low D.M. concentration (0.35%) and those with low TAN concentration (60 mg/L) resulted in higher yields than bioponic modalities receiving high concentrations of dry matter or TAN, respectively, for trials 1 and 2. Although the reference chemical solutions generate the greatest yields, bioponic systems operating with chicken manure present a good alternative for the cultivation of vegetables in developing countries with heavily contaminated soils. Indeed, bioponics allows for the production of vegetables in large quantities from animal waste, which does not pose health risks for human consumption. Local vegetable species commonly grown in Lubumbashi should be tested under hydroponic conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Blood flow restriction (BFR) is a commonly used training modality that has been demonstrated to enhance muscle characteristics such as size and function. The purpose of this study was to determine if a 4-week walking program with or without BFR in healthy, active adults has an effect on body composition, anaerobic, and aerobic running performance. Thirty-three participants, randomized among three groups, completed the walking program, which included five sets of 2 min walking intervals with 1 min rest, with or without BFR, or 10 min walking with BFR. Assessments completed before and after the walking program included body composition, 40-yard sprints, and a VO2MAX test on a treadmill. A two-way ANOVA revealed no changes among the groups nor for any variables at any time (p > 0.05). Additionally, one main effect for time indicated the VO2 at V-slope threshold was greater following training for all groups combined (p = 0.001). The results demonstrate that low volume and intensity walking with BFR for 4 weeks did not provide a sufficient stimulus for changing body composition or performance metrics in a group of very active adults. Longer or more isolated exposure of BFR on the limbs may contribute to more pronounced adaptations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renal cell carcinoma is a common malignancy of the urinary system. Surgery can save renal cell carcinoma patients’ lives, but concerns associated with their quality of life are a major clinical concern. Herein, we have analyzed the value of fatigue, resistance, aerobic, illness, and lost nursing, commonly known as FRAIL nursing, on the improvement in rehabilitation quality and nutritional status of renal cell carcinoma patients. The results show that compared with renal cell carcinoma patients in the control group receiving routine care, patients who received fatigue, resistance, aerobic, illness, and lost nursing had significantly shortened postoperative rehabilitation time, reduced incidence of postoperative complications, and enhanced nursing compliance and quality of life. Also, the nutritional status and immune function of renal cell carcinoma patients were significantly improved after fatigue, resistance, aerobic, illness, and lost nursing, demonstrating its high application value in clinical treatment of renal cell carcinoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To provide information regarding the procedures, safety, tolerability, and measurement properties of the 6-min step test. Data sources: MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and SPORTDiscus (from inception until January 2024). Review methods: Studies that examined adults with acute or chronic diseases, and outcomes related to procedures, safety, tolerability, or measurement properties of the 6-min step test were included. Outcome data were summarized and combined in meta-analyses. The quality of included studies was assessed by the Consensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement Instruments checklist, and the quality of evidence was determined according to the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation system. Results: Fourteen studies, involving 847 participants, were included. All studies performed the 6-min step test in 6 min; however, some studies varied the step height and the use of upper limb support. The test appears to be safe and well tolerated by individuals. Moderate- to high-quality evidence demonstrated appropriate results for test-retest reliability (4 studies; Intraclass correlation coefficient 0.96; 95% CI 0.91–0.98; n = 125), criterion validity (4 studies; r = 0.53; 95% CI 0.30–0.71; n = 307), and construct validity (4 studies; r = 0.63; 95% CI 0.52–0.73; n = 233). Conclusion: This review provides recommendations for applying the 6-min step test in clinical and research settings. No adverse events were reported, and the test appears to be well tolerated. Adequate results were found for test-retest reliability, criterion validity, and construct validity. Review Registration: PROSPERO (CRD42022347744). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This review delves into the effect of cardio, aerobic, Zumba, and yoga on physical, mental, and emotional health. Cardiovascular exercises enhance heart strength, aid weight management, boost lung capacity, increase endurance, and positively impact metabolism. Aerobic exercise contributes to heart health, lowers blood pressure, and promotes mental wellness. Zumba a dynamic dance-fitness program offers cardiovascular benefits, calorie burning, muscle toning, enhanced coordination, and stress reduction, fostering both physical and social well-being. Yoga, a holistic practice, improves flexibility, strengthens muscles, enhances balance, supports joint health, and cultivates good posture. Additionally, yoga positively influences mental and emotional health by promoting relaxation, reducing anxiety, enhancing focus, and fostering self-awareness. The combination of scientific insights across these diverse exercise modalities offers a holistic understanding of how physical activity profoundly shapes our overall well-being, making this review paper a valuable resource for individuals and health-care professionals alike. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Hypothesis Exercise therapy has been shown to be an effective complementary treatment for patients with psychotic disorders. However, the specific impacts of different training modalities remain poorly understood. This article aims to quantitatively review the moderating influence of different exercise modalities, hypothesizing that higher exercise intensity as well as utilization of mindfulness-based exercise (MBE) components, will improve intervention outcomes. Study Design PubMed, Web of Science, and PsycINFO were searched from 2010 to March 2022 for randomized controlled trials investigating exercise interventions in patients with psychotic disorders (preregistration: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/J8QNS). Outcomes considered were positive/negative symptoms, Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) General Psychopathology/Total scores, depressive symptoms, psychosocial functioning, quality of life, cardiorespiratory fitness, and body mass index. Separate meta-analyses, including moderator analyses, were performed to evaluate the moderating influence of different training modalities. Study Results Of 6653 studies, 40 (n  = 2111 patients) were included in the meta-analysis. The effects of moderate-intensity exercise exceed low-intensity approaches for PANSS Total scores (P  = .02) and depressive symptoms (P  = .04). The presence of MBE components was associated with improvements in positive symptoms (P  = .04) and PANSS General Psychopathology subscores (P  = .04) but also with higher error and between-study heterogeneity. Our analysis also shows improved intervention effects on depression in younger patients (P  = .012) and improved psychosocial functioning scores following more frequent sessions (P  < .01). Conclusions A minimum of moderate intensity should be considered. More frequent training sessions per week also seem to be beneficial. While adding mindfulness elements is promising, it increases heterogeneity and requires caution in terms of generalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated how a six-week training program involving aerobic exercise affected the lipid profile of women who were sedentary. Using the pre-test post-test model, 36 sedentary female volunteers aged 18-29 years participated in the study. After the participants had fasted overnight, healthcare professionals took blood samples from them both before and after the training program in a clinical setting. Measurements were taken of triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and total cholesterol. The data obtained was subjected to a paired-samples test using the SPSS 22.0 statistical program to compare the values before and after training. Effect sizes (Cohen's d) were used to clarify the levels of comparison. Statistically significant differences were seen in blood lipid levels (triglycerides, HDL, LDL, and total cholesterol) between pre and post-training assessments (p < 0.05). This study found that a six-week aerobic exercise program significantly increased HDL cholesterol levels by 15.8% (from 46.66 mg/dL to 54.05 mg/dL, p = 0.000) and decreased LDL cholesterol levels by 15.7% (from 96.72 mg/dL to 81.52 mg/dL, p = 0.000) in sedentary women. The study adds to the growing body of evidence suggesting that aerobic exercise programs, such as spinning, can significantly improve lipid profiles in sedentary women, potentially reducing their risk of cardiovascular disease. Future research should incorporate control groups to strengthen these findings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We assessed whether changes in children's body mass index (BMI), physical fitness and health-related quality of life observed post-2020 United Kingdom COVID-19 lockdown remained 12 and 18 months later. Twenty-metre shuttle run test (20mSRT), handgrip strength, standing broad jump, sit-and-reach, height, body mass, and health-related quality of life (Kidscreen27 questionnaire) were measured in 90 children (8–9 years) during October 2019 ("T0"), November 2020 ("T1"), November 2021 ("T2") and June 2022 ("T3"). Mixed-effects models showed age- and sex-normalised BMI increased from T0 (mean: 0.71) to T1 (0.97), remaining elevated at T2 (0.95) and T3 (0.89). Decreases in 20mSRT performance were observed from T0 (22.0) to T1 (19.3), then increased at T2 (23.5) and T3 (28.3). Standing broad jump and handgrip strength increased over time. The proportion of children with overweight/obesity increased from T0 (32%) to T3 (48%). Health-related quality of life decreased for "Physical Wellbeing" yet increased for "Autonomy & Parents". Our findings highlight that lockdowns may have had lasting implications for children's health, and the urgent need to reduce overweight and obesity in North East England. Improving health and fitness behaviours to maximise long-term health outcomes and build resilience to future emergencies and disruptions to health behaviours is also paramount. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB) has been used extensively as a dietary supplement for athletes and physically active people. However, the ergogenic effect of HMB supplementation on endurance performance is still unclear. Therefore, this systematic review and meta-analysis (SRMA) aimed to assess HMB supplementation on endurance performance and ...O2 max. This SRMA followed PRISMA guidelines. Three electronic databases were searched (PubMed/Medline, Web of Science [WOS], and Scopus) from inception until April 3, 2023. In this SRMA, human experimental trials, controlled with a placebo group, assessing the effect of HMB supplementation on endurance performance in a healthy population were included. The quality of the studies was assessed by the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale. The study protocol was registered in the Prospective Register of Systematic Review (PROSPERO): CRD42022341790. Eleven studies involving 279 participants met the inclusion criteria. The results displayed a significant improvement on endurance performance (pooled standardized mean difference [SMD] 5 0.58 [0.28-0.87]) and ...O2 max (pooled SMD = 0.58 [0.21-0.95]) after HMB ingestion. Moreover, afterthe exclusion of the studies not evenly distributed around the base of the funnel plot, the results continued to be significantly positive in endurance performance (pooled SMD = 0.38 [0.22-0.53]) and ...O2 max (pooled SMD = 0.25 [0.09-0.42]). In conclusion, HMB (3 g⋅d-1) ingestion during 2-12 weeks significantly improves endurance performance and ...O2 max. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Stationary cycling is often prescribed for survivors of stroke as a safe means of aerobic exercise to improve cardiovascular health. While cycling is typically not prescribed to restore ambulatory function, improvements in measures of walking after cycling interventions have been reported in the literature. To investigate the effects of cycling on walking outcomes in adults with stroke. Relevant databases were searched through 15 August. Walking-related outcomes were extracted. Correlation coefficients were computed to measure the relationship between exercise protocol parameters and change in walking outcomes. Eleven articles were included in the review. Eight studies representing nine cycling intervention groups reported change in walking capacity measured by the six-minute walk test with improvements ranging from 6.1 to 63.0 m. Seven studies measured gait velocity, reporting improvements ranging from 0.01 to 0.21 m/sec. Protocols that yielded the greatest improvement in walking capacity prescribed moderate- to high-intensity aerobic training. Significant positive correlations were measured between change in gait velocity and number of exercise sessions and total minutes of exercise prescribed. Considerable heterogeneity was observed across cycling protocols with respect to intensity, frequency, exercise duration and protocol duration. However, none of the studies reported declines in walking outcomes and improvements were measured in the absence of task-specific gait training. Cycling interventions employing moderate- to high-intensity aerobic training and 24 sessions or more may be optimal in improving gait velocity and walking capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research focused on the evaluation of twelve newly bred rice genotypes with diverse morphological traits under aerobic cultivation to develop strategies for water conservation while maintaining grain productivity and quality. The experiment was conducted during the summer season of 2016, employing a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with wetland cultivation as a control. For analysis, various vegetative and reproductive traits namely, Plant height, Number of Tillers, Shoot Weight, Days to 50% flowering, Days to Maturity, Number of Productive Tillers, Panicle Length, Grain Weight, Length of the seed, Breadth of the seed, Ratio of Length and Breadth of the Seed, and Test weight of 100 seeds were recorded. Data on analysis of variance revealed the significant difference for days to flowering, maturity, plant height, panicle length, test weight, and grain yield under aerobic and wetland cultivation methods during the summer season, 2016, suggesting these traits are under high genetic control. Genetic parameters such as percentage of GCV, PCV, Heritability, and GAM were estimated across 13 parameters comprising vegetative and reproductive characters. The findings suggest a considerable amount of genetic variability for most traits, providing a foundation for the potential implementation of an effective selection procedure in breeding new rice varieties within the selected genotypes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Aims To determine the comparative efficacy of resistance, aerobic, and combined resistance plus aerobic exercise on cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk profile. Methods This randomized controlled trial enrolled 406 adults aged 35–70 years with overweight or obesity and elevated blood pressure. Participants were randomly assigned to resistance (n = 102), aerobic (n = 101), combined resistance plus aerobic exercise (n = 101), or no-exercise control (n = 102). All exercise participants were prescribed 1 h of time-matched supervised exercise (the combination group with 30 min of each resistance and aerobic exercise) three times per week for 1 year. The primary outcome was the change from baseline to 1 year in the standardized composite Z -score of four well-established CVD risk factors: systolic blood pressure, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, fasting glucose, and per cent body fat. Results Among 406 participants (53% women), 381 (94%) completed 1-year follow-up. Compared with the control group, the composite Z -score decreased at 1 year, which indicates improved CVD risk profile, in the aerobic {mean difference, −0.15 [95% confidence interval (CI): −0.27 to −0.04]; P =.01} and combination [mean difference, −0.16 (95% CI: −0.27 to −0.04); P =.009] groups, but not in the resistance [mean difference, −0.02 (95% CI: −0.14 to 0.09); P =.69] group. Both aerobic and combination groups had greater reductions in the composite Z -score compared with the resistance group (both P =.03), and there was no difference between the aerobic and combination groups (P =.96). Regarding the four individual CVD risk factors, only per cent body fat decreased in all three exercise groups at 1 year, but systolic blood pressure, LDL cholesterol, and fasting glucose did not decrease in any exercise groups, compared with the control group. Conclusions In adults with overweight or obesity, aerobic exercise alone or combined resistance plus aerobic exercise, but not resistance exercise alone, improved composite CVD risk profile compared with the control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectiveResearch evidence suggests that exercise is a potent therapeutic strategy for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Many investigations have delved into the curative potential of diverse exercise regimens on NAFLD. This investigation synthesizes findings from randomized controlled trials via a network meta-analysis to evaluate the efficacy of exercise-based interventions on NAFLD.MethodsWe conducted a search across five electronic databases (Web of Science, EMBASE, PubMed, SCOPUS, and CNKI)to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) comparing the effects of different exercise modalities on metabolic profiles and liver functions in patients with NAFLD. The literature search was comprehensive up to 15, December 2023. The selected studies were subjected to a rigorous quality appraisal and risk of bias analysis in accordance with the Cochrane Handbook’s guidelines, version 5.1.0. We employed Stata/MP 17 for the network meta-analysis, presenting effect sizes as standardized mean differences (SMD).ResultsThis study aggregated results from 28 studies, involving a total of 1,606 participants. The network meta-analysis revealed that aerobic exercise was the most effective intervention for improving BMI in patients with NAFLD, demonstrating a significant decrease in BMI (−0.72, 95%CI: −0.98 to −0.46; p < 0.05; Surface Under the Cumulative Ranking (SUCRA) = 79.8%). HIIT was the top intervention for enhancing HDL-C (0.12, 95% CI: 0.04 to 0.20; p < 0.05; SUCRA = 76.1%). Resistance exercise was the most effective for reducing LDL-C (−0.20, 95% CI: −0.33 to −0.06; p < 0.05; SUCRA = 69.7%). Mind-body exercise showed superior effectiveness in improving TC (−0.67, 95% CI: −1.10 to −0.24; p < 0.05; SUCRA = 89.7%), TG = −0.67, 95% CI: −1.10 to −0.24; p < 0.05; SUCRA = 99.6%), AST (−8.07, 95% CI: −12.88 to −3.25; p < 0.05; SUCRA = 76.1%), ALT (−12.56, 95% CI: −17.54 to −7.58; p < 0.05; SUCRA = 99.5%), and GGT (−13.77, 95% CI: −22.00 to −5.54; p < 0.05; SUCRA = 81.8%).ConclusionThis network meta-analysis demonstrates that exercise interventions positively affect various metabolic profiles and liver functions in NAFLD patients. Mind-body exercises are particularly effective, surpassing other exercise forms in improving metabolic profiles and liver functions.Systematic Review Registration:https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/PROSPERO/, identifier registration number CRD42024526332.

Objectives: Exploring (1) pre-exercise and acute movement-evoked pain (AMEP) during an outdoor walking program in individuals with knee osteoarthritis (OA); and (2) comparing baseline physical performance and AMEP flares initiated by walking between participants with either a higher or lower attendance rate. Methods: Individuals with knee OA were prescribed a 24-week walking program, including one unsupervised walk and two supervised walk classes per week. Participants self-reported knee pain on a numerical rating scale (NRS; 0–10) before and after each supervised class. Mixed-effects models were used to investigate trajectories over time for pre-exercise pain and AMEP change (post-minus pre-exercise pain; positive value indicates flare-up). Baseline physical performance (6 tests) and AMEP flares were compared between participants with higher (attending ≥70% of supervised classes) and lower attendance rates. Results: Of 24 participants commencing the program, 7 (29%) withdrew. Over 24 weeks, pre-exercise pain improved by 1.20 NRS (95% CI -1.41 to −0.99), with estimated largest per class improvements during the first 8 weeks (−0.05 (−0.06 to −0.03) and plateauing around 20-weeks. The AMEP was estimated to improve by 0.19 NRS (95% CI -0.38 to −0.004) over 24-weeks, with improvements plateauing around 12-weeks. Participants with lower attendance (n ​= ​11) scored poorer on all physical performance tests and experienced a slight increase in AMEP during the first two weeks of the program. Conclusions: Participants improved in pre-exercise pain and AMEP in the first 20 and 12 weeks, respectively. Despite supervision, physical performance and AMEP flares may have contributed to lower attendance. Trial registration number: 12618001097235.

Abstract Background Youth swimming performance is determined by several physiological, biomechanical and anthropometric characteristics. This review aimed to identify physical performance determinants of youth swimming performance, assessing strength, power, anaerobic, aerobic and body composition measures. ̇ Methods Searches were conducted in electronic databases (PubMed and Web of Science) using keywords relating to swimming and physiological measures, supplemented by citation searching of similar reviews. A total of 843 studies were identified in the initial search. The following inclusion criteria were used: participants were competitive/trained swimmers; swimming time-trial or event was conducted; data was provided on one or more physiological parameters; study was published in English and peer-reviewed. A total of 43 studies met the inclusion criteria. Risk of bias was assessed using Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) checklist. Results Cross-sectional studies scored between 4–8 and randomised-controlled trials scored 8–9 on their respective JBI checklists. Youth swimming performance was determined by muscle strength, muscle power, lean body mass, anaerobic and aerobic metabolism measures in most studies, where improved performance values of these variables were conducive to swimming performance. Body fat percentage did not have a clear relationship in youth swimming performance. Conclusions Findings of this review suggest that greater levels of muscle strength, muscle power and lean body mass are favourable in swimming performance, with muscle strength and muscle power particularly beneficial for start and turn performance. Anaerobic and aerobic metabolism measures were good determinants of swimming performance, with middle- and long-distance events more influenced by the latter. Body fat percentage has a nuanced relationship with swimming performance, where further investigation is required. Findings were inconsistent across studies, potentially due to unidentified confounding factors. Key points • Greater muscular strength and power qualities, anaerobic and aerobic capacities, and lean body mass are conducive to swimming performance. • Body fat percentage has a nuanced relationship with swimming performance. • Practitioners should consider general strength and power training as a useful tool to enhance performance in their youth competitors.

A synergistic chiral primary amine/palladium /p‐hydroquinone catalysis was developed to facilitate oxidative asymmetric allylic C−H alkylation under aerobic conditions. The ternary synergistic catalysis enables a facile allylic C−H activation and alkylation with oxygen so that stoichiometric utilization of benzoquinone can be avoided. The identified optimal catalytic system allows for terminal addition to allyl arenes with α‐branched β‐ketocarbonyls to afford allylic adducts bearing all‐carbon quaternary centers with high regio‐ and enantioselectivity. This work provides new insights for further studies on the aerobically oxidative C−H alkylation reaction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The spectacular objective of present research was to investigate the bioconversion of pulp and paper sludge (PPS) into mature stable compost by applying bulking agents, biochar and nanoparticles (Nps). PPS moisture was optimized up to 50 percentage by exercising bulking agents (sawdust & rice husk) under response surface methodology (RSM). The optimized matrix from trial-2 was composted in locally fabricated mechanical composter (25L) for aerobic and anaerobic process. Neither of the composts reached maturity within 14-week period but aerobic process exhibited superiority in ammonia nitrogen, C/N ratio and cation exchange capacity (CEC) than anaerobic. The biochar produced from PPS was compared with Fe2O3 Nps in composting process to abate time and ameliorate the final quality of humification through evaluating fulvic acid (FA), humic acid (HA), degree of polymerization (DP), humification index (HI), humification rate (HR), pH, NO3, ash and C/N ratio. Results indicated that compost modified with Nps were more efficacious than biochar. At the end process 20.9%, 17.45%, 34.10%, 38.3%, 40.93% and 27.32% FA, HA, HR, HI, DP and C/N respectively improved in Nps compost as compared to biochar addition.GI (germination index) also revealed the maturity of composts. Pearson correlation also proclaimed a strong significant correlation between HA, FA, DP, CEC and C/N. We also determined the leachibilty of mineral nitrogen in lysimeter using sandy soil amended with anaerobic, aerobic, biochar, Nps composts and urea fertilizer at the rate of 150 kg-N/ha and 300kg-N/ha. Results revealed that in leachate mineral nitrogen was prominent in urea fertilizer than other composts due to non-availability of organic matter in urea fertilizer. Therefore, PPS with optimized moisture, processed with Nps reduce the humification time and improved the quality of compost. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The integrative response to exercise differs between sexes, with oxidative energy contribution purported as a potential mechanism. The present study investigated whether this difference was evident in the kinetics of oxygen uptake (VO2) and extraction (HHb + Mb) during exercise. Sixteen adults (8 males, 8 females, age: 27 ± 5 yr) completed three experimental visits. Incremental exercise testing was performed to obtain lactate threshold and VO2peak. Subsequent visits involved three 6-min cycling bouts at 80% of lactate threshold and one 30-min bout at a work rate of 30% between the lactate threshold and power at VO2peak. Pulmonary gas exchange and near-infrared spectroscopy of the vastus lateralis were used to continuously sample VO2 and HHb + Mb, respectively. The phase II VO2 kinetics were quantified using monoexponential curves during moderate and heavy exercise. Slow component amplitudes were also quantified for the heavy-intensity domain. Relative VO2peak values were not different between sexes (P = 0.111). Males achieved ~30% greater power outputs (P = 0.002). In the moderate- and heavy-intensity domains, the relative amplitude of the phase II transition was not different between sexes for VO2 (~24 and ~40% VO2peak, P > 0.179) and HHb + Mb (~20 and ~32% ischemia, P > 0.193). Similarly, there were no sex differences in the time constants for VO2 (~28 s, P > 0.385) or HHb + Mb (~10 s, P > 0.274). In the heavy-intensity domain, neither VO2 (P > 0.686) or HHb + Mb (P > 0.432) slow component amplitudes were different between sexes. The oxidative response to moderate- and heavy-intensity exercises did not differ between males and females, suggesting similar dynamic responses of oxidative metabolism during intensity-matched exercise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Cooper test (CT) is used to assess cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) in pre-adolescents and adolescents, although it was originally developed to assess healthy adults. The aim of this study is to examine the available scientific evidence on the reliability and criterion validity of CT when administered to pre-adolescents and adolescents. Systematic searches were performed in three electronic databases (MEDLINE/PubMed, SPORTDiscuss and Scopus). To examine reliability and validity, four separate meta-analyses were implemented, finding high heterogeneity in studies with low methodological quality. There was a paucity of research regarding absolute reliability, while studies attempting to develop or cross-validate VO2max/VO2peak equations were almost non-existent. Information on the psychometric properties of CT in pre-adolescents under 12 years of age is scarce. The findings of this review cast doubt on the usefulness of CT both in identifying CRF and in determining the impact of strategies developed to improve CRF among pre-adolescents and adolescents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The purpose of this study was to examine the immediate and short-term, sustained effects of two virtual interventions, WeActive, an aerobic and resistance training program, and WeMindful, a mindful exercise, in reducing anxiety and improving mindfulness among college students during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: Participants were 60 students from a large Midwestern university who were randomly assigned to either the WeActive group (n = 36) or the WeMindful group (n = 24). The WeActive group participated in two virtual 30 min aerobic and resistance training sessions per week (WeActive) and the WeMindful group participated in two virtual 30 min mindful exercise sessions per week for eight weeks. All participants completed the Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale and the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire through Qualtrics at three time points: one week prior to (pre-test), one week after (post-test), and six weeks after (follow-up) the intervention. Results: A repeated-measures ANOVA revealed a significant main effect of time on anxiety (F = 7.51, η2 = 0.036, p = 0.001) in both groups. WeActive significantly decreased anxiety scores between the pre-test and follow-up (t = 2.7, p = 0.027) and post-test and follow-up (t = 3.1, p = 0.007), and WeMindful significantly decreased anxiety scores between the post-test and follow-up (t = 0.641, p = 0.028). For mindfulness, there was a significant main effect of time in both groups (F = 3.91, η2 = 0.009, p = 0.025), where only WeMindful significantly increased mindfulness from the pre-test to follow-up (t = −2.7, p = 0.025). Conclusions: Anxiety decreased significantly in both the WeActive and WeMindful groups and mindfulness increased significantly in the WeMindful group. Furthermore, the decrease in anxiety was sustained in a short-term period following the end of the intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of the research was to determine the impact of an intervention program containing musical movement and dance activities on the level of pupils' physical abilities at the elementary level of education in physical and sport education classes. The object of the research consisted of Σ63 pupils, boys (n=30) aged 10.21±0.42 and girls (n=32) aged 10.32±0.37. The content of the movement program was selected means containing music and movement, dance activities and aerobics, which were implemented for 18 weeks, twice a week, 45 min during physical and sport education. In terms of data collection methods, standardized tests for physical education practice were used. Tests were used to assess the level of motor skills: sitand- reach test, standing long jump, sit-ups in 30s, endurance shuttle run and shuttle run 4x10. The somatometry method was used. The effect of the implemented movement program was confirmed and significant positive changes in the level of the observed movement abilities were observed: the level of mobility in the joints of the trunk in boys (t=-8.471), girls (t=-9.357), explosive power of the lower limbs in boys (t=-14.459), girls (Z=-4.940), the dynamic and endurance power of the abdominal, hip and thigh muscles in boys (Z=-4.325), girls (t=-19.264), running speed in both boys (Z=-4.783), girls (t=7.095) with a large effect size, in endurance skills in both boys (Z=-4.828), girls, (Z=-5.028) also with a large effect size. Based on the results, the regular and purposeful physical activity of pupils in the school environment significantly influences the level of physical abilities, and thus physical fitness as one of the manifestations of health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Youth swimming performance is determined by several physiological, biomechanical and anthropometric characteristics. This review aimed to identify physical performance determinants of youth swimming performance, assessing strength, power, anaerobic, aerobic and body composition measures. ̇ Methods: Searches were conducted in electronic databases (PubMed and Web of Science) using keywords relating to swimming and physiological measures, supplemented by citation searching of similar reviews. A total of 843 studies were identified in the initial search. The following inclusion criteria were used: participants were competitive/trained swimmers; swimming time-trial or event was conducted; data was provided on one or more physiological parameters; study was published in English and peer-reviewed. A total of 43 studies met the inclusion criteria. Risk of bias was assessed using Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) checklist. Results: Cross-sectional studies scored between 4–8 and randomised-controlled trials scored 8–9 on their respective JBI checklists. Youth swimming performance was determined by muscle strength, muscle power, lean body mass, anaerobic and aerobic metabolism measures in most studies, where improved performance values of these variables were conducive to swimming performance. Body fat percentage did not have a clear relationship in youth swimming performance. Conclusions: Findings of this review suggest that greater levels of muscle strength, muscle power and lean body mass are favourable in swimming performance, with muscle strength and muscle power particularly beneficial for start and turn performance. Anaerobic and aerobic metabolism measures were good determinants of swimming performance, with middle- and long-distance events more influenced by the latter. Body fat percentage has a nuanced relationship with swimming performance, where further investigation is required. Findings were inconsistent across studies, potentially due to unidentified confounding factors. Key points: • Greater muscular strength and power qualities, anaerobic and aerobic capacities, and lean body mass are conducive to swimming performance. • Body fat percentage has a nuanced relationship with swimming performance. • Practitioners should consider general strength and power training as a useful tool to enhance performance in their youth competitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ice hockey is an intense team sport characterized by repeated bursts of fast‐paced skating, rapid changes in speed and direction and frequent physical encounters. These are performed in on‐ice shifts of ~30–80 s interspersed with longer sequences of passive recovery, resulting in about 15–25 min on‐ice time per player. Nearly 50% of the distance is covered at high‐intensity skating speeds and with an accentuated intense activity pattern in forwards compared to defensemen. During ice hockey match‐play, both aerobic and anaerobic energy systems are significantly challenged, with the heart rate increasing toward maximum levels during each shift, and with great reliance on both glycolytic and phosphagen ATP provision. The high‐intensity activity pattern favors muscle glycogen as fuel, leading to pronounced reductions despite the relatively brief playing time, including severe depletion of a substantial proportion of individual fast‐ and slow‐twitch fibers. Player‐tracking suggests that the ability to perform high‐intensity skating is compromised in the final stages of a game, which is supported by post‐game reductions in repeated‐sprint ability. Muscle glycogen degradation, in particular in individual fibers, as well as potential dehydration and hyperthermia, may be prime candidates implicated in exacerbated fatigue during the final stages of a game, whereas multiple factors likely interact to impair exercise tolerance during each shift. This includes pronounced PCr degradation, with potential inadequate resynthesis in a proportion of fast‐twitch fibers in situations of repeated intense actions. Finally, the recovery pattern is inadequately described, but seems less long‐lasting than in other team sports. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective This study aimed to estimate the proportion of exercise interventions tested in clinical trials of people with chronic low back pain (CLBP) that meet the World Health Organization's (WHO) physical activity guidelines. Methods A secondary analysis of the 2021 Cochrane review of exercise therapy for CLBP was performed. Data from each study were extracted by 1 reviewer and were checked by a second reviewer. Data extracted related to the frequency, duration and intensity of each exercise intervention, and the proportion of exercise interventions that met the WHO's physical activity guidelines (aerobic, muscle strengthening, or both) were determined. Results The 249 included trials comprised 426 exercise interventions. Few interventions reported an exercise type and dose consistent with the WHO guidelines (aerobic: 1.6%, muscle strengthening: 5.6%, both: 1.6%). Poor reporting of exercise intensity limited our ability to determine whether interventions met the guidelines. Conclusion Few interventions tested in clinical trials for people with CLBP prescribe an exercise type and dose consistent with the WHO guidelines. Therefore, they do not appear sufficiently dosed to achieve broader health outcomes. Future trials should investigate the effect of WHO guideline-recommended exercise interventions on patient-reported outcomes (pain and disability) as well as health-related outcomes in people with CLBP. Impact This exploratory analysis showed the lack of exercise interventions in the CLBP literature that meet the WHO's physical activity guidelines. With people in chronic pain groups, such as people with CLBP, being at higher risk for noncommunicable disease, it appears this is a key consideration for exercise practitioners when designing interventions for people with CLBP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This meta-analysis quantified mean effects of moderate to vigorous intensity locomotor training (LTmv) on walking outcomes in subacute and chronic stroke, and the magnitude of variability in LTmv response. Methods: Databases were searched for randomized trials comparing LTmv with no intervention, nongait intervention, or low-intensity gait training. Comfortable gait speed (CGS), fastest gait speed (FGS), 6-minute walk test (6MWT), walking activity (steps per day), and adverse effect/event (AE) data were extracted. Pooled estimates were calculated for mean changes, AE relative risks, and the standard deviation of response (SDresponse) to LTmv versus control groups, stratified by study chronicity where possible. Results: There were 19 eligible studies (total N = 1096): 14 in chronic stroke (N = 839) and 5 in subacute stroke (N = 257). Compared with control interventions, LTmv yielded significantly greater increases in CGS (chronic, +0.06 m/s [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.01–0.10]; subacute, +0.16 [0.12–0.19]; subacute vs chronic, P = 0.03), FGS (chronic, +0.07 m/s [0.02-0.13]; subacute, +0.21 [0.01, 0.41]; P = 0.04), and 6MWT (chronic, +33 m [24–42]; subacute, +51 [26–77]; P = 0.054) but not steps/day (+260 [−1159 to 1679]). There were no treatment-related serious AEs among 398 LTmv participants in 14 AE-reporting studies. SDresponse estimates indicated substantial response variability: CGS, 0.11 m/s [0.00–0.15]; FGS, 0.14 m/s [−0.00 to 0.20]; and 6MWT, 41 m [27–51]. Discussion and Conclusions: LTmv improves mean walking capacity outcomes in subacute and chronic stroke and does not appear to have high risk of serious harm. Response magnitude varies within and between chronicity subgroups, and few studies have tested effects on daily walking activity or non-serious AEs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]